LAND USE INFORMATION SYSTEM: ADAPTATION OF THE USGS SYSTEM FOR REGIONAL PLANNING
|
|
- Darcy Baldwin
- 8 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Jim Meldrum Programmer Analyst Connie Blackmon Director of Data Services Atlanta Regional Commission 100 Edgewood Avenue NE, Suite 1801 Atlanta, Georgia LAND USE INFORMATION SYSTEM: ADAPTATION OF THE USGS SYSTEM FOR REGIONAL PLANNING ABSTRACT. Under cooperative agreements with the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), the Atlanta Regional Commission (ARC) successfully adapted the national land use and data analysis system to meet the needs of its regional planning program. Components of the implemented system include a high quality map and computerized file of 1975 land use and cover, 1980 updates of urban land use changes, digital files of geographic boundaries, and an operational software system for statistical analysis and computer mapping. As part of the 1985 update in progress, ARC will implement additional techniques to increase efficiency and improve the accuracy of urban land use data. Included are plans to link the file to ARC's data base on apartment complexes using a geographic point reference file. The implemented system has given ARC a flexible and powerful planning tool with acceptable data accuracy and at considerably lower cost than expected. ARC has used the land use data and maps to develop small area forecasts for ARC's Regional Development Plan and to prepare transportation corridor studies and a number of special studies for business and government, including a pending project of the U.S. Forest Service to project future canopy coverage in the Atlanta Region. This paper discusses these applications as well as the process involved in modifying the USGS system, updating urban land use data and improving the accuracy and efficiency of the system. INTRODUCTION Comprehensive data on land use and cover are an integral part of ARC's planning process. The data are used to assess regional growth trends, to prepare small area forecasts, and to monitor implementation of the Commission's regional plans and policies. Land use data and maps also support a variety of special studies for transportation corridors, watersheds, and other environmentally sensitive areas such as the Chattahoochee River Corridor. In addition, ARC produces summary statistics and maps to meet the needs of local governments and developers for current information on land use patterns and trends
2 ARC'3 land use Information needs are Intensified by the rapid pace of development in the Atlanta Region. The seven-county region of 2,000 square miles has a current population total of 2.1 million. Between 1970 and 1985 the region added almost 500,000 jobs and more than 300,000 households to reach 1985 totals of 1,118,600 jobs and 747,000 households. In one fiveyear period from 1975 to 1980, almost 102 square miles of agricultural and forested land were converted to urban uses. ARC/USGS COOPERATIVE AGREEMENTS When this growth first exploded in the early 1970's, ARC began investigations to Identify a computerized system to handle both land use data and maps that could be easily updated at frequent (five-year) intervals and at acceptable costs. At that time USGS was launching its Land Use and Data Analysis (LUDA) Program to provide systematic and comprehensive collection and analysis of land use and land cover data on a nationwide basis* As part of this program, USGS had agreed to prepare for the State of Georgia a 1975 land use/cover overlay for a special 1:100,000 scale Greater Atlanta Region topographic map. Since the scope and timing of the LUDA Program came close to meeting ARC's need, in 1975, the Commission entered into the first of three cooperative efforts with USGS to adapt their system to the specific needs of the regional planning process. The national program provides data at levels 1 and 2 of the USGS land use/cover classification system shown in Table 1. Under the first agreement, USGS prepared a separate overlay of certain third-level urban land uses including apartment complexes, mobile home parks, golf courses and cemeteries needed by ARC. They also compiled the ownership boundaries of major institutions and parks as supplied by ARC. This ownership information is needed to support ARC's plans for public facilities and forecasts of land available for development. (The final land use types used by ARC are also shown in Table 1.) In exchange for this compilation, ARC participated in the review and quality control of the 1975 land use overlay. In 1979, due to program delays at USGS, ARC agreed to edit the 1975 digital land use/cover files with USGS technical assistance. The 1975 land use file provided by USGS was a laser-digitized version of a hard copy map scribed as shown in Figure 1. ARC's task was to review this file and correct errors that originated in the digitizing process. ARC also edited a series of geographic overlays covering political boundaries, census tracts, and river basins
3 TABLE 1 USCS CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM WITH ARC URBAN LAND USES 1. Urban or Built-up Land *11 Residential *112 High Density 115 Mobile Home Parks *12 Commercial and Services *12l Institutional *125 Extensive *13 Industrial *14 Transportation, Communications, Utilities *145 Limited Access Highways *15 Industrial and Commercial Complexes 16 Mixed Urban or Built-up Land *17 Other Urban or Built-up Land *171 Coif Courses *172 Cemetarles *173 Parks 2. Agricultural Land *21 Cropland and Pasture *22 Orchards, Vineyards, and Nurseries *23 Confined Feeding Operations *24 Other Agricultural Land 3. Rangeland 31 Herbaceous Rangeland 32 Shrub and Brush Rangeland 33 Mixed Rangeland 4. Forest Land *41 Deciduous Forest *42 Evergreen Forest *43 Mixed Forest 5. Water *51 Streams and Canals *52 Lakes *53 Reservoirs 54 Bays and Estuaries 6. Wetland *61 Forested Wetland *62 Nonforested Wetland 7. Barren Land 71 Dry Salt Flats 72 Beaches 73 Other Sandy Areas *74 Bare Exposed Rocks *75 Strip Mines and Quarries *76 Transitional Areas 77 Mixed Barren Land 8. Tundra Perennial Snow or Ice * Land use/cover types in the Atlanta Region. Source: USCS Professional Paper
4 Figure 1 Sample From Original Land Use Mylar Then in 1980, under a formal memorandum of understanding, USGS and ARC began a joint technical effort to update the Atlanta land use/ cover map and digital data file. USGS provided 1980 aerial photography, the LUDA software, and technical assistance. ARC undertook the photointerpretation of urban land use change and compiled digital files of land use change and 1980 land use and land cover. During this process ARC made a number of refinements to the USGS software that have increased both data accuracy and system efficiency. SYSTEM OVERVIEW The Greater Atlanta Region map, which Includes the seven counties in the Atlanta Region, covers the equivalent of minute quadrangles. In digital form, the amount of land use detail requires subdividing the map into 48 independent sections for processing. Figure 2 shows the 35 sections which form a rectangular plotting window for ARC's seven counties. All or part of 31 sections fall into the region. A single section file may contain as many as 32,000 coordinates. Table 2 below presents summary statistics for three of the digital overlays in ARC's current land use data base
5 Table 2 LUDA Land Use Statistics for the Atlanta Region Overlay Number of Arcs Number of Coordinates Number of Polygons Number of Sections 1975 Land Use Change Traffic Zones 47,675 3,198 2,418 1,009,428 66, ,408 17,680 1, The USGS Land Use and Data Analysis (LUDA) system consists of three distinct phases, each of which involves several steps. 1. Compilation, Editing and Mapping - Land use interpretation from aerial photography, - Arc digitizing and editing, - Polygon ID digitizing and editing, - Quality control, - Polygon and land use summary statistics, - Shaded land use plots, - Arc plots with polygon ID's. 2. Polygon-to-Grid Conversion (Includes all data restructuring and coordinate conversion) - Merge all sections of a single overlay, - Merge arc and polygon information, - Rotate, translate and scale data, - Convert polygons to gridded data, 3. Statistical Phase - Merge land use with other overlays - Produce master file of gridded data, - Tabulate land use by census tract or other area ARC's adapted land use system follows essentially the same steps outlined above for LUDA with the exception of the statistical phase, which ARC has streamlined into one step
6 Figure 2 INDEX TO MAP SECTIONS FOR ARC'S LAND USE DATABASE Update Compilation The photographic resources provided by USGS for the 1980 update include NASA high-altitude, color-infrared aerials (original scale 1:130,000) plus black-and-white (B&W) positive transparencies enlarged to 1:100,000 - the scale of the Atlanta base map. In addition, they provided a mylar and scribecoat of the original 1975 land use/cover overlay with polygons and ID's as shown in Figure 1. From the edited 1975 digital file, ARC produced a shaded land use plot with simplified patterns to overlay the mylar and give visual emphasis to its polygon outlines and ID's. To compile 1975 to 1980 changes in urban land use, ARC overlayed the last three resources in the following order: 1. Mylar with 1975 polygons and IDs. 2. Shaded 1975 land use plot. 3. B&U positive transparencies
7 Then acetate overlays were prepared for each of the 31 map sections covering the ARC region. These acetate sections were registered to the mylar and placed over the photos that were aligned to the underlying land use. Change polygons were outlined on the acetate in permanent felt tip pen and labeled with old (1975) and new (1980) land uses as a single ID value to be placed in the digital file. The color-infrared photography was used as a resource when the resolution of the B&W positives was inadequate. The fine resolution of the color infrared allowed use of ten-power magnification to scrutinize areas in question. The next step involved transfer of change polygons to section plots to improve digitizing accuracy. This step allowed digitizing along original arcs where they coincided with change polygon boundaries thus improving accuracy and eliminating potential sliver problems. Digitizing was performed on ARC's 42" by 60" backlit Altek digitizer using ARC developed software to build polygon arc and ID files which were then input to standard U.S.G.S. editing programs. As a last step, plots of land use change were compared to the original 1975 land use maps, the photography and the acetate overlays as quality control checks. The update compilation turned out to be the smoothest part of the adaptation process. The interpretation of land use change took only two man months to complete. Digitizing the change polygons was also a relatively fast process. However, there are some data quality problems associated with the scale of the high-altitude photography and the resolution of land use compilation. For the 1985 update, ARC has acquired low-altitude B&W contacts at a scale of 1:31,200 (1"=2,600'). The 1980 land use will be plotted in sections at this scale on transparent mylar with relatively open shade patterns. The plots will be matched to the photography over a light table and changes will be drawn carefully on the mylar in erasible ball point. Enlarged photos at a scale of 1:10,500 (1" = 880*) will be used as a resource where needed. Digitizing will be done directly from the section mylars, thus eliminating the transfer step taken in Mapping Process At the end of the 1980 compilation, ARC had two digital polygon files of land use data - the original 1975 file and a new file of changes in urban land use. Each file was ready for mapping. However, there was no automatic procedure available to produce a consolidated file for mapping 1980 land use/cover. To produce this map file, ARC developed a method that involved full editing of the 1975 file to reflect the changes. Section arc plots with polygon IDs were made at a scale of 1:24,000 (1" = 2000') for both the 1975 land use and the change. The 1975 land use plot was superimposed over the change plot on ARC's backlit digitizer. Then the 1975 polygon
8 arcs and IDs were edited to incorporate the 1980 land use updates. This process proved to be very complicated and time consuming. As a result, it was completed for only the densest areas and some others of particular interest. Plotting of 1980 land use is now done by superimposing change plots over 1975 plots where consolidated 1980 data do not exist. This technique presents little problem for plots that assign no pattern to agriculture and forestry because most change occurs in these areas. For the 1985 update, ARC plans to obtain software that will convert gridded data back to a polygon file structure. This software will streamline production of a 1985 land use file for shade plotting. Also, the capability of converting grids to polygons will preclude the need for full editing or dual file mapping. Polygon-to-Grld Conversion As mentioned in the System Overview, this phase begins with a set of programs that merge and restructure the section files into one large file in the USGS GIRAS* format with UTM coordinates. Following these steps, the polygon data are converted to grid cell data to facilitate statistical analysis of multiple overlays. The polygon-to-grid (PTG) program is run separately for each land use overlay and each of the related geographic files. The choice of grid cell size is specified at this point. The choice is critical under the LUDA system due to computer time and file storage considerations, which must be weighed against acceptable accuracy. (See Table 3 and Figure 3). In 1980 ARC chose a grid cell size of 100 meters square (2.5 acres) because projected CPU estimates for smaller cell size made such choices impractical. Since 1980 ARC has developed an alternative approach that greatly reduces both the CPU and storage requirements of the LUDA system. This approach uses the condensed raster files output from the USGS PTG program for tabulation rather than LUDA's master grid file, which has one 52 byte record with up to 11 overlay ID fields for each grid cell. ARC's condensed grid files maintain only one record for each row of data. The record length varies with the complexity of polygons intersected by the row. On average, there are 200 fields per row for the most complex land use overlay. * Georgraphic Information Retrieval and Analysis System
9 TABLE 3 COMPARISON OF ARC AND USGS SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS Grid Cel1 Number of Units (000) File Storage (Megabytes) Tabulation (CPU Minutes) Size* USGS ARC USGS ARC USGS ARC , , , , , * Meters square. NOTE: Table 3 data were calculated on an IBM 3031 using ARC's most complex land use overlay. ARC's revised approach also involves a new tabulation program. This program uses an indexed table look up to accumulate data for two overlays, e.g., land use by census tract. On the other hand, the USGS program tabulates data sequentially. The net effect of ARC's condensed file structure and revised tabulation technique is the drastic reduction in CPU time shown in Table 3. As a result, It is now feasible to use more accurate, smaller grid cells. To determine accuracy levels by grid cell size, ARC's traffic zone overlay was gridded at 200, 100, 40 and 20 meters square. Statistics were then tabulated for the 135 smallest zones (300 acres or less). These zones were chosen for the analysis because they are uniquely identified areas close to the size of land use polygons. Total zone acreages were calculated for each of the four grid files and then compared to acreages calculated at the polygon level. Figure 3 reveals serious accuracy problems with both the 200 and the 100 meter size, previously used by ARC. This year ARC will convert its land use data base from UTM to State Plane coordinates so that other ARC data bases can be interfaced more readily to the land use file. After the conversion, both 1980 and 1985 land use data will be gridded at 50 or 100 feet square to achieve the higher accuracy levels associated with the 20 and 40 meter sizes shown in Figure
10 RCCURRCY LEVELS BY CELL SIZE Figure 3 JoonSOUBBE too*sbupae»onsaus«;onjoum GHIO CELL SIZE IN METERS ED 40 Z OR HIGHER ERROR TO 39.9 Z ERROR ED TO Z ERROR QD s. 0 TO 9. 9 Z ERROR LESS THAN ERROR RESOLUTION/DATA QUALITY The standard minimum mapping unit specified by USGS is four hectares (10 acres) for all urban and built-up land, water, strip mines, quarries and certain agricultural land. All other land cover areas have a minimum size of 16 hectares (40 acres). In practice, polygons with smaller dimensions are not unusual on the Atlanta map. Analysis of the 1975 file shows that urban land use areas of two hectares (5 acres) and rural areas of four hectares (10 acres) are the norm, which ARC has used for its edit and update. USGS also specifies minimum width criteria that originally precluded mapping central portions of Atlanta's interstate system. They have now been added and the entire interstate system is classified as a separate third-level land use. Even with these finer levels of resolution, some imprecision in land use classification is unavoidable. The understatement of residential. land in rural areas is a common problem because strip developments often fail minimum width requirements. ARC added rural residential land to both the 1975 and 1980 files in many areas that fall below USGS standards. Even so, comparison with 1980 Census counts suggests that residential land is understated in the region's more sparsely settled census tracts
11 During che small area forecasting process, more serious problems were encountered with high-density residential, commercial and industrial land. In particular, high-density residential land is understated in areas where apartment complexes are mid-to-high rise buildings. ARC plans to offset this problem by linking the land use file to its data base on apartments to develop the precise density measures needed in central Atlanta. The problem with the commercial and industrial land is more difficult to solve. In the first place, interpretation sometimes fail to separate the classes properly. Also, the types of activities defined for each class do not correspond well with the Standard Industrial Classification (SIC). Since ARC's small area forecasts are based, in part, on correlations of land use by type to jobs by SIC, this problem is an area of continuing concern. APPLICATIONS For regional planning purposes, the primary application of the land use system has been the production of summary statistics used in the development of ARC's long-range forecasts of jobs and households for census tracts and traffic analysis zones. In addition, the LUDA shade plotting program, as modified by ARC, has been used extensively to map a wide variety of demographic and economic data. These maps were an important aid to the evaluation and analysis of the forecasts and policies of ARC's Regional Development Plan adopted by the Commission in In addition to ARC's planning applications, the land use system has been used to produce customized statistics and maps for business and government. ARC digitized Fulton County's planning districts and developed a summary file of 1975 and 1980 land use by district for their planning data base. The project included a number of maps showing land use change within districts, also, if funding permits, the U.S. Forestry Service plans to use land use/cover data to develop a model for projecting future canopy coverage. Business applications of the system have included AT&T's use of data and maps for staff training in household forecasting techniques as well as real estate market development studies. CONCLUSION The land use information system now implemented by ARC gives the agency a powerful and flexible planning tool with comprehensive facilities for data manipulation, analysis, update and mapping. Using the system, ARC can produce statistical summaries of land use data for counties, census tracts, traffic zones or any userdefined area. ARC also produces a wide variety of computerdrawn, color-shaded maps of land use at variable scales. The maps can be produced for the entire region or selected areas. In addition, ARC can map and tabulate land use changes, such as new residential areas
12 The system as modified by ARC has potential for other regional planning agencies as well as state agencies, particularly those involved in transportation planning. ARC does not recommend that others begin, as they did, with edits of raw digital data. However, this step is no longer necessary. Despite budget cuts, the LUDA Program is progressing reasonably well. As of May 1986, USGS had completed land use overlays for 90 percent of the nation's 1:250,000 scale quadrangle. Digitizing of the overlays in more than 50 percent complete and fully edited files of land use and geography are available for 22 states. Moreover, both LUDA and a similar, special program for Alaska are funded for completion. To meet regional planning needs, LUDA requires a substantial initial investment of staff time and system resources. For ARC this investment has paid off by providing a flexible, easily replicated system to maintain a consistent data base on land use trends
AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS. For a map of this information, in paper or digital format, contact the Tompkins County Planning Department.
AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS What are Aerial Photographs? Aerial photographs are images of the land taken from an airplane and printed on 9 x9 photographic paper. Why are Aerial Photographs Important? Aerial photographs
More informationConducting a Land Use Inventory
Chapter 3 Conducting a Land Use Inventory Included in this chapter: Determining Current Land Use Conditions Preparing a Base Map Deciding on Land Use Categories Collecting Current Land Use Data Preparing
More informationGovernment 98dn Mapping Social and Environmental Space
Government 98dn Mapping Social and Environmental Space LAB EXERCISE 5: The Analysis of Fields Objectives of this lab: Visualizing raster data Using Spatial Analyst functions to create new data Analysis
More informationCONTENTS ABSTRACT. KEYWORDS:. Forest ownership, forest conversion.
CONTENTS INTRODUCTION... Page PHYSICAL CHANGES IN COMMERCIAL FOREST AREA... 4 Nearly 1 million acres have been lost since 1945... 4 Road construction was leading cause of forest loss in the two states...
More informationWhat is GIS? Geographic Information Systems. Introduction to ArcGIS. GIS Maps Contain Layers. What Can You Do With GIS? Layers Can Contain Features
What is GIS? Geographic Information Systems Introduction to ArcGIS A database system in which the organizing principle is explicitly SPATIAL For CPSC 178 Visualization: Data, Pixels, and Ideas. What Can
More informationJACIE Science Applications of High Resolution Imagery at the USGS EROS Data Center
JACIE Science Applications of High Resolution Imagery at the USGS EROS Data Center November 8-10, 2004 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey Michael Coan, SAIC USGS EROS Data Center coan@usgs.gov
More informationComparison of Satellite Imagery and Conventional Aerial Photography in Evaluating a Large Forest Fire
Purdue University Purdue e-pubs LARS Symposia Laboratory for Applications of Remote Sensing --98 Comparison of Satellite Imagery and Conventional Aerial Photography in Evaluating a Large Forest Fire G.
More informationA Land Use And Land Cover Classification System For Use With Remote Sensor Data
A Land Use And Land Cover Classification System For Use With Remote Sensor Data By JAMES R. ANDERSON, ERNEST E. HARDY, JOHN T. ROACH, and RICHARD E. WITMER Geological Survey Professional Paper 964 A revision
More informationImplementation Planning
Implementation Planning presented by: Tim Haithcoat University of Missouri Columbia 1 What is included in a strategic plan? Scale - is this departmental or enterprise-wide? Is this a centralized or distributed
More informationThe Northwest Arkansas Travel Demand Model
The Northwest Arkansas Travel Demand Model Creation and Results John McLarty Northwest Arkansas Regional Planning Commission Cristina Scarlat Center for Advanced Spatial Technologies What is a Travel Demand
More informationUnderstanding Raster Data
Introduction The following document is intended to provide a basic understanding of raster data. Raster data layers (commonly referred to as grids) are the essential data layers used in all tools developed
More informationNatural Resource-Based Planning*
Natural Resource-Based Planning* Planning, when done well, is among the most powerful tools available to communities. A solid plan, based on good natural resource information, guides rational land-use
More information1. Demographic Development
1. Demographic Development Accomplishments Over the Past Five Years The Alamo Area Metropolitan Planning Organization (MPO) continually improves upon its demographic forecasting processes and methodology.
More informationCreate a folder on your network drive called DEM. This is where data for the first part of this lesson will be stored.
In this lesson you will create a Digital Elevation Model (DEM). A DEM is a gridded array of elevations. In its raw form it is an ASCII, or text, file. First, you will interpolate elevations on a topographic
More information2002 URBAN FOREST CANOPY & LAND USE IN PORTLAND S HOLLYWOOD DISTRICT. Final Report. Michael Lackner, B.A. Geography, 2003
2002 URBAN FOREST CANOPY & LAND USE IN PORTLAND S HOLLYWOOD DISTRICT Final Report by Michael Lackner, B.A. Geography, 2003 February 2004 - page 1 of 17 - TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract 3 Introduction 4 Study
More informationGIS MAPPING FOR IRRIGATION DISTRICT RAPID APPRAISALS Daniel J. Howes 1, Charles M. Burt 2, Stuart W. Styles 3 ABSTRACT
GIS MAPPING FOR IRRIGATION DISTRICT RAPID APPRAISALS Daniel J. Howes 1, Charles M. Burt 2, Stuart W. Styles 3 ABSTRACT Geographic information system (GIS) mapping is slowly becoming commonplace in irrigation
More informationWeed Survey and Mapping
Weed Survey and Mapping The primary objective of weed surveying and mapping is to accurately identify and delineate land with populations of invasive plants or noxious weeds. These surveys allow land managers
More informationCHAPTER 4 LEGAL DESCRIPTION OF LAND DESCRIBING LAND METHODS OF DESCRIBING REAL ESTATE
r CHAPTER 4 LEGAL DESCRIPTION OF LAND DESCRIBING LAND A legal description is a detailed way of describing a parcel of land for documents such as deeds and mortgages that will be accepted in a court of
More informationRemote Sensing and Land Use Classification: Supervised vs. Unsupervised Classification Glen Busch
Remote Sensing and Land Use Classification: Supervised vs. Unsupervised Classification Glen Busch Introduction In this time of large-scale planning and land management on public lands, managers are increasingly
More informationPrioritizing Riparian Restoration at the Watershed, Reach and Site Scales. Richard R. Harris University of California, Berkeley Cooperative Extension
Prioritizing Riparian Restoration at the Watershed, Reach and Site Scales Richard R. Harris University of California, Berkeley Cooperative Extension Issues Riparian communities provide multiple benefits
More informationIntroduction to GIS (Basics, Data, Analysis) & Case Studies. 13 th May 2004. Content. What is GIS?
Introduction to GIS (Basics, Data, Analysis) & Case Studies 13 th May 2004 Content Introduction to GIS Data concepts Data input Analysis Applications selected examples What is GIS? Geographic Information
More informationT. D. Patterson Southeastern Wisconsin Regional Planning Commission Waukesha, WI 53187
M. K. Beard N. R. Chrisman University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison, WI 53706 T. D. Patterson Southeastern Wisconsin Regional Planning Commission Waukesha, WI 53187 Integrating Data for Local Resource Planning
More informationA CONTROLLED HOUSING UNIT METHOD FOR SMALL AREA POPULATION ESTIMATES
Constance C. Blackmon Data Center Director Atlanta Regional Commission 230 Peachtree Street, NW Atlanta, Georgia 30303 A CONTROLLED HOUSING UNIT METHOD FOR SMALL AREA POPULATION ESTIMATES ABSTRACT. The
More informationImage Analysis CHAPTER 16 16.1 ANALYSIS PROCEDURES
CHAPTER 16 Image Analysis 16.1 ANALYSIS PROCEDURES Studies for various disciplines require different technical approaches, but there is a generalized pattern for geology, soils, range, wetlands, archeology,
More informationMAPPING MINNEAPOLIS URBAN TREE CANOPY. Why is Tree Canopy Important? Project Background. Mapping Minneapolis Urban Tree Canopy.
MAPPING MINNEAPOLIS URBAN TREE CANOPY Why is Tree Canopy Important? Trees are an important component of urban environments. In addition to their aesthetic value, trees have significant economic and environmental
More informationA GIS helps you answer questions and solve problems by looking at your data in a way that is quickly understood and easily shared.
A Geographic Information System (GIS) integrates hardware, software, and data for capturing, managing, analyzing, and displaying all forms of geographically referenced information. GIS allows us to view,
More informationUsing Aerial Photography to Measure Habitat Changes. Method
Then and Now Using Aerial Photography to Measure Habitat Changes Method Subject Areas: environmental education, science, social studies Conceptual Framework Topic References: HIIIB, HIIIB1, HIIIB2, HIIIB3,
More informationMetadata for Big River Watershed Geologic and Geomorphic Data
Metadata for Big River Watershed Geologic and Geomorphic Data Metadata are descriptions and information regarding compiled data. This appendix contains the metadata that describes the compiled data used
More informationTH 23 Access Management Study Richmond to Paynesville
TH 23 Access Management Study Richmond to Paynesville Prepared For: Minnesota Department of Transportation District 8 Prepared By: Short Elliott Hendrickson Inc. July 2015 Table of Contents I. Introduction...
More informationMichigan Tech Research Institute Wetland Mitigation Site Suitability Tool
Michigan Tech Research Institute Wetland Mitigation Site Suitability Tool Michigan Tech Research Institute s (MTRI) Wetland Mitigation Site Suitability Tool (WMSST) integrates data layers for eight biophysical
More informationDERIVATION OF THE DATA MODEL
ARC/INFO: A GEO-RELATIONAL MODEL FOR SPATIAL INFORMATION Scott Morehouse Environmental Systems Research Institute 380 New York Street Redlands CA 92373 ABSTRACT A data model for geographic information
More informationTransportation Policy and Design Strategies. Freight Intensive. Level of Freight Presence
Appendix G Transportation Policy and Design Strategies CONTEXT SENSITIVE SOLUTIONS To address the need to describe freight systems which account for the population distress which may result, an analysis
More informationA HYDROLOGIC NETWORK SUPPORTING SPATIALLY REFERENCED REGRESSION MODELING IN THE CHESAPEAKE BAY WATERSHED
A HYDROLOGIC NETWORK SUPPORTING SPATIALLY REFERENCED REGRESSION MODELING IN THE CHESAPEAKE BAY WATERSHED JOHN W. BRAKEBILL 1* AND STEPHEN D. PRESTON 2 1 U.S. Geological Survey, Baltimore, MD, USA; 2 U.S.
More informationObjectives. Raster Data Discrete Classes. Spatial Information in Natural Resources FANR 3800. Review the raster data model
Spatial Information in Natural Resources FANR 3800 Raster Analysis Objectives Review the raster data model Understand how raster analysis fundamentally differs from vector analysis Become familiar with
More informationSTATE OF ALASKA DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES DIVISION OF MINING, LAND AND WATER. GENERAL SURVEY INSTRUCTIONS EASEMENTS Authority 11 AAC 53
STATE OF ALASKA DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES DIVISION OF MINING, LAND AND WATER GENERAL SURVEY INSTRUCTIONS EASEMENTS Authority 11 AAC 53 These instructions define the survey and platting criteria unique
More informationRemote Sensing, GPS and GIS Technique to Produce a Bathymetric Map
Remote Sensing, GPS and GIS Technique to Produce a Bathymetric Map Mark Schnur EES 5053 Remote Sensing Fall 2007 University of Texas at San Antonio, Department of Earth and Environmental Science, San Antonio,
More informationAPPLICATION OF GOOGLE EARTH FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF BASE MAP IN THE CASE OF GISH ABBAY SEKELA, AMHARA STATE, ETHIOPIA
APPLICATION OF GOOGLE EARTH FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF BASE MAP IN THE CASE OF GISH ABBAY SEKELA, AMHARA STATE, ETHIOPIA Abineh Tilahun Department of Geography and environmental studies, Adigrat University,
More informationImagery. 1:50,000 Basemap Generation From Satellite. 1 Introduction. 2 Input Data
1:50,000 Basemap Generation From Satellite Imagery Lisbeth Heuse, Product Engineer, Image Applications Dave Hawkins, Product Manager, Image Applications MacDonald Dettwiler, 3751 Shell Road, Richmond B.C.
More informationCompilation of GIS Data Sets for Flood Control Alternatives in California. A Final Report. Submitted to
Compilation of GIS Data Sets for Flood Control Alternatives in California A Final Report Submitted to Faculty Fellows Program California State University, Sacramento Sacramento, CA 95819-6016 By Hong-lie
More informationCOASTAL MONITORING & OBSERVATIONS LESSON PLAN Do You Have Change?
Coastal Change Analysis Lesson Plan COASTAL MONITORING & OBSERVATIONS LESSON PLAN Do You Have Change? NOS Topic Coastal Monitoring and Observations Theme Coastal Change Analysis Links to Overview Essays
More informationUtah State General Records Retention Schedule SCHEDULE 1 GEOSPATIAL DATA SETS
Utah State General Records Retention Schedule SCHEDULE 1 BIOTA RECORDS (Item 1-26) These are geospatial records that depict wildlife use areas in the state of Utah as determined by wildlife biologists
More informationAbout Reference Data
Tufts GIS Tip Sheet Geocoding Overview and Preparation Overview Geocoding is a process is the process of assigning locations to addresses to that they can be placed as points on a map, similar to putting
More informationUrban Land Use Data for the Telecommunications Industry
Urban Land Use Data for the Telecommunications Industry Regine Richter, Ulla Weingart & Tobias Wever GAF AG Arnulfstr. 197 D-80634 Munich & Ulrike Kähny E-Plus Mobilfunk GmbH & Co. KG E-Plus Platz D-40468
More informationTHE APPRAISAL OF REAL ESTATE 3 RD CANADIAN EDITION BUSI 330
THE APPRAISAL OF REAL ESTATE 3 RD CANADIAN EDITION BUSI 330 REVIEW NOTES by CHUCK DUNN CHAPTER 10 Copyright 2010 by the Real Estate Division and Chuck Dunn. All rights reserved ARE 3 rd EDITION REVIEW
More informationExisting Land Use Map
ilsonmiller, nc. does not warrant data provided by other sources for accuracy or property appraisal, survey, or for zoning verification. ilsonmiller, nc. has not verified this data for accuracy nor has
More informationA HYBRID APPROACH FOR AUTOMATED AREA AGGREGATION
A HYBRID APPROACH FOR AUTOMATED AREA AGGREGATION Zeshen Wang ESRI 380 NewYork Street Redlands CA 92373 Zwang@esri.com ABSTRACT Automated area aggregation, which is widely needed for mapping both natural
More informationAPPLICATION FOR CLASSIFICATION OF FOREST LAND
To the Chief, Division of Forestry: APPLICATION FOR CLASSIFICATION OF FOREST LAND In accordance with sections 5713.22-.26 of the Ohio Revised Code, I hereby apply for the classification of certain lands
More informationDigital Orthophoto Production In the Desktop Environment 1
Digital Orthophoto Production In the Desktop Environment 1 By Dr. Roy A. Welch and Thomas R. Jordan Digital orthophotos are proving suitable for a variety of mapping, GIS and environmental monitoring tasks.
More informationEXHIBIT A LOCATION MAP AND LAND USE INFORMATION
EXHIBIT A LOCATION MAP AND LAND USE INFORMATION In accordance with Arizona Corporation Commission Rules of Practice and Procedure R14-3-219, Applicant provides the following location maps and land use
More informationGeographic Information Systems
Jan Coyne, William C. Bell, Mary Maureen Brown, Chad Rupert, and James Nolan Geographic Information Systems A geographic information system (GIS) combines database management and analysis functions with
More informationSESSION 8: GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS AND MAP PROJECTIONS
SESSION 8: GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS AND MAP PROJECTIONS KEY CONCEPTS: In this session we will look at: Geographic information systems and Map projections. Content that needs to be covered for examination
More informationIntroduction to GIS. Dr F. Escobar, Assoc Prof G. Hunter, Assoc Prof I. Bishop, Dr A. Zerger Department of Geomatics, The University of Melbourne
Introduction to GIS 1 Introduction to GIS http://www.sli.unimelb.edu.au/gisweb/ Dr F. Escobar, Assoc Prof G. Hunter, Assoc Prof I. Bishop, Dr A. Zerger Department of Geomatics, The University of Melbourne
More informationConservation Tax Credit Regulations Chapter 391-1-6 A-1 RULES OF GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES CHAPTER 391-1-6
Conservation Tax Credit Regulations Chapter 391-1-6 A-1 RULES OF GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES CHAPTER 391-1-6 GEORGIA CONSERVATION TAX CREDIT PROGRAM TABLE OF CONTENTS 391-1-6-.01 Purpose and
More informationGeotechnical Data Sharing and Electronic Data Exchange at Minnesota DOT. Derrick D. Dasenbrock 1, M. ASCE, P.E.
Geotechnical Data Sharing and Electronic Data Exchange at Minnesota DOT Derrick D. Dasenbrock 1, M. ASCE, P.E. 1 Minnesota Department of Transportation, 1400 Gervais Ave, Maplewood, MN, 55109 USA PH (651)
More informationCONTRACT AGREEMENT AND REVISED TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS FOR PROPERTY OWNERSHIP MAPPING SERVICES AND OWNERSHIP MAPS FOR COUNTY STATE OF KANSAS (5/92)
CONTRACT AGREEMENT AND REVISED TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS FOR PROPERTY OWNERSHIP MAPPING SERVICES AND OWNERSHIP MAPS FOR COUNTY STATE OF KANSAS (5/92) TABLE OF CONTENTS SECTION PAGE Contract Agreement..........................................................
More informationRESULTS. that remain following use of the 3x3 and 5x5 homogeneity filters is also reported.
RESULTS Land Cover and Accuracy for Each Landsat Scene All 14 scenes were successfully classified. The following section displays the results of the land cover classification, the homogenous filtering,
More informationImproving global data on forest area & change Global Forest Remote Sensing Survey
Improving global data on forest area & change Global Forest Remote Sensing Survey work by FAO and partners - Adam Gerrand, E. Lindquist, R. D Annunzio, M. Wilkie, FAO, - F. Achard et al. TREES team at
More informationPreliminary Plan Application and Checklist
ALL APPLICATIONS ARE DUE AT 12:00 NOON ON THE FILING DATE Office Use Only PRELIMINARY / REVISED PRELIMINARY PLAN $300.00 Fee Paid: $ Date Paid: ALL FIELDS HIGHLIGHTED IN RED ARE REQUIRED FIELDS Case No.:
More informationA PPENDICES C OLLIERVILLE 2040 LAND USE PLAN UPDATE
A PPENDICES C OLLIERVILLE 2040 LAND USE PLAN UPDATE Traditional Neighborhood Character Study with a Neighborhood Center Commercial Node Aldi s is appropriate in a Neighborhood Center School Greenbelt Trail
More informationUniversity of Arizona THE CAMPUS SPATIAL DATA INITIATIVE
University of Arizona THE CAMPUS SPATIAL DATA INITIATIVE Presentation Review 1. Background on Campus Mapping and Spatial Data 2. The Campus Spatial Data Users Research / Teaching / Outreach Administration
More informationThe Future of Geospatial Big Data Giovanni Marchisio, Ph.D., Director Product Development
The Future of Geospatial Big Data Giovanni Marchisio, Ph.D., Director Product Development Nuclear Power Plant, Doel, Belgium December 10, 2011 WorldView-2 Why Geospatial Big Data? We Are the Innovators
More informationWHAT IS GIS - AN INRODUCTION
WHAT IS GIS - AN INRODUCTION GIS DEFINITION GIS is an acronym for: Geographic Information Systems Geographic This term is used because GIS tend to deal primarily with geographic or spatial features. Information
More informationCHAPTER 2 Land Use and Transportation
GREENSBORO URBAN AREA 24 Metropolitan Transportation Plan CHAPTER 2 Land Use and Transportation Introduction The Land Use and Transportation connection is an important consideration for the 24 MTP. Federal
More informationA User-Friendly Data Mining System. J. Raul Ramirez, Ph.D. The Ohio State University Center for Mapping raul@cfm.ohio-state.edu
A User-Friendly Data Mining System J. Raul Ramirez, Ph.D. The Ohio State University Center for Mapping raul@cfm.ohio-state.edu 1. Introduction Image acquisition of the Earth's surface has become a common
More informationPima Regional Remote Sensing Program
Pima Regional Remote Sensing Program Activity Orthophoto GIS Mapping and Analysis Implementing Agency Pima Association of Governments (Tucson, Arizona area Metropolitan Planning Organization) Summary Through
More informationU.S. Geological Survey Earth Resources Operation Systems (EROS) Data Center
U.S. Geological Survey Earth Resources Operation Systems (EROS) Data Center World Data Center for Remotely Sensed Land Data USGS EROS DATA CENTER Land Remote Sensing from Space: Acquisition to Applications
More informationAlternative (Flexible) Mitigation Options Proposed Rule - Revised
Alternative (Flexible) Mitigation Options Proposed Rule - Revised NC Association of Environmental Professionals June 9, 2011 Background Purposes Update rules due to required changes from statutes Put all
More informationFORMULA FOR FINDING THE SQUARE FEET OF A RECTANGLE L x W = A
UNIT I REAL ESTATE MATH AREA MEASUREMENTS FORMULA FOR FINDING THE SQUARE FEET OF A RECTANGLE L x W = A Where: A = Area L = Length W = Width If the length = 30 and the width = 20 20 x 30 = 600 Sq. Feet
More informationv Software Release Notice -. Acquired Software
v Software Release Notice -. Acquired Software 1. Software Name: Software Version: ArcView GIs@ 3.3 2. Software Function: ArcView GIS 3.3, developed by Environmental Systems Research Institute, Inc. (ESRI@),
More informationNational Register of Historic Places: GIS Webinar Cultural Resource GIS Facility National Park Service June 2012
National Register of Historic Places: GIS Webinar Cultural Resource GIS Facility National Park Service June 2012 In February and March 2012 the National Register of Historic Places held webinars in conjunction
More informationLaurence W. Carstensen Jr. Department of Geography Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Blacksburg, VA U.S.A. 24061
REGIONAL LAND INFORMATION SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT USING RELATIONAL DATABASES AND GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS Laurence W. Carstensen Jr. Department of Geography Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
More informationCHAPTER SIXTEEN PLANNING STANDARDS AND RATIOS
CHAPTER SIXTEEN PLANNING STANDARDS AND RATIOS INTRODUCTION To the maximum extent possible, the Update proposes to incorporate the planning standards and ratios used in the Nevada County General Plan. This
More informationAPPLY EXCEL VBA TO TERRAIN VISUALIZATION
APPLY EXCEL VBA TO TERRAIN VISUALIZATION 1 2 Chih-Chung Lin( ), Yen-Ling Lin ( ) 1 Secretariat, National Changhua University of Education. General Education Center, Chienkuo Technology University 2 Dept.
More informationELEMENTS OF SURVEYING FOR CADASTRAL MAPPING
ELEMENTS OF SURVEYING FOR CADASTRAL MAPPING Chapter 4 2015 Cadastral Mapping Manual 4-0 Elements of Surveying and Mapping Utah's system of land surveying is the rectangular survey system as set forth on
More informationRural Residential Buildable Lands Inventory
The Dalles Periodic Review, May 2013 Rural Residential Lands Inventory Contents Introduction and Summary... 1 Concerns related to the 2007 Analysis... 2 Rural Residential Capacity Summary... 2 Methodology...
More informationDevelopment of an Impervious-Surface Database for the Little Blackwater River Watershed, Dorchester County, Maryland
Development of an Impervious-Surface Database for the Little Blackwater River Watershed, Dorchester County, Maryland By Lesley E. Milheim, John W. Jones, and Roger A. Barlow Open-File Report 2007 1308
More informationAUTOMATION OF FLOOD HAZARD MAPPING BY THE FEDERAL EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT AGENCY ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION
AUTOMATION OF FLOOD HAZARD MAPPING BY THE FEDERAL EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT AGENCY Daniel M. Cotter Federal Emergency Management Agency Federal Insurance Administration Office of Risk Assessment 500 C Street,
More informationLCCS & GeoVIS for land cover mapping. Experience Sharing of an Exercise
LCCS & GeoVIS for land cover mapping Experience Sharing of an Exercise Forest Survey of India Subhash Ashutosh Joint Director Study Area Topographic sheet 53J4 Longitude - 78ºE - 78º15'E Latitude - 30ºN
More informationA GUIDE TO THE FARMLAND MAPPING AND MONITORING PROGRAM
CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF CONSERVATION DIVISION OF LAND RESOURCE PROTECTION A GUIDE TO THE FARMLAND MAPPING AND MONITORING PROGRAM 2004 EDITION STATE OF CALIFORNIA Arnold Schwarzenegger, Governor RESOURCES
More informationGeocoding in Law Enforcement Final Report
Geocoding in Law Enforcement Final Report Geocoding in Law Enforcement Final Report Prepared by: The Crime Mapping Laboratory Police Foundation August 2000 Report to the Office of Community Oriented Policing
More informationGunnison County Web Map
Gunnison County Web Map Find Data - Find data - Navigate tools - Mouse over tooltip Make Maps - Layers - Legend - Drawing tools - Printing Analysis - Measurement - Selecting - Queries Spatial SQL - Basic
More informationPlanning Level Cost Estimation Tool. User s Manual
Planning Level Cost Estimation Tool User s Manual Atlanta Regional Commission Submitted By: User s Manual Table of Contents 1. INTRODUCTION... 1 2. OBJECTIVE... 1 3. FRAMEWORK OF THE TOOL... 2 4. HOW TO
More informationGIS in Wastewater Collection System Master Planning
Page 1 of 6 GIS in Wastewater Collection System Master Planning Brad Roeth, EIT Stanley Consultants, Inc. This paper presents the use of GIS in a wastewater collection system master plan. The master plan
More informationNew Functions and Programs in Hypermap Software Development for Internet-Based Displaying of FIA Data
New Functions and Programs in Hypermap Software Development for Internet-Based Displaying of FIA Data Chris J. Cieszewski 1, Roger C. Lowe 2, Shangbin Liu 3, Ingvar Elle 4, and Daniel Markewitz 5 Abstract.
More informationCherokee County: Bells Ferry LCI Study & County Ordinance Audit. Prepared by Atlanta Regional Commission Staff 2006. Atlanta Regional Commission
Cherokee County: Bells Ferry LCI Study & County Ordinance Audit Prepared by Atlanta Regional Commission Staff 2006 Atlanta Regional Commission 1 Document Review and Recommendations Introduction The objective
More informationTexas Case Studies in Access Management. Ed Hard, TTI
Texas Case Studies in Access Management Ed Hard, TTI 8 th National Conference on Access Management August 15, 2006 Presentation Overview TxDOT Arterial Widenings, College Station, TX Processes for Median
More informationREGIONAL SEDIMENT MANAGEMENT: A GIS APPROACH TO SPATIAL DATA ANALYSIS. Lynn Copeland Hardegree, Jennifer M. Wozencraft 1, Rose Dopsovic 2 INTRODUCTION
REGIONAL SEDIMENT MANAGEMENT: A GIS APPROACH TO SPATIAL DATA ANALYSIS Lynn Copeland Hardegree, Jennifer M. Wozencraft 1, Rose Dopsovic 2 ABSTRACT: Regional sediment management (RSM) requires the capability
More informationA Method Using ArcMap to Create a Hydrologically conditioned Digital Elevation Model
A Method Using ArcMap to Create a Hydrologically conditioned Digital Elevation Model High resolution topography derived from LiDAR data is becoming more readily available. This new data source of topography
More informationCITY OF SUFFOLK, VIRGINIA GIS DATA DISTRIBUTION AND PRICING POLICY
CITY OF SUFFOLK, VIRGINIA GIS DATA DISTRIBUTION AND PRICING POLICY 1 The City of Suffolk has invested a large amount of effort into the development of a Citywide Geographic Information System (GIS). The
More informationAssessing the implementation of Rawalpindi s Guided Development Plan through GIS and Remote Sensing Muhammad Adeel
Assessing the implementation of Rawalpindi s Guided Development Plan through GIS and Remote Sensing Muhammad Adeel (Lecturer Muhammad Adeel, Institute of Geographical Information Systems, NUST, H-12 Islamabad,
More informationGEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS
GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS WHAT IS A GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM? A geographic information system (GIS) is a computer-based tool for mapping and analyzing spatial data. GIS technology integrates
More informationGIS: Geographic Information Systems A short introduction
GIS: Geographic Information Systems A short introduction Outline The Center for Digital Scholarship What is GIS? Data types GIS software and analysis Campus GIS resources Center for Digital Scholarship
More informationTutorial 3 - Map Symbology in ArcGIS
Tutorial 3 - Map Symbology in ArcGIS Introduction ArcGIS provides many ways to display and analyze map features. Although not specifically a map-making or cartographic program, ArcGIS does feature a wide
More informationGeospatial Positioning Accuracy Standards Part 3: National Standard for Spatial Data Accuracy
Subcommittee for Base Cartographic Data Federal Geographic Data Committee Federal Geographic Data Committee Department of Agriculture Department of Commerce Department of Defense Department of Energy Department
More informationForest Service Southern Region Jess Clark & Kevin Megown USFS Remote Sensing Applications Center (RSAC)
Hurricane Katrina Damage Assessment on Lands Managed by the Desoto National Forest using Multi-Temporal Landsat TM Imagery and High Resolution Aerial Photography Renee Jacokes-Mancini Forest Service Southern
More informationEarth Data Science in The Era of Big Data and Compute
Earth Data Science in The Era of Big Data and Compute E. Lynn Usery U.S. Geological Survey usery@usgs.gov http://cegis.usgs.gov U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey Board on Earth Sciences
More informationTRAFFIC IMPACT ANALYSIS (TIA)
GUIDELINES FOR TRAFFIC IMPACT ANALYSIS (TIA) FOR REZONING APPLICATIONS AND OTHER DEVELOPMENT APPROVALS REQUIRING TRANSPORTATION IMPACT ANALYSIS IN SUMTER COUNTY, FLORIDA July 17, 2007 PURPOSE AND APPLICABILITY
More informationMarket Analysis for Padre Boulevard Initiative in the Town of South Padre Island, TX
Market Analysis for Padre Boulevard Initiative in the Town of South Padre Island, TX Prepared for Gateway Planning Group Spring 2010 TXP, Inc. 1310 South 1st Street; Suite 105 Austin, Texas 78704 (512)
More informationGIS Spatial Data Standards
GIS Spatial Data Standards Manatee County, FL GIS Section, Information Services Department TABLE OF CONTENTS I. Introduction 2 A. Purpose 2 B. Reference 2 II. Spatial Reference Information 2 A. Projection:
More informationG.S. 47-30 Mapping Requirements for Recordable Maps
G.S. 47-30 Mapping Requirements for Recordable Maps 47-30. Plats and subdivisions; mapping requirements. (a) Size Requirements. All land plats presented to the register of deeds for recording in the registry
More information