Quasi-static Multilayer Electrical Modeling of Human Limb for IBC

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1 Quasi-static Multilayer Electrical Modeling of Human Limb for IBC S H Pun 1,2, Y M Gao 2,3, P U Mak 1,2, M I Vai 1,2,3, and M Du 2,3 1 Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Faculty of Science and Tecnology, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau 2 Key Laboratory of Medical Instrumentation & Parmaceutical Tecnology, Fujian Province, Cina 3 Institute of Precision Instrument, Fuzou University, Fuzou, Cina ABSTRACT Home ealt care system and long term pysiologic parameters monitoring system are important for elevating te living quality of cronic disease patients and elderly Elaborating towards a sopisticated and compreensive ome ealt care system, Intra-Body Communication (IBC) is believed to ave advantages in power consumption, electromagnetic radiation, interference from external electromagnetic noise, security, and restriction in spectrum resource In tis article, we start from quasi-static Maxwell s Equation and propose a matematical model, wic includes electrical properties and proportion of uman tissues, for IBC on a uman limb By solving te matematical model analytically and conducting in vivo experiment, our model as sown adequate agreement wit experiments Keywords: IBC, Quasi-static Model, Biosensors, and Telemedicine 1 INTRODUCTION Home ealt care system and long term pysiologic parameters monitoring system are important for cronic disease patients and te elderly Tey could provide user and paramedic instant ealt information and generate alert wile emergence Compreensive pysiological parameters monitoring and simple treatment, can effectively elevate te living quality of patients, reducing te risk of not timely remedy, and ease te pressure of public ealt system However, increasing number of wearable sensors/devices for better monitoring patients, not only means to enance te capability of te system to take care of patients, but also introduces demands for saring information between sensors/devices Networking for devices Te work presented in tis paper is supported by Te Science and Tecnology Development Fund of Macau under grant 14/27/A1, 63/29/A and 24/29/A1, te Researc Committee of te University of Macau under Grants UL12/9- Y1/EEE/VMI1/FST, RG77/9-1S/VMI/FST, RG75/7-8S/1T/VMI/FST, and RG72/9-1S/MPU/FST and te Funds of Fujian Provincial Department of Science & Tecnology as 27Y24, 27T9, 27I18 and 28J15 on uman body is not easy, especially, te requirements of ligt weigt, miniaturization, energy efficient, and less electromagnetic interference, limit te resources available for te communication modules Among te developed communication metodologies, wireless tecnology is te popular candidate for networking sensors currently In contrast to te traditional wireless communication tecniques, wic mainly transmit information via te air medium, T G Zimmerman proposed Intra-body communication for transmitting information over uman body [1][2] Te idea of te IBC is straigtforward, using te conducting penomenon of te uman tissue to send electrical signal troug te uman body Altoug implementation of IBC involving significant considerations, te basic principle is to represent te sensors data wit a small amount of electric current Ten, te electrical signal is applied to te uman body and flows inside Eventually, te signal is picked up by te receiver in oter locations and recover te data from te received signal Wit IBC, te communication between devices on te uman are virtually embedded into te uman body and te sensors scattering over te uman body are interconnected Tus, IBC is emerging as an attractive tecnique for wearable sensor in tese years In addition to te connectivity advantages, IBC is believed to ave merits in power consumption, electromagnetic radiation, interference rejection, and etc Currently, te development of te IBC is still in preliminary stages and several important questions are open Extensive researces in investigation of te long term effect of IBC for ealt, maximum data rate of IBC and optimum carrier frequencies are required In te implementation aspect of IBC, two variants ave been developed: Capacitive coupling tecnique is twoelectrode approac [3] and Galvanic coupling tecnique employs four electrodes [4] Fig 1 and Fig 2 sow te illustrations of Capacitive and Galvanic coupling tecniques, respectively Bot metods uses te uman body as cannel to realize te communication between te transmitter and receiver Te main difference between tese metods is tat te return pat of te Capacitive coupling tecnique passes troug te peripery of te uman body In te meanwile, te Galvanic coupling tecnique mainly transmits electrical signal witin te 22 SYSTEMICS, CYBERNETICS AND INFORMATICS VOLUME 9 - NUMBER 3 - YEAR 211 ISSN:

2 uman body Tis intrinsic difference of te metods, to a certain extent, results in iger cannel gain [3] and data rate [5] of Capacitive coupling tecnique; wile, te Galvanic coupling tecnique is capable of bot on-body and in-body (ie implanted) devices [6][7] Te researc and development of IBC is popular and 2 MATHEMATICAL MODEL In our model, te IBC of uman limb is first approximated by a cylinder, in analogous to te researces of K Fujii et al [14], M Wegmueller et al [15], T Sasamori et al [13] and J O [16] For better resemblance to reality, we ave included bot permittivities (ɛ 1,, ɛ n) and conductivities (σ 1,, σ n) wit its geometry illustrated in Fig3, were depicts te lengt of te limb, r 1 r n represent te radii of various tissues For te sake of analytically andling, we ave first Figure 1: Capacitive coupling tecnique Figure 2: Galvanic coupling tecnique diverse in tese years In terms of application, prototypes ave been built by different researc groups Te first application was a system for business card excange developed by T G Zimmerman [2] Since ten, tere were typically applications including but not limited to: Te electrocardiograpy (ECG) monitoring system by T Handa et al [8], virtual typing system by M Fukomoto et al [9], implanted devices communication by D P Lindsey et al [6], and a Biomedical system-on-a-cip by Y Lin et al [1] Te fundamental exploration of IBC is also excited To autors knowledge, tere are researces in prototype experiments [11], equivalent-circuit model development [2], numerical simulation [12] and analytical model development at ig frequencies [13] ave been report In tis article, te autors propose a matematical model, wic includes electrical properties of uman tissues, for Galvanic coupling IBC on a uman limb By cecking wit te quasistatic approximation criteria including uman skin, te autors find tat te capacitance effect is significant for model Wit te electrical properties of uman tissues, an analytical solution is developed Te calculated cannel gain is compared wit te in vivo experiment results of tree separated days Te comparison sows tat te proposed matematical model wit capacitance effect owes better agreement wit experiment results over model neglecting capacitance effect Figure 3: Representation of IBC limb model cecked te quasi-static criteria (1) - (4) [17][18] for decoupled te Maxwell s equations based on te followings: Neglect Propagation Effects kr max 1 (1) Neglect Capacitance Effects ωɛ σ 1 (2) Neglect Inductive Effects (kr max) 2 1 (3) Neglect leakage to outside air ωɛ 1 σ n (4) k 2 = ω 2 µɛ(1 + σ jωɛ ) (5) were R max is te maximum lengt corresponding to te overall dimension, ɛ and σ are te permittivity and conductivity of tissue, and ɛ is te permittivity of free space Employing te conductivities and permittivities of bone, fat, muscle, and skin, wic are derived from te parametric models of C Gabriel et al [19] by summarizing te measurements from autopsy of cadavers and animals, and in vivo measurement of uman body, te quasistatic approximation criteria are cecked and listed in Table 1 (in later page) From te table, it is found tat except te capacitance effect of eiter dry or wet skin, all oter effects are negligible up to 1MHz Tis suggests tat te capacitance effect cannot be neglected in te IBC problem in tis frequency range (1k to 1MHz) Tus, by including te permittivities of uman tissue as suggested by Plonsey and Heppner [17], te governing equation for our multilayer model becomes: σ Eq(s) V = s = 1 N (6) ISSN: SYSTEMICS, CYBERNETICS AND INFORMATICS VOLUME 9 - NUMBER 3 - YEAR

3 were equivalent permittivities are σ Eq(s) = σ s + jωɛ rsɛ (7) Te transmit signal of te IBC is ten expressed as J n and te electrode sape can also be introduced into te model by defining in (8) V σ EqN (r = rn, θ, z) = Jn (θ, z) (8) r were J n (θ, z) depicts te normal component of te current density injected into te limb For multilayer model, (9) and (1) are necessary for defining te continuity properties between tissues J ns (θ, z) = J ns+1 (θ, z) (9) V s (θ, z) = V s+1 (θ, z) (1) s = 1 N 1 By solving te matematical model wit (6) and (7), an analytical solution for te IBC limb model can be expressed as (11) V s(r, θ, z)= [E mπr smni n( )cos(nθ) m=1 n= +F mπr smni n( )sin(nθ) + GsmnKn( mπr )cos(nθ) +H mπr mπz smnk n( )sin(nθ)]sin( ) (11) were I n is te modified Bessel function of te first kind of order n and K n is te modified Bessel function of te second kind of order n Since V is finite at r =, tus, G 1mn and H 1mn are equal to zero for te most inner tissue Enforcement of (8), (9), and (1), te constants E smn, F smn, G smn, and H smn in (11) can ten be found by using (12) and (13) were α 1 = 2 α 2 = 2 A B π π π π E Nmn G Nmn E N 1mn G N 1mn E 1mn F Nmn H Nmn F N 1mn H N 1mn F 1mn = = α 1 α 2 k m = mπ { 2π for n = a n = π oterwise (12) (13) (14) (15) γ s = σ Eq(s) = σ s + jωɛ rsɛ (16) J n(θ, z)sin( mπz )cos(nθ)dzdθ (17) J n(θ, z)sin( mπz )sin(nθ)dzdθ (18) A and B are sown in next page 3 MODEL VALIDATION WITH EXPERIMENT Wit te matematical model discussed in Section 2, te autors attempted to evaluate te frequency response properties of IBC, utilizing te body as communication medium Te calculation ad cosen a ealty male subject in age 26 wit upper limb of 25mm in lengt and te average diameter of te limb is 65mm Stimulating electrode (4mm by 4mm) is cosen for coupling te transmitted signal into te uman body and retrieving up te signal in te receiver Te transmitter electrodes are placed 5mm away from te elbow and laterally oriented on te upper limb Te receiver electrodes are attaced 6mm away from te edge of te transmitter electrodes Te detail arrangement can be found in Fig 4 Te calculation of te voltage distribution induced by te transmitter, started by evaluating (17) and (18) wit te transmitted signal In te case of our in vivo IBC experiment, J n is defined uniformly for electrodes as: J if 615 < θ < 615 J n(θ, z) = J if π 615 < θ < π Oterwise 5mm z 9mm (19) were J is te normal component of te current density Te E smn, F smn, G smn, and H smn are ten found by te geometrical data of te limb of te subject and te tissue parameters In tis researc, four layers of tissues, namely: bone, muscle, fat and skin are considered Eventually, te voltage distribution induced by te transmitter electrodes are computed by (11) and te cannel gain can be evaluated In Fig 5, te calculated results for model wit and witout capacitance effect are plotted In comparison wit model neglecting capacitance effect, model considering te capacitance effect as iger gain below 1kHz, wile two models ave similar gain in ig frequencies Tis observation is matced wit quasistatic criteria ceck of wet skin in Table 1, were te capacitance effect of wet skin is less significant at ig frequencies, say 1MHz In vivo measurement on te cosen uman subject as been done for validating te calculated result of te matematical model for tree days A calibrated Agilent 4395A Network/Spectrum/Impedance Analyzer is used to measure te cannel gain of te IBC on te upper limb of te subject wit testing frequencies span from 1kHz to 1MHz Before te experiment, te skin of te subject is cleansed to ensure good contact wit electrodes Additionally, te transfer caracteristic of te measurement setup is taken as te baseline for later compensation Te measurement result can be found from Fig 6 and tree days measurement result are consistent except day 2 and ig frequency range Te major causes of error remain vague, and repeatedly sligt inaccurate electrodes positioning during experiment, geometrical approximation of 24 SYSTEMICS, CYBERNETICS AND INFORMATICS VOLUME 9 - NUMBER 3 - YEAR 211 ISSN:

4 Table 1: Verification of quasistatic criteria Tissue Frequency Conductivity Relative Capacitance Propagation Inductive Leakage (Hz) σ(s/m) Permitivity ɛ r effect effect effect to air Bone 1k 2e-2 27e3 75e-3 626e-6 25e-3 278e-6 1k 2e-2 52e2 145e-2 622e-5 789e-3 278e-5 1k 21e-2 23e2 69e-2 622e-4 249e-2 265e-4 1M 24e-2 14e2 324e-1 512e-3 715e-2 232e-3 Muscle 1k 32e-1 43e5 747e-2 934e-5 967e-3 174e-7 1k 34e-1 26e4 425e-2 13e-3 32e-2 163e-6 1k 36e-1 81e3 125e-1 994e-3 997e-2 154e-5 1M 5e-1 18e3 2e-1 126e-1 355e-1 111e-4 Fat 1k 224e-2 241e4 598e-2 665e-6 258e-3 248e-6 1k 238e-2 19e3 253e-2 733e-5 856e-3 233e-5 1k 244e-2 929e1 211e-2 754e-4 275e-2 228e-4 1M 251e-2 272e1 63e-2 744e-3 862e-2 222e-3 Dry skin 1k 2e-4 114e3 316e-1 432e-8 28e-4 278e-4 1k 24e-4 113e e-6 116e-3 272e-3 1k 451e-4 112e3 138e1 182e-4 135e-2 123e-2 1M 132e-2 991e e-2 115e-1 42e-3 Wet skin 1k 66e-4 32e e-7 594e-4 842e-5 1k 29e-3 29e e-5 664e-3 192e-4 1k 66e-2 15e e-4 234e-2 842e-5 1M 22e-1 18e3 455e-1 378e-2 195e-1 253e-4 A = γ N a n [I n (k m r N ] γ N a n [K n (k m r N ] I n (k m r s ) K n (k m r s ) I n (k m r s ) K n (k m r s ) γ s+1 [I n (k m r s )] γ s+1 [K n (k m r s )] γ s [I n (k m r s )] γ s [K n (k m r s )] I n (k m r 1 ) K n (k m r 1 ) I n (k m r 1 ) γ 2 [I n (k m r 1 )] γ 2 [K n (k m r 1 )] γ 1 [I n (k m r 1 )] for n = γ N π[i n (k m r N ] γ N π[k n (k m r N ] I n (k m r s ) K n (k m r s ) I n (k m r s ) K n (k m r s ) γ s+1 [I n (k m r s )] γ s+1 [K n (k m r s )] γ s [I n (k m r s )] γ s [K n (k m r s )] B = I n (k m r 1 ) K n (k m r 1 ) I n (k m r 1 ) γ 2 [I n (k m r 1 )] γ 2 [K n (k m r 1 )] γ 1 [I n (k m r 1 )] were A and B are for (12) and (13) for n = 1 ISSN: SYSTEMICS, CYBERNETICS AND INFORMATICS VOLUME 9 - NUMBER 3 - YEAR

5 Figure 4: Placement of electrodes in te experiment(not to scale) limb and variations of subject s pysiological status are potential considerations at present Te measurement results also sow a peak for cannel gain in te range of 1kHz to 4kHz, wic suggests a possible optimum operating frequency for te Galvanic coupling IBC on uman limb Figure 6: Results of measurements and calculations calculation result & experimental results is less tan 5dB for operating frequency below 1kHz For operating frequency iger tan 1kHz, te trend of te calculation result differs from te experimental results and te maximum error is less tan 1dB Te comparison of te results wit/witout capacitance effect and experiment confirm tat te capacitance effect contributes a significant role in te model and cannot be neglected Furtermore, te calculation results also suggest te IBC cannel on uman upper limb exibited a ig pass filter caracteristic below several MHz 5 CONCLUSION Figure 5: Comparison of results wit and witout capacitance effect 4 RESULT DISCUSSION Te calculation results are obtained from te matematical model wit parameters cosen as close as possible to te IBC prototype experiments By comparing te calculation results witout capacitance effect and measurement result in Fig 6, model witout capacitance effect as maximum error less tan 15dB On te oter and, te matematical model wit capacitance effect sows better agreement wit experimental results in comparison wit model witout capacitance effect Te gain calculated from te proposed model coincides wit te measurement result at low frequencies (less tan 5kHz) and te maximum error between te Home ealt care system and long term pysiologic parameters monitoring system are important for cronic disease patients and te elderly Tey can effectively elevate te living quality of patients, reducing te risk of not timely remedy, and ease te pressure of public ealt system In contrast to wireless communication tecniques, IBC is a tecnique to network various devices on uman body, by utilizing te conducting properties of uman tissues It contributes as anoter communication metod for Home ealt care system & long term pysiologic parameters monitoring system and is believed to own advantages in power consumption, electromagnetic radiation, interference from external electromagnetic noise, security, and restriction in spectrum resource In tis work, te autors used a cylinder to represent uman upper limb, wic consists of bone, muscle, fat, and skin layers By validating te quasistatic criteria over te operating frequency range, it is found tat neglecting te capacitance effect would induce significant error wenever skin is included Tus, te permittivities of tissues are properly included in our model and te corresponding analytical solution is presented Te result of te tentative in vivo experiment sows tat te model wit capacitance effect sows better agreement tan model witout capacitance effect In addition, te proposed model and metodologies can be easily extended to even ig number of layer tissues Overall, te proposed model sows adequate 26 SYSTEMICS, CYBERNETICS AND INFORMATICS VOLUME 9 - NUMBER 3 - YEAR 211 ISSN:

6 agreements wit in vivo experiments In te future, a compreensive experiments will carried out to verify and exploit te capability of te proposed matematical model In addition, extending te model to oter parts of uman body and exploring iger frequency range will be te main directions for accelerating te researc and development of IBC REFERENCES [1] T G Zimmerman, Personal area networks (pan): Near-field intra-body communication, PD dissertation, Massacusetts Institute of Tecnology, 1995 [2], Personal area networks: Near-field intrabody communication, IBM Systems Journals, vol 35, no 3 and 4, pp , 1996 [3] K Hacisuka, Y Terauci, Y Kisi, K Sasaki, T Hirota, H Hosaka, K Fujii, M Takaasi, and K Ito, Simplified circuit modeling and fabrication of intrabody communication devices, Sensors and Actuators A: Pysical (Selected Papers from TRANSDUCERS 5 - Te 13t International Conference on Solid- State Sensors, Actuators and Microsystems), vol , pp , 26 [4] M S Wegmueller, A Kun, J Froelic, M Oberle, N Felber, K Kuster, and W Fictner, An attempt to model te uman body as a communication cannel, IEEE transactions on Biomedical Engineering, vol 54, no 1, pp , 27 [5] M Sinagawa, M Fukamoto, K Ociai, and H Kyuragi, A near-field-sensing transceiver for intra-body communication based on te electro-optic effect, in Proceedings of te 2t IEEE Instrumentation and Measurement Tecnology Conference, vol 1, 23, pp [6] D P Lindsey, E L Mckee, M L Hull, and S M Howell, A new tecnique for transmission of signals from implantable transducers, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, vol 45, no 5, pp , 1998 [7] M S Wegmueller, S Huclova, J Froelic, M Oberle, N Felber, N Kuster, and W Fictner, Galvanic coupling enabling wireless implant communications, Instrumentation and Measurement, IEEE Transactions on, vol 58, no 8, pp , 29, [8] T Handa, S Soji, S Ike, S Takeda, and T Sekiguci, A very low-power consumption wireless ecg monitoring system using body as a signal transmission medium, pp 13 16, 1997 [9] M Fukomoto, M Sinagawa, and T Sugimura, Body coupled fingering: wireless wearable keyboard, CHI 97(1997), pp , 1997 [1] Y Lin, S Lu, C Cen, H Cen, Y Yang, and S Lu, A 5 v biomedical system-on-a-cip for intra-body communication system, Industrial Electronics, IEEE Transactions on, (in press), [11] R Xu, H Zu, and J Yuan, Caracterization and analysis of intra-body communication cannel, in IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, 29 APSURSI 9, 29 [12] K Fujii, D Iside, M Takaasi, and K Ito, Electric field distributions generated by a wearable device using simplified wole uman body models, Information and Media Tecnologies, vol 4, no 2, pp , 28 [13] T Sasamori, M Takaasi, and T Uno, Transmission mecanism of wearable device for on-body wireless communications, Antennas and Propagation, IEEE Transactions on, vol 57, no 4, pp , 29, X [14] K Fujii, M Takaasi, and K Ito, Electric field distributions of wearable devices using te uman body as a transmission cannel, IEEE transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol 55, no 7, pp , 27 [15] M S Wegmueller, M Oberle, N Kuster, and W Fictner, From dielectrical properties of uman tissue to intra-body communications, in World Congress on Medical Pysics and Biomedical Engineering 26, vol 14, 26, pp [16] J O, J Park, H Lee, and S Nam, Te electrode structure to reduce cannel loss for uman body communication using uman body as transmission medium, in Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, 27 IEEE, 27 [17] R Plonsey and E B Heppner, Considerations of quasi-stationarity in electropysiological systems, Bulletin of matematical biopysics, vol 29, pp , 1967 [18] R Plonsey, Volume conductor teory, in Te biomedical engineering andbook, J D Bronzino, Ed Boca Raton: CRC Press LLC, 2 [19] S Gabriel, R W Lau, and C Gabriel, Te dielectric properties of biological tissues: Iii parametric models for te dielectric spectrum of tissues, Pysics in Medicine and Biology, vol 41, pp , 1996 ISSN: SYSTEMICS, CYBERNETICS AND INFORMATICS VOLUME 9 - NUMBER 3 - YEAR

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