The burial that forms the major part of this

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "The burial that forms the major part of this"

Transcription

1 The International Journal of Nautical Archaeology (2001) 30.2: doi: /ijna A Neolithic dugout from a multi-period site near St Albans, Herts, England Rosalind Niblett Department of Enterprise and Civic Environment, Council Offices, St Peters Street, St Albans, Herts AL1 3JE, UK With contributions by N. Brown, V. Fryer, R. Holgate, P. Murphy, I. Thompson and R. Wiggins In December 1988 rescue excavations on a multi-period gravel site 5 km south-east of St Albans revealed the charred remains of a probable logboat containing cremated human and animal remains. Radiocarbon dating indicated a date in the early 4th millennium BC. The site continued to be used sporadically until the Late Iron Age, and there is some indication that it may have continued to have a ritual significance. The excavation also recorded one (possibly two) Early Saxon sunken floor huts, and ovens and ditches associated with medieval Parkbury The Nautical Archaeology Society Key words: dugout, logboat, cremation, boat-burial, pit, charcoal, gravel. Introduction The burial that forms the major part of this report was found during gravel extraction, 5 km south-east of St Albans at Old Parkbury Farm, Colney Street, Hertfordshire (NGR. TL ). The site lies on the western margin of the Vale of St Albans, at the edge of a 70 m gravel terrace on the north-east side of the River Colne, approximately 7 5 km from the point where it rises at Colney Heath, and 2 km from its confluence with the River Ver (Fig. 1(a)). Although no archaeological material had previously been reported from the site itself, it lies in an area rich in archaeological finds. Concentrations of Mesolithic and Early Neolithic worked flints have been reported during fieldwalking at Harper Lane, Park Street, St. Julians Wood and Bury Hill, all within 5 km of the site (Fig. 1(a)). Two Acheulian hand axes are recorded from the valley floor to the east (Herts SMR 0691 and 0693) and several hundred Mesolithic and Neolithic tools, cores and waste flakes were collected in 1973 immediately south-west of Old Parkbury Farm (SMR 0970). All this material presumably represents groups colonizing the river valleys of the Colne and Ver, drawn here by the abundance of game on the upper slopes and the presence of water in the valleys. The generally light soils on the river gravels would have been equally attractive to Early Neolithic farmers and a Late Bronze Age socketed axe (SMR 694) was found in the gravel quarry on the other side of the river, 700 m south-east of the farm. In 1774 and 1778 two gold twisted torcs were discovered at Old Parkbury itself (Anon, 1849: 52). Unfortunately neither of these is now extant. During the Roman Period tiles were manufactured on the opposite side of the river. In 1972 members of the Watford Archaeological and Historical Society recorded a late 1st-century tile kiln and an associated aisled timber building 500 m south-east of the site (Rawlins, 1972: 12 13) (SMR 4838) and another possible Roman tile kiln is suspected (SMR 700). Finally, in a quarry off Drop Lane 800 m to the west, Saxon grass-tempered pottery, possibly associated with hearths, was recorded in 1973 (SMR 0695). Permission for gravel extraction on the Colney Street site had been granted before the present guidelines and practices governing archaeological recording on gravel-working sites had been generally agreed. Consequently there were no arrangements in place for archaeological work prior to commencement of gravel extraction. However, arrangements for a watching brief were readily /01/ $35.00/ The Nautical Archaeology Society

2 NAUTICAL ARCHAEOLOGY, 30.2 Figure 1. (a) Plan to show the location of Old Parkbury and other Mesolithic and Neolithic sites within 5 km of the excavation. (b) Plan to show the location of Old Parkbury and other Late pre-roman Iron Age sites within 5 km of the excavation. (Drawings: David Williams) agreed to by the gravel company and it is a pleasure to record the unfailing help provided by Redlands Aggregates, not only by supplying plant and re-scheduling their extraction programme almost on a day-to-day basis, but by their constant on-site assistance. Above all, the company financed the entire excavation programme several years in advance of the publication of either Planning Policy Guidance Note 16, and their support was invaluable. Prior to the commencement of gravel extraction on the terrace in 1988, the only archaeological information on the area covered by the site was contained on an air photograph taken by the St Albans Museum Service in the dry summer of 1976 (Fig. 2). This showed a rectilinear enclosure immediately north-west of Old Parkbury Farm, and what appeared to be a trackway heading south across the site in the general direction of the farm (Fig. 3). These well-defined features were thought likely to be of Post-Medieval date, and connected with the existing farm. Parkbury Farm was originally a monastic grange of St Albans Abbey and the farmhouse and barns standing in 1989 dated from the early 17th century. Field A In 1988 Redlands Aggregates stripped the topsoil off the field immediately south of the farm (Fig. 3, field A). St Albans Museums Service [SAMS] maintained a watching brief on the work. No worked flint scatters were recorded, nor was there any sign of the western edge of the enclosure on the air photograph in field B; it must be assumed that this lies under the existing hedgerow. A medieval or early Post-Medieval trackway, represented by two parallel ditches, 13 m apart and between 0 8 and 1 2 m deep, appeared to lead north-west from the river to Old Parkbury Farm, but any trace of them on the lower slope had been eroded away. Near the foot of the slope, 20 m from the river, were the robbed remains of a complex of medieval malting or grain-processing ovens. The original triple oven, which in plan was 156

3 NIBLETT: A NEOLITHIC DUGOUT FROM A MULTI-PERIOD SITE Figure 2. The site: aerial view in 1976 showing the Late Iron Age ditched enclosure adjacent to Old Parkbury Farm. (Photo: James Brown. Copyright St Albans Museum Service) strikingly similar to 14th-century ovens excavated by C. Saunders in the centre of St Albans, had been twice rebuilt. Unfortunately no dating evidence survived, and it can only be assumed that all three phases date to the 14th or 15th centuries and were associated with the late Medieval precursor of Old Parkbury. Field B. The dugout (Figs 4 7) The circumstances of discovery In November 1989 gravel extraction started on field B, immediately north of Old Parkbury Farm. Mechanical scrapers removed the topsoil, and in view of the enclosure and trackway known from the air, the field department of SAMS maintained a watching brief on the gravel subsoil as it was exposed. Early in December, Peter Reeves, then assistant keeper of field archaeology, noticed an irregularly shaped disturbance in the gravel in a recently scraped area. The disturbance appeared as a large patch (approximately 3 6 5m) of discoloured gravelly clay/loam occupying a shallow cut in the gravel subsoil. A band of dark, more silty material was faintly discernible at the interface between the edge of the disturbance and its gravelly fill, while over the central part of the disturbance, and particularly towards its west end, the fill was reddened and included up to 90% of heat-shattered flint (context AAE). The outline of the feature was remarkably similar to that of robbed Medieval ovens from St Albans, and in view of the Medieval cornprocessing ovens revealed the previous year in field A, the initial interpretation of the burnt feature was as another, robbed out, Medieval oven. In this belief a salvage excavation of the less heavily burnt eastern end of the feature commenced under the writer s direction. The excavation As the work progressed the interpretation of the feature as a corn-processing oven quickly became untenable. Fire-reddened gravel and charcoal were exposed in a band running longitudinally along the central axis of the pit. In cross-section this band of burnt material was interpreted as remains of a dugout log, 0 22 m deep and 1 07 m wide, with slightly flared sides and a rounded base (Figs 4 & 5 section C D). Its less well preserved eastern end was represented by a thin smear of powdered charcoal lying on the surface of the 157

4 NAUTICAL ARCHAEOLOGY, 30.2 Figure 3. Fields A and B. (Drawing: David Williams) undisturbed gravel and forming a rather illdefined strip, approximately 2 2 m long and tapering to the east. The thickness of the charcoal, particularly at its western end, suggested that the dugout had been placed along the floor of the pit and burnt in situ. By this time it was nearly Christmas and the quarry was about to close down for a fortnight. There were fears that the remains would be damaged either by frost, or by the vandals who constituted a constant threat to the work. Consequently, the excavated remains were planned and then temporarily reburied in sand to protect them over the enforced Christmas break. Early in January 1990 the sand covering was removed and the work continued on the western end of the pit. This was excavated in two quadrants so as to enable a longitudinal section to be recorded. Each quadrant was excavated and planned in 0 05 m spits (Fig. 4). The excavation revealed an elongated oval pit; it had steeply sloping sides and a flat base m below the upper surface of the natural gravel. It was aligned east west, and was wider and deeper at the west end, tapering at the east end. It is precisely the shape required to accommodate a logboat with a tapering forward portion and a wider, curving stern. The pit was filled with redeposited natural gravel (context AAG; Fig. 5). For the most part this was unburnt, and differed from the natural gravel only in having a slightly greater admixture of stony loam, probably the 158

5 Figure 4 The logboat planned at depths of 0 05 m (Drawing David Williams)

6 Figure 5. Cross-sections of the logboat. The position of each cross-section is shown in Figure 4. (Drawing. David Williams)

7 NIBLETT: A NEOLITHIC DUGOUT FROM A MULTI-PERIOD SITE result of root action favouring the relatively loose pit fill. In the centre and west of the pit the band of charcoal (AAF and ACF) that marked the base of the dugout broadened and thickened to form a well-defined deposit. This separated the redeposited natural gravel (AAG) that filled the pit from the material lying within the dugout (Fig. 4). Up to 90% of this material within the dugout consisted of fire shattered flint and heatreddened gravel, but it also incorporated varying amounts of powdered charcoal (contexts ABY, AAE, AEG and ACA) (Figs 4 & 5). The sections and plans of the western half revealed a straight-sided dugout, 1 07 m wide (0 87 m at the base) and 0 37 m deep (Fig. 5). With a width of 0 7 m the western end was slightly narrower than the central portion, but it was much wider than the eastern end, which the staining and scorching on the pit floor suggested had tapered to a blunt point. The west end was also shallower with a depth of only 0 2 m, and was slightly rounded. It is clear that as on the site generally, the pit and the features within it had suffered severe weathering; there can be no doubt that the upper part of the dugout had been eroded away and that originally its walls were higher. The cremated bones of an adult and of at least one small mammal were found 0 5 m above the base of the dugout, 1 m from its western end and spread over an area approximately m (Fig. 7). A few further fragments (too fragmentary to determine whether they were human or animal) lay just outside and south of it, 2 4m from its west end. The cremated remains are discussed below. Three struck flint flakes were found within the hollow of the dugout in contexts ABY and AFG (Appendix, Table 7). Interpretation The extremely fragmentary nature of the remains means that it is impossible to reconstruct details of the dugout. In many places the charcoal only survived in minute fragments or as powder; sizeable pieces were only found along the south-west side, and even here they were not substantial enough to allow constructional details to be recognized. However, it is clear that the dugout had a total length of 5 3 m and an original overall diameter of about 1 07 m. Analysis of sizeable fragments of charcoal from its base and walls, at its western end, showed it to have been of oak (contexts ABY and ACF). Two samples were submitted for accelerated radiocarbon dating and these produced calibrated dates of BC and BC (Hedges et al., 1994: 354; Oxford Research Laboratory for Archaeology OXA-3301). The mean date is 3952 BC. The dugout had clearly been burnt in situ. This was demonstrated conclusively by the scorching of the gravel along the interface between the filling in the dugout (layers ACA, AAF and ABY), and the redeposited gravel filling the main pit (layer AAG). The very fragmentary nature of the charcoal makes it impossible to reconstruct the details of the dugout s form or to determine questions such as whether it had originally had a separate end board or additional planks along its sides. This is particularly disappointing in view of the extremely early date of the burial. Nevertheless there are strong arguments suggesting that this is an Early Neolithic boat-burial in which a substantial logboat with a wide, rounded stern and a tapering forward section formed the coffin. Neolithic oak logboats of this form from Paris- Bercy (Ville de Paris, France) date from the 5th to the 3rd millennium BC (Arnold, 1995: 37 47). Logboats 3 ( BC), 6 ( BC) and 8 ( BC) were between 5 and 6 m in length with beams in the order of cm. A logboat of this form at Old Parkbury would fit comfortably within these sizes and date-range. As already noted, the logboat had been burnt in situ. The east end probably burnt fiercely, totally destroying the wood. At the west end burning was less intense and the base and part of the sides survived as charcoal. Nevertheless, sufficient heat had been generated to scorch the surrounding redeposited gravel filling the pit, and to cause extensive cracking of flints and pebbles. As it burnt the upper parts of the logboat collapsed bringing with them part of the surrounding pit filling, and accounting for the presence of scorched gravel and charcoal within the dugout. Concentrations of charcoal, towards its western end, probably represent collapsed walls, although it is possible that some are remains of wooden objects placed alongside the cremated human and animal remains. It is questionable as to how feasible it would be to generate sufficient heat in the base of the boat, without any provision of up-draught, in order to reach the temperature necessary to cremate a human body. If the bones were dry by the time the cremation took place, having previously been exposed, a rather lower temperature might have been sufficient to produce the rather inefficiently 159

8 NAUTICAL ARCHAEOLOGY, 30.2 Figure 6. The logboat during excavation, viewed from the north-east. In the foreground is the excavated eastern end. At the western end the hollowed-out centre of the log has been sectioned longitudinally. The charred base and sides are visible in the cross-section. The discoloured fill of the pit in which the log was set can be seen on either side of the western end of the log. (Photo: St Albans Museum Service) cremated bones found here. Previous exposure could also account for the evidently incomplete nature of the remains, although this could equally well be simply an accident of survival. Alternatively, it is possible that the remains were cremated on a pyre at ground level. In the process of cremation the bone fragments could have fallen through the base of the pyre and into the boat beneath. Yet another possible explanation is that the bones had already been cremated by the time they were put in the logboat, which was in turn set on fire, burning fiercely at the eastern end, but smouldering more gently at the western end. The valleys of both the Ver and the Colne were clearly frequented by groups throughout the Mesolithic and Early Neolithic periods, exploiting the varied resources provided by game on the wooded upper slopes, and fish and birds in the valleys. Logboats no doubt provided an efficient means of exploiting the river valleys, in which water levels would have been significantly higher than today. What makes the Parkbury example remarkable is its survival on a heavily denuded gravel site, its use as a container for a burial, and its very early date. There was no trace of any barrow covering the boat-burial. There were a number of areas where 160

9 NIBLETT: A NEOLITHIC DUGOUT FROM A MULTI-PERIOD SITE Figure 7. Partially cremated bone near the western end of the dugout. (Photo: James Brown. Copyright St Albans Museum Service) the natural gravel was discoloured or contained admixtures of loam, but these were probably caused by tree roots; certainly there was no sign of flanking ditches anywhere in its vicinity. Nevertheless, the burial may have been covered by a mound originally. There has indubitably been significant erosion since the early 4th millennium BC, and this, combined with the effects of agriculture, and the removal of topsoil by the mechanical scraper, could have destroyed any remaining trace of a mound. The position of the burial, on the edge of the gravel terrace, would have meant that in a treeless landscape, even a low mound on the skyline would have been clearly visible from the river valley. Such a mound could have provided a focus for later use of the site, and could even explain the presence of the small, Deveril- Rimbury bucket urn found in an otherwise sterile pit (feature AMK) 7 7 m to the north-west of the boat-burial (Figs 8 & 20 no. 20). The urn, the base of which is missing, had apparently been inverted in a small pit purposely dug for it. It may well have covered a cremation, although no sign of cremated bone survived. No other remains of this date were found on the site, nor have any been recorded in the area. Although inverted bucket urns are found in both domestic and funerary contexts, it is quite possible that the urn 161

10 NAUTICAL ARCHAEOLOGY, 30.2 Figure 8. Field B Areas 1 3. (Drawing: David Williams) represents an isolated burial close to an earlier barrow, rather than debris from an occupation site. Field B. The wider excavations In marked contrast to field A, the watching brief in field B recorded nearly 200 features cut into the gravel subsoil in addition to the boat-burial. These included pits, ditches, gullies, post- and stake-holes, one or possibly two, sunken-floored huts, and two small round houses or pens. In addition there were numerous tree holes, and banana-shaped features which were interpreted as disturbances caused by uprooted trees. As is clear from Figures 8, 10 and 11 the features were not distributed evenly. Although the watching brief was maintained on the entire site as topsoil was being removed, no man-made features were observed either in the south-west area or on the lower slope of field B. Even in the central area of the field, features were concentrated in the north-west. The highest concentration of pits occurred in areas 1 3 and 10. In areas 1 3 especially the features displayed a marked north/south, linear distribution. (Fig. 8) This reflects the natural lie of the land, and the effects of erosion further down the slope. It suggests that the plateau top may have been less extensively 162

11 NIBLETT: A NEOLITHIC DUGOUT FROM A MULTI-PERIOD SITE Figure 9. View of areas 1 and 2 from the west showing the round house, context ACW, and sunken floored hut, context ADH, beyond (right). (Photo: James Brown. Copyright St Albans Museum Service) utilized. However, the excavations were too restricted to explore this possibility. The prehistoric pits and hollows A total of 125 small pits, hollows and shallow scoops in the natural gravel were recorded. Of these 61 produced worked flint, pottery or burnt material (usually heat-cracked flint or gravel). The extremely acid soil meant that no bone survived. In common with all the cut features on the site the pits had all been severely truncated by erosion and ploughing; none was associated with stratified deposits. Although varying slightly in plan and dimensions, most were oval or roughly circular in plan, between 0 25 and 0 4 m deep and with shelving sides, typically producing a shallow bowl-shaped profile. In a minority of examples the base of the pit was flat, with steeply sloping sides. All the features were filled with a homogenous deposit of leached sandy clay with varying amounts of flint nodules and gravel; in some cases the stones were cracked or discoloured through heat. In many instances the fill also contained minute flecks of charcoal. The larger, shallower features were probably working hollows. Some of the small pits and scoops may have been the bases of ovens, but apart from the heat-cracked flints, none showed convincing signs of burning. The only exception was the small, bowl-shaped pit ABA in the north-west of area 2. This contained a small quantity of burnt organic material (see below) in its base. Of the 69 pits excavated 58 produced artefacts. The commonest finds were worked flint, of which the bulk was Mesolithic. Much of this was in good condition, and was probably worked on the site. The range of implements also suggests occupation/ industrial use on the site, rather than casual loss. It is noteworthy that, despite a careful watch kept while the topsoil was being stripped, very few worked flints appeared in the base of the topsoil. This echoes the situation in field A. Of the 802 items of struck flint from the site, 181 were found unstratified in the base of topsoil, and 395 came from the fill of pits, ditches, gullies, hollows and 163

12 NAUTICAL ARCHAEOLOGY, 30.2 Figure 10. Field B Area 7. (Drawing: David Williams) post-holes. The remainder came from tree throws or from the surface of the subsoil. The largest collections of Mesolithic material came from pits that included later pottery, particularly pits AEY, ABA and AAJ. Similarly, the ditch surrounding the Late Iron Age enclosure dates from the late 1st century BC and produced 19 pieces, while the Saxon hut in area 1 contained 24, and Medieval pits and ditches 33 items. Much of this flint must, therefore, represent redeposited material, while its relative rarity in topsoil may simply be due to the difficulty of recognition of the material in soil compacted by the use of heavy machinery. As is clear from Table 7 (Appendix) sizeable collections of debitage and worked flint were found in the filling of small scoops. These were a particularly marked feature in areas 7, 8 and 10. While some of these scoops may represent working hollows, it is possible that they represent natural irregularities in the surface of the gravel in which the subsoil has survived undisturbed. In this case the flints within them may simply represent random accumulations. The comparative rarity of flint in the topsoil has considerable implications for archaeology on commercial sites in the area, but on this particular site it means that the distribution of Mesolithic flint may to some extent reflect the distribution of later prehistoric occupation on the site (Figs 8, 10 & 11). At the same time the range of flint types represented (Figs 22 & 23), the frequent occurrence of cores, and the generally good condition of the worked flint, suggests that the site was certainly occupied by Mesolithic groups, probably on a seasonal basis. The earliest pottery was found in a concentration of re-cut pits and hollows in area 3 of the excavation (Figs 8 & 20, nos 1 3). The earliest feature in this complex was a large sterile disturbance associated with two banana-shaped features (contexts AEO). While it is possible that these simply represent a natural variation in the gravel subsoil, it is more likely that they were caused by fallen trees. Subsequently these features had been cut by another series of shallow hollows (AFD, AGA and AEV) containing a small 164

13 NIBLETT: A NEOLITHIC DUGOUT FROM A MULTI-PERIOD SITE Figure 11. Field B Area 10. (Drawing: David Williams) quantity of struck flint and a single sherd of Early Neolithic pottery (Fig. 20, 1). Features AGA and AFD also cut through another series of pits and hollows on the north, including a large irregular hollow AGG, containing two further sherds of Early Neolithic pottery. The latest pit in the whole complex, (AEY) contained a sizeable collection of struck flints, but it is unclear whether these are in situ Mesolithic or earlier Neolithic or a combination of these (Fig. 8). There were no post-holes or gullies associated with these re-cut features; indeed the complex lay in an area remarkably free of features apart from occasional banana-shaped features. Whether their frequently re-cut nature means that this was an area reserved for rubbish disposal, or for ritual deposits is a matter for speculation. By contrast, two small pits (features AAJ and ABA) 9 m south-east of this complex showed no sign of re-cutting. Both appear to have been filled with a single deposit of rubbish, which included a small quantity of grooved ware (Fig. 20, 4 19). Pit AAJ measured m and was 0 45 m deep (Fig. 18); pit ABA, 1 1 m to the west measured m and was m, deep. Both had bowl-shaped profiles and were filled with leached clay/silt. In both pits the fragments of grooved ware were scattered throughout the homogenous fill, with conjoining fragments from different depths in the same pit. There were, however, no cross joins between sherds from the two pits. Together with the pottery were substantial quantities of Mesolithic and Neolithic/Early Bronze Age flint tools and debitage. Pit AAJ produced 17 items, and pit ABA 70. The flint was found scattered at random throughout the filling of the pits. Both pits also contained fire-cracked flint nodules and gravel. A small amount of burnt organic material was found on the floor of pit ABA, including oak and prunus charcoal (see below). The pottery from both features is slightly later in date than the optimal date for the logboat, but if, as suggested above, there was a barrow over the burial, this may have acted as a focus for the occupation, possibly by a semi-nomadic group making regular visits to a known landmark or ritual site. Both the Early Neolithic pottery and the Grooved Ware occurred alongside small fragments of coarse, flint-gritted vessels. The flintgritted sherds survived in very small fragments and no vessel profiles could be restored. Pottery 165

14 NAUTICAL ARCHAEOLOGY, 30.2 Figure 12. General view of the Late Iron Age enclosure from the west, showing the line of the ditch across area 10, and the undated post-holes to the south of it. (Photo: James Brown. Copyright St Albans Museum Service) tempered with both fine and coarse flint grits is by no means uncommon on sites in the area, including Late Iron Age and Early Roman sites. This pottery is generally dated to the later Bronze Age, but it may well have started earlier and continued later. At Parkbury the flint-gritted sherds never occurred in large quantities; the largest amount came from the Late Iron Age ditch, but more excavation was carried out in this large feature than in the smaller pits. The distribution of flintgritted and other wares across the site is shown in Figure 15. Post and stake holes (Fig. 12) Although isolated and undatable post and stake holes occurred across the site, there were concentrations of these features in three distinct areas: Areas 1 3 (Fig. 8) Twenty three stake-holes and five small post-holes were recorded approximately Figure 13. The Late Iron Age post-pit near the north-east corner of the enclosure. (Photo: James Brown. Copyright St Albans Museum Service) 166

15 NIBLETT: A NEOLITHIC DUGOUT FROM A MULTI-PERIOD SITE Figure 14. Distribution of Mesolithic flint at Old Parkbury. (Drawing: David Williams) 1 m north of the boat-burial. The stake-holes, round in plan and between 0 12 and 0 2 m deep, formed no intelligible pattern beyond a tendency to occur in pairs approximately m apart. They presumably indicate the repeated use of this area for a specific purpose, but what this may have been and when it took place remain unknown. Area 7 (Fig. 10) Another concentration of postand stake-holes was recorded approximately 50 m south of the boat-burial. Here 20 small stakeholes could be interpreted as supporting a round house, 5 5 m in diameter. Three of the stake-holes had been re-cut, and a further six occurred in pairs less than 0 2 m apart, suggesting that the structure had been rebuilt. Six further stake-holes on the south-west side of the structure may have supported a porch, 1 2 m wide and 1 5 m deep. However, this interpretation is by no means certain; there was no indication of either a hearth or an eaves drip gully, although such features, had they existed, would almost certainly have been eroded away. The area lay just below the edge of the terrace, on the upper margin of a pronounced slope, and erosion may well have been particularly severe here. A complex of pits lay 13 m south of the stake-holes, but apart from these and three shallow disturbances cutting through the roundhouse there were no pits in the area. Artefacts were also absent, other than occasional struck flakes from the pit complex. The area adjacent to the pit complex contained 17 small post-holes, some of them set in discernible post-pits. These formed no intelligible pattern, but their large, less eroded character, and less heavily leached fill, suggest they were associated with the Medieval or later features rather than with the structure represented by the much less substantial stake-holes in area 7. Area 10 (Fig. 11) The third, and densest concentration of stake- and post-holes lay in area 10. Here 85 stake-holes were recorded within the Late Iron Age enclosure, close to its north-west corner. Again no definite structures could be detected although 16 stake-holes appeared to define two shallow, semi-circular fences, possibly forming windbreaks protecting working areas. Here again 167

16 NAUTICAL ARCHAEOLOGY, 30.2 Figure 15. Distribution of pottery. (Drawing: David Williams) stratified levels had been eroded away, making it impossible to estimate the original depth of the holes, much less to recover any associated surfaces. Apart from a tendency to form pairs, no meaningful plan was apparent. The same is true of the 34 post-holes, some in discernible post-pits, that were scattered across the same general area. The distribution of both post-holes and stakeholes coincided with a concentration of shallow pits and scoops, filled with the usual leached sandy clay filling and containing occasional flint debitage of Late Mesolithic and Neolithic/Early Bronze Age date (Figs 14 & 16). Here again, however, the flints were residual and the date of the stake-holes and post-holes remains unknown. It is possible that all these features were associated with the Late Iron Age enclosure but if so, it implies that the enclosure bank was on the outer lip of the ditch. On the other hand several of the post-pits occurred on both sides of the ditch suggesting that they belong to a period different from that of the enclosure. Apart from the two exceptional posts cut by the enclosure ditch (see below), no stratigraphical relationship could be established between the post- or stake-holes and the ditch. The possible round house in Area 1 (Fig. 9) In area 1 a clearly defined penannular gully was recorded (context ACP). The gully, m wide and m deep, was filled with leached, sandy clay with approximately 10% small flint nodules. The gully defined a sub-rectangular area, measuring m with a 1 2 m wide gap or entrance in the north-west side. The feature was interpreted as the eaves drip of a small timber round house or animal pen. The base of the gully was markedly uneven, and although the filling was homogenous throughout its length, differences in depth and width suggested it had been recut on at least one occasion. The alignment of a shallow gully and four post-pits (features ADY, ADX, ADT, and ADZ) 3 12 m north of the entrance gap suggests that these features may have defined a track leading into the round house. No hearths or surfaces were recorded, although as elsewhere on the site, the effects of erosion makes this point inconclusive. The date of the features also remains unknown as both gully and eaves drip contained only occasional flint flakes which may well be residual. However, the eaves drip was 168

17 NIBLETT: A NEOLITHIC DUGOUT FROM A MULTI-PERIOD SITE Figure 16. Distribution of Neolithic/Early Bronze Age flint. (Drawing: David Williams) cut by, and so clearly predated, the Early Saxon hut on its north-east side (Fig. 9). The gully may define a round house, possibly of later Bronze Age date. A similar eaves drip, in this case associated with Late Neolithic pottery, was recorded in 1992 during gravel-working 800 m east of the site [SMR9696], and part of another example, this time associated with a Late Bronze Age loom weight, was excavated in 1994 at Aldwickbury golf course, Harpenden (pers. comm. Simon West). It may be that isolated round houses, probably occupied on a semipermanent or seasonal basis, will prove to be a feature of the gravel terraces in the upper Lea and Colne valleys. The position of the entrance on the north-west side of the Old Parkbury round house, however, is unusual. An entrance in the southern or eastern sectors would be the normal arrangement for a domestic building, suggesting that in this case the structure had a non-domestic, possible ritual function. Alternatively, its relatively small size and the possible track or droveway on its north-west side, may indicate use as an animal shelter. Figure 17. Section of Late Iron Age post-pit BBN, cut by ditch BBF. (Drawing: David Williams) The Late Iron Age enclosure (Figs 12, 3&17) There was no sign of Iron Age occupation on any part of the site except in the south-east corner, where the enclosure visible on the air photograph was located. The air photograph showed the 169

18 NAUTICAL ARCHAEOLOGY, 30.2 Figure 18. Sections of pit AAJ and Late Iron Age enclosure ditch, sections 3 & 4 (Drawing: David Williams) north, west and eastern sides of the enclosure; all lay within field B in area 10 of the site, and all were confirmed by excavation in 1989/90. There was no sign of the enclosure ditches in field A when this was stripped of topsoil in 1988, so it is assumed that the south side of the enclosure lies beneath the hedge or track between the two fields. This would give an enclosure of approximately m enclosing 4875 sq. m (just under half a hectare) (Fig. 12). The enclosure ditches were 0 9 m deep with a wide, V-shaped profile. However, it must be remembered that the upper levels had probably been weathered away (Fig. 18). As elsewhere on the site, archaeological remains consisted of cut features and their filling; no stratified deposits survived. Consequently it was not possible to associate any of the numerous post- and stakeholes recorded in area 10 (described above) with the enclosure itself. Apart from occasional, and probably residual, Mesolithic and Neolithic flint flakes the post-holes were all sterile, and may well be entirely unrelated to the enclosure. As is clear from the plan (Fig. 11) they do not appear to relate to the enclosure ditch in any way, while the fact that none of them cut the filling of the ditch, suggests that they belong to an earlier phase of occupation. The only features with a stratigraphical relationship to the ditch were two enormous posts near the north-east corner. The posts must have been cut from a large tree trunk nearly 0 5m in diameter. They were clearly contemporary with each other and shared a single post-pit (Fig. 13). The post-pit measured 3 2 m and had been cut 2 2 m into the subsoil with the posts set against its northern and southern walls. The post-pit was then back-filled with tips of gravel, flint and sand 170

19 NIBLETT: A NEOLITHIC DUGOUT FROM A MULTI-PERIOD SITE Figure 19. Sunken floored huts. (Drawing: David Williams) (contexts ATL, BBH and BBI). As is clear from the section (Fig. 17) the post-pit pre-dated the enclosure ditch, although it is possible that the posts were still standing when the ditch was cut. In section the southern post-hole (context BBZ) appears to have been cut by the ditch, but this may simply be the result of subsequent weathering of the side of the ditch. No dating evidence was found in either the post-pit or the post-holes. The function of these posts is unknown. There is no sign that they were ever replaced, and it is difficult to see what sort of structure would be supported by only two, albeit massive, posts while their position, at the corner of a deep and steepsided ditch, makes it unlikely that they were associated with a crossing or entrance. The date of the enclosure was provided by pottery contained in its fill. Small sherds of grogtempered and flint-gritted pottery were found throughout the fill, including the primary silt. The degree of weathering apparent on the pottery, and its occurrence in small groups of sherds throughout the filling of the ditch suggests that it represents material deposited during the lifetime of the enclosure, rather than closure deposits put in when it was finally abandoned. The bulk of the pottery dated from the first half of the 1st century AD, but it included two sherds that are unlikely to date before c. AD 50. A small deposit of burnt wheat was found with sherds of flint-gritted pottery in the primary silt at the north-west corner of the ditch. There are 21 rectangular or sub-rectangular ditched enclosures within 10 km of the Old Parkbury site (Fig. 1(b)), which are provisionally dated to the Late Iron Age and Early Roman periods. On only 12 of these sites is it possible to establish the complete plan, and in these cases the size of the enclosures range from 1 78 ha (at Gorhambury) to 0 22 ha (Harpenden III/ Redbourn Bypass). The average enclosure size is 1 7 ha, making the Parkbury example typical in terms of size (Hunn, 1996). Many of the enclosures appear to have gone out of use in the last quarter of the 1st century AD; Old Parkbury seems to have been abandoned slightly earlier than most. The sunken floored hut (Fig. 19) Despite the presence of Roman Watling Street 150 m to the west, a late 1st-century tile kiln 700 m to the east and the Late Iron Age and Roman site at Park Street, 1 5 km to the north, there was no evidence for the use of the site in the Roman Period (O Neil, 1942; Saunders, 1961). However, in area 1 a sub-rectangular pit, (feature ADH/K) had been cut 0 25 m into the subsoil. It had steeply sloping sides and a flat, m base; it was filled with a stony clay/loam. Apart from a single stake-hole there was no sign of timber uprights, either within or close to the feature, but in other respects it was similar to the Saxon sunken floored huts at Foxholes Farm, 171

20 NAUTICAL ARCHAEOLOGY, km to the north-east (Partridge, 1989). This identification was supported by the large unweathered sherds of grass-tempered pottery that were found lying on the floor of the feature. In the St Albans area this type of pottery is generally dated to between the 6th and 8th centuries, although recently it has been recorded in what appear to be Late Saxon contexts at the Grove, approximately 8 km south-west of Parkbury (pers. comm. Charles Lesquesne). Thirty-seven metres south of feature ADK/ ADK a similar pit was excavated in area 3 (feature AFN/P). Like the area 1 hut this had a flat base, in this case sunk 0 5 m below the surface of the natural gravel. A circular post-pit had subsequently been dug through the fill of the feature but there was no other sign of any timber structure, nor was there any associated pottery. However, there was a possible entrance ramp in the south-west corner. No pottery was found associated with this feature but its dimensions and filling were very similar to those of the area 1 hut, and it was identified as another possible Saxon sunken-floored hut. The site in the Medieval period The ditches, (features AAC, AAL, ABG and AMC) that crossed the north end of the site contained peg tile and occasional nails and are presumably of later Medieval or post-medieval date. Three rectangular pits (features AAY/X and ABX in area 1 and ABD in area 2) with flat bases and three steep, almost vertical sides, and a fourth sloping side were also dated to the Medieval or Post-Medieval periods on the basis of fragments of peg tile in their fill. Their close similarity in plan and dimensions (3 5 m by 1 m and 0 5min depth) suggest that they were dug for a specific and shared purpose. Their dimensions compare well with the Medieval ovens excavated in 1988 in field A, and it may be that despite the absence of evidence for burning in their vicinity, they represent the robbed-out remains of Medieval cornprocessing ovens. In the Middle Ages the farm at Old Parkbury was part of the estate of St Albans Abbey and, as a monastic grange, it supplied the monastery with corn. The ovens found in 1988 should certainly be seen in this context. Summary and conclusions It is clear that the 1989/90 excavations covered only a fraction of a large multi-period site in an area where occupation, albeit on an intermittent basis, had extended from the Mesolithic to Late Medieval periods. Quarrying to the north and west of the site in the 1960s and 1970s was not monitored archaeologically and in view of the quantity of archaeological material recorded in the immediate area, it is highly likely that archaeological remains also existed here but were destroyed without record. Since the 1989/90 excavations three further multi-period prehistoric sites have been recognized in the upper Colne Valley covering extensive areas on the gravel terraces. At Leavesden Airfield and on the British Aerospace site at Hatfield, large multi-period sites were recorded in 1999, while in 2000 an enormous site with occupation ranging from the Early Neolithic to the Late Saxon periods was excavated at the Grove golf course, north of Watford. Similar occupation was found in the 1980s at Foxholes Farm on gravel overlooking the upper Lea valley (Partridge, 1989). Indeed there is growing evidence that the boulder clays in east Herts and the vale of St Albans (on the borders of which the site lies) were far more extensively settled in the prehistoric periods than was previously thought. The presence of the logboat emphasizes the importance of waterways in the early exploitation of the area. These indications of extensive early settlement are supported by the, admittedly sparse, environmental evidence. This is discussed in more detailed below, but plant remains in the boatburial suggest that there was significant clearance of the natural vegetation as early as the first half of the 4th millennium BC. This is not to say that reforestation did not occur at later periods, but nevertheless, evidence for such early clearance has not been forthcoming previously for this part of Hertfordshire. The cremated bone from the dugout by R. Wiggins Introduction All the bone fragments lifted from this site were poorly preserved and in a fragmentary condition. The fragments were washed gently in a sieve in cool water and left to dry; soil samples were sieved to ensure retrieval of small fragments of bone. Fragments of flint and charcoal were also mixed in with the soil samples. One nail (intrusive) and bone fragments of a small animal were also recovered. In addition to the fragmentary nature 172

21 NIBLETT: A NEOLITHIC DUGOUT FROM A MULTI-PERIOD SITE of the bone, the distorted and cracked condition appeared consistent with the process of cremation (Mckinley, 1988). Due to the nature of the bone examined it was virtually impossible to do more than separate the animal from human bone and identify the human bone fragments. Identification The animal bones were distinguished from the human by their obvious non-human appearance; more tentatively by their difference in weight and cortical density and thickness: Bones present Of the human bones, the most complete specimens found were: 1. Parietal and occipital bones and lambdoidal and saggittal sutures of the skull. There was no evidence of pathological change. 2. Fragments of the pelvis, (both sides represented) and right femur. Due to the distorted and fragmentary nature of the bone, no sex estimation could be made or pathological conditions identified. 3. Fragments of thoracic and lumbar vertebrae. There was no pathological change evident. 4. Distal shaft of femur, tibia, radius and ulna. Left and right sides could not be distinguished. No assessment of robusticity, pathological or metrical data could be made, the bones being too fragmentary. 5. The remainder of the human bone consisted of fragments of long bone and trabecular bone plus small crushed fragments. Some of the long bone fragments were tentatively identified as sections of femur shaft. The material was too fragmentary to supply any accurate data on sex, age, metrics or pathology. Conclusion None of the skeletal material examined could yield any accurate, or even tentative, estimations of age, sex, stature or pathology. The presence of some joint surfaces with evidence of epiphyseal union suggests that this individual was an adult, that is about 20 years or more at death. The skeleton was incomplete and mostly too damaged by cremation, erosion, and probably soil pressure, to provide any more information. It has been assumed that only one individual is represented as no parts of the skeleton appear to be duplicated. The prehistoric pottery by Nigel Brown The excavations produced a small quantity of pottery (269 sherds weighing kg), which has been recorded, using a system (details in archive) devised for prehistoric pottery in Essex (Brown, 1988). Fabrics present in the assemblage are: % sherd count Fabric A, Flint, S, 2 well sorted 3 1 B, Flint, S-M, C, Flint, S-M with some L, D, Flint, S-L, E, Flint and sand, S-M, L, Quartz, sometimes with some sand, S-L 2 <1 1 M, Grog, may have some sand or flint, and voids O, Quartz and Flint, S-L, P, Largely temperless may have sparse very fine sand, occasional flint, or sparse irregular voids 1 2 V, Flint, S-M, 1 <1 3 Z, Unclassifiable 14 2 % sherd weight Size of inclusions S=less than 1 mm diameter. Density of inclusions 1=less than 6 per cm 2 M=1 2 mm diameter. 2=6 10 per cm 2 L=more than 2 mm diameter. 3=more than 10 per cm 2 Description Datable pottery occurs in three distinct chronological groups, the earliest ceramics present are of Early Neolithic date: diagnostic pieces include thickened or rolled rims of fine bowls, with smoothed and/or burnished surfaces (Fig. 20, 1 3). Late Neolithic Grooved Ware (Fig. 20, 4 19) represents the largest group of pottery from the site. Middle Bronze Age, Deverel-Rimbury pottery is present in the form of a large part of the upper body and rim of a small bucket urn (Fig. 20, 20). Catalogue of illustrated sherds The illustrated sherds represent the full range of form and decoration and comprise about 53% of the feature sherds (by sherd count). 173

22 NAUTICAL ARCHAEOLOGY, 30.2 Figure 20. Neolithic pottery and Early Bronze Age pottery. (Drawing: Iain Bell) Discussion The few diagnostic pieces of Early Neolithic pottery (Fig. 20, 1 3), do not appear to have any of the typical features of Grimston bowls (Herne, 1988), and are most likely to derive from plain bowls, perhaps a plain component of a decorated assemblage. Local comparisons are few, since Early Neolithic sites, particularly domestic, ones 174

23 NIBLETT: A NEOLITHIC DUGOUT FROM A MULTI-PERIOD SITE Table 1. Neolithic and Bronze Age pottery Fig. 20 Context Description Fabric 1 AGG Externally expanded rim of fine bowl. Somewhat abraded. Burnt or overfired. C Where surfaces remain they are well smoothed. Early Neolithic. 2 AGG Rolled rim of fine bowl, smoothed surfaces, patch of abrasion on interior. C Early Neolithic. 3 AEV Rolled rim of fine bowl smoothed surfaces, interior burnished. L 4 AAJ Flat base and part of lower wall with applied vertical cordon. Grooved Ware. M 5 AAJ Flat base and lower wall with traces of horizontal and vertical wiping on the M exterior. Grooved Ware. 6 AAJ Body sherd with finger-pinched decoration between vertical and applied M cordons. Part of one cordon broken off. Grooved Ware. 7 AAJ Body sherd with finger-pinched decoration and applied vertical cordon. M Grooved Ware. 8 AAJ Body sherd with finger-pinched decoration and applied vertical cordon. M Grooved Ware. 9 AAJ Rim sherd with slight internal bevel and horizontal light,?incised lines on M exterior. Grooved Ware. 10 AAJ Inturned round rim with horizontal rows of cord impressions on exterior, M horizontal and vertical applied cordons below. Grooved Ware. 11 ABA Internally beveled rim with slight applied vertical cordon and smoothed O surfaces. Grooved Ware. 12 ABA Slightly inturned rounded rim with finger pinched decoration on exterior and M applied horizontal and vertical cordon with finger impressions at the hoins. Grooved Ware. 13 ABA Body sherd with applied vertical cordons, exterior abraded, black deposit on V interior. 14 AAJ Body sherd smooth surface applied vertical cordons on exterior. Grooved M Ware. 15 ABA Body sherd with smoothed surfaces and neat horizontal rows of cord M impressions with slightly wider undecorated zone between cord rows at?girth. Probably the same vessel as 16. Grooved Ware. 16 ABA Rim with smoothed surfaces and neat horizontal rows of cord impressions. M Probably the same vessel as 15. Grooved Ware. 17 AAJ Pointed rim of open bowl. Grooved Ware. M 18 ABA Body sherd with damaged exterior, plain applied vertical cordon, and sloping O incised lines. Grooved Ware. 19 ABA Plain rounded rim, some damage and abrasion to exterior. Grooved Ware. M 20 AMK Highly fragmentary bucket urn, part of rim and large part of upper body survive, much broken and distorted in the ground, partly restored with plaster and broken again. Rounded rim. C are at present uncommon in Hertfordshire, and the Chiltern area more generally (Holgate, 1995). Comparable rims to those from Parkbury occur in larger assemblages known from areas further afield in eastern England such as The Stumble (Brown, 1995b; Brown, forthcoming), and Hurst Fen (Clark et al., 1960), and amongst the assemblage from the Whiteleaf long barrow (Childe & Smith, 1954). The Grooved Ware from Parkbury can be attributed to the Durrington Walls Style (Wainwright & Longworth, 1971). The sherds mainly derive from large bucket-shaped vessels often with inturned (e.g. Fig. 20, 10 12) and occasionally internally beveled rims (e.g. Fig. 20, 11), features typical of the Durrington Walls Style. The range of decoration can also be matched in Durrington Walls-Style assemblages; vertical and horizontal cordons (Fig. 20, 4, 6 8, 10 14) occur, for instance, at Durrington itself (Wainwright & Longworth, 1971), and many other sites (Cleal & Macsween, 1999). The multiple cordons on Figure 20, 13, can be closely paralleled at Durrington Walls (Wainwright & Longworth, 1971: figs 34 & 35). Similarly cord impressed and incised decoration are typical of Durrington Walls-Style assemblages. Fingerpinched decoration, which dominates the material from Old Parkbury, also occurs in the Durrington Walls Style, but is much more common in the 175

Hopewell Archeology: The Newsletter of Hopewell Archeology in the Ohio River Valley Volume 6, Number 1, September 2004

Hopewell Archeology: The Newsletter of Hopewell Archeology in the Ohio River Valley Volume 6, Number 1, September 2004 Hopewell Archeology: The Newsletter of Hopewell Archeology in the Ohio River Valley Volume 6, Number 1, September 2004 5. New Discoveries Right in Our Own Front Yard: Preliminary Results of Recent Research

More information

An Archaeological Settlement Analysis of Goshono Site

An Archaeological Settlement Analysis of Goshono Site An Archaeological Settlement Analysis of Goshono Site TAKADA Kazunori YAMADA Masahisa 1. The Planar Distribution of Remains Goshono is a late-middle Jomon settlement site in Iwate Prefecture, Ninohe County,

More information

Consolidation of bank slippage Mount Sandel Fort (LDY 007:020) Coleraine County Derry

Consolidation of bank slippage Mount Sandel Fort (LDY 007:020) Coleraine County Derry Monitoring Report No. 282 Consolidation of bank slippage Mount Sandel Fort (LDY 007:020) Coleraine County Derry AE/14/36E Brian Sloan Site Specific Information Site Address: Mount Sandel Fort, Coleraine

More information

An archaeological evaluation at St Benedict s College, Norman Way, Colchester, Essex September 2003

An archaeological evaluation at St Benedict s College, Norman Way, Colchester, Essex September 2003 An archaeological evaluation at St Benedict s College, Norman Way, Colchester, Essex September 2003 report prepared by Kate Orr on behalf of St Benedict s College CAT project ref.: 03/9a NGR: TL 9765 2468

More information

Greater London Region GREATER LONDON 3/503 (E.01.K022) TQ 32208133

Greater London Region GREATER LONDON 3/503 (E.01.K022) TQ 32208133 GREATER LONDON City of London 3/503 (E.01.K022) TQ 32208133 1 & 2-4 CAREY LANE, 11-12 FOSTER LANE 1 & 2-4 Carey Lane, 11-12 Foster Lane, London, EC2. City of London. A Post-Excavation Assessment and Updated

More information

Field Report: Caere Project 2015

Field Report: Caere Project 2015 Bryn Critz Schockmel Boston University History of Art and Architecture Field Report: Caere Project 2015 This summer I had the pleasure of participating in the Caere Project, led by Professor Fabio Colivicchi

More information

STRATFORD CAMPUS, UNIVERSITY OF EAST LONDON ARCHAEOLOGICAL DESKTOP STUDY

STRATFORD CAMPUS, UNIVERSITY OF EAST LONDON ARCHAEOLOGICAL DESKTOP STUDY STRATFORD CAMPUS, UNIVERSITY OF EAST LONDON ARCHAEOLOGICAL DESKTOP STUDY TQ3945 8475 By Jo Udall Project Manager, Mark Turner 1/6/96 CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION 2. HISTORICAL AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL BACKGROUND

More information

How To Find The Remains Of An Orcadian Farmstead

How To Find The Remains Of An Orcadian Farmstead Proc RITCHIE: EXCAVATION 42 SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF SCOTLAND, 1983 separately in the catalogue, along with artefacts found before and after that excavation (nos E-I (pottery catalogue), 228-54). None

More information

East Beach Pond, Selsey, West Sussex

East Beach Pond, Selsey, West Sussex East Beach Pond, Selsey, West Sussex An Archaeological Watching Brief for J.A. Pye Ltd by Helen Moore Thames Valley Archaeological Services Ltd Site Code EBS02/91 December 2002 Summary Site name: East

More information

Former Barn, Pincents Manor Hotel, Pincents Lane, Tilehurst, West Berkshire

Former Barn, Pincents Manor Hotel, Pincents Lane, Tilehurst, West Berkshire Former Barn, Pincents Manor Hotel, Pincents Lane, Tilehurst, West Berkshire An Archaeological Watching Brief For Mr M Webb by Jennifer Lowe Thames Valley Archaeological Services Ltd Site Code PMH08/105

More information

PLAN AND PROCEDURES FOR THE UNANTICIPATED DISCOVERY OF CULTURAL RESOURCES AND HUMAN SKELETAL REMAINS PROJECT, COUNTY WASHINGTON

PLAN AND PROCEDURES FOR THE UNANTICIPATED DISCOVERY OF CULTURAL RESOURCES AND HUMAN SKELETAL REMAINS PROJECT, COUNTY WASHINGTON PLAN AND PROCEDURES FOR THE UNANTICIPATED DISCOVERY OF CULTURAL RESOURCES AND HUMAN SKELETAL REMAINS PROJECT, COUNTY WASHINGTON 1. INTRODUCTION The Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT)

More information

Bedwyn Brail, Wiltshire: Geophysical and Earthworks Survey

Bedwyn Brail, Wiltshire: Geophysical and Earthworks Survey Bedwyn Brail, Wiltshire: Geophysical and Earthworks Survey Report no. 167.0306 & 167.0506 Authors L. Amadio MSc & B. Clarke MSc Date October 2012 Acknowledgement Wiltshire Archaeological and Natural History

More information

METHOD A10 (a) THE DETERMINATION OF THE IN-PLACE DRY DENSITY OF SOIL OR GRAVEL BY THE SAND REPLACEMENT METHOD

METHOD A10 (a) THE DETERMINATION OF THE IN-PLACE DRY DENSITY OF SOIL OR GRAVEL BY THE SAND REPLACEMENT METHOD METHOD A10 (a) THE DETERMINATION OF THE IN-PLACE DRY DENSITY OF SOIL OR GRAVEL BY THE SAND REPLACEMENT METHOD 1 SCOPE The in-place dry density of compacted soil or gravel, as defined below, is determined

More information

Settlement of Foundations on Expansive Clays Due to Moisture Demand of Trees CIGMAT 2008

Settlement of Foundations on Expansive Clays Due to Moisture Demand of Trees CIGMAT 2008 Settlement of Foundations on Expansive Clays Due to Moisture Demand of Trees CIGMAT 2008 Kenneth E. Tand, P.E. Practicing Geotechnical Engineer FRIEND OR FOE Trees are our friends. They extract carbon

More information

An archaeological watching brief at Deyncourt Gardens, Upminster (London Borough of Havering) March-April 2006

An archaeological watching brief at Deyncourt Gardens, Upminster (London Borough of Havering) March-April 2006 An archaeological watching brief at Deyncourt Gardens, Upminster (London Borough of Havering) report prepared by Howard Brooks on behalf of Rydon Homes Ltd CAT project ref: 06/3c LAARC site code: DCG 06

More information

Foundation Experts, LLC Specializes in Foundation Repair and Waterproofing

Foundation Experts, LLC Specializes in Foundation Repair and Waterproofing 1 Most basements show some signs of leaking and cracking. Through the years, problems with water, poor soils, grading, drainage and possible settling affect the integrity of a basement. Being able to recognize

More information

Architectural Condition Survey

Architectural Condition Survey Architectural Condition Survey Santa Fe Railroad / AMTRAK Depot, Lawrence. Kansas for the City of Lawrence, 2002 Survey: (student) PI: William Carswell, Associate Dean, School of Architecture, University

More information

Soils, Foundations & Moisture Control

Soils, Foundations & Moisture Control Soils, Foundations & Moisture Control Soil The top loose layer mineral and/or organic material on the surface of the Earth that serves as a natural medium for the growth of plants and support for the foundations

More information

RENOVATION AND RESTORATION OF OLD BUILDINGS IN SRI LANKA

RENOVATION AND RESTORATION OF OLD BUILDINGS IN SRI LANKA 234 Abstract RENOVATION AND RESTORATION OF OLD BUILDINGS IN SRI LANKA Eng. Nandana Abeysuriya B.Sc. Eng (Hons), M.Eng.,C.Eng.,FIE(SL), Int PE(SL) 1A, Ananda Road, Melder Place, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka. Tel/Fax:

More information

Emergency Spillways (Sediment basins)

Emergency Spillways (Sediment basins) Emergency Spillways (Sediment basins) DRAINAGE CONTROL TECHNIQUE Low Gradient Velocity Control Short-Term Steep Gradient Channel Lining Medium-Long Term Outlet Control Soil Treatment Permanent [1] [1]

More information

How to build raised beds page

How to build raised beds page This leaflet has information to help you if you want to build a raised bed yourself or if you need information to give to a professional contractor. This information should be read in conjunction with

More information

This leaflet gives advice on sensible precautions to help avoid the problem and the first steps to take if damage still occurs.

This leaflet gives advice on sensible precautions to help avoid the problem and the first steps to take if damage still occurs. PROTECTING YOUR HOME FROM SUBSIDENCE DAMAGE The shortage of rain experienced by much of the country during recent years has caused an increase in the amount of damage to buildings by subsidence. In extreme

More information

SECTION 31 20 00 EARTH MOVING

SECTION 31 20 00 EARTH MOVING SECTION 31 20 00 PART 1 - GENERAL 1.01 DESCRIPTION A. This Section describes the requirements for excavating, filling, and grading for earthwork at Parking Structure, new exit stair and as required to

More information

GOOD NEWS BUT NOT ALWAYS

GOOD NEWS BUT NOT ALWAYS GOOD NEWS BUT NOT ALWAYS The prospective homebuyer and homeowner in the Amarillo area are indeed fortunate. Typically, he has a wide choice of type home, size, and location for wide ranges of pricing.

More information

OSU Extension FACT SHEET

OSU Extension FACT SHEET OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY EXTENSION! OSU Extension FACT SHEET Ohio State University Extension, 2120 Fyffe Road, Columbus, OH 43210 Shale Oil and Gas Development Fact Sheet Series A Landowner s Guide to Understanding

More information

COASTAL DAMAGE INSPECTION SOUTHWEST VITI LEVU, FIJI AFTER CYCLONE SINA

COASTAL DAMAGE INSPECTION SOUTHWEST VITI LEVU, FIJI AFTER CYCLONE SINA COASTAL DAMAGE INSPECTION SOUTHWEST VITI LEVU, FIJI AFTER CYCLONE SINA Brendan J. Holden SOPAC Technical Secretariat July 1992 SOPAC Technical Report 148 Prepared for: South Pacific Applied Geoscience

More information

Post-Wildfire Clean-Up and Response in Houston Toad Habitat Best Management Practices

Post-Wildfire Clean-Up and Response in Houston Toad Habitat Best Management Practices Post-Wildfire Clean-Up and Response in Houston Toad Habitat Best Management Practices Purpose The purpose of this document is to provide guidance and recommendations for minimizing potential impacts to

More information

CW 3110 SUB-GRADE, SUB-BASE AND BASE COURSE CONSTRUCTION TABLE OF CONTENTS

CW 3110 SUB-GRADE, SUB-BASE AND BASE COURSE CONSTRUCTION TABLE OF CONTENTS December 2014 CW 3110 SUB-GRADE, SUB-BASE AND BASE COURSE CONSTRUCTION TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. DESCRIPTION... 1 1.1 General... 1 1.2 Definitions... 1 1.3 Referenced Standard Construction Specifications...

More information

SOAK UP YOUR STORMWATER

SOAK UP YOUR STORMWATER SOAK UP YOUR STORMWATER This booklet explains how you can apply soakage on your property to achieve efficient disposal of stormwater. The following information on soakage is intended as a guide only. All

More information

GUIDELINES FOR SOIL FILTER MEDIA IN BIORETENTION SYSTEMS (Version 2.01) March 2008

GUIDELINES FOR SOIL FILTER MEDIA IN BIORETENTION SYSTEMS (Version 2.01) March 2008 GUIDELINES FOR SOIL FILTER MEDIA IN BIORETENTION SYSTEMS (Version 2.01) March 2008 The following guidelines for soil filter media in bioretention systems have been prepared on behalf of the Facility for

More information

After reading this lesson you will be able to: 12.3 IMPORTANCE OF ROOF 12.4 TYPES OF ROOF IN A HOUSE

After reading this lesson you will be able to: 12.3 IMPORTANCE OF ROOF 12.4 TYPES OF ROOF IN A HOUSE 86 :: Certificate in Construction Supervision (CIVIL) 12 ROOF 12.1 INTRODUCTION The structure provided to cover the house surface (floor) is known as roof. For different situation and requirement, it is

More information

Archaeological Finds Advice

Archaeological Finds Advice Archaeological Finds Advice What if I find something that might be of archaeological interest? Where do I report finds? Worcestershire is a county rich in archaeological finds from prehistoric stone axes

More information

Chapter 3. Exploration Results at the Krang Kor Site

Chapter 3. Exploration Results at the Krang Kor Site Chapter 3. Exploration Results at the Krang Kor Site Akihiro Kaneda Center for Archaeological Operations Nara National Research Institute for Cultural Properties Introduction Using the research method

More information

WEST LONDON PIPELINE AND STORAGE LIMITED AND UNITED KINGDOM OIL PIPELINES LIMITED

WEST LONDON PIPELINE AND STORAGE LIMITED AND UNITED KINGDOM OIL PIPELINES LIMITED WEST LONDON PIPELINE AND STORAGE LIMITED AND UNITED KINGDOM OIL PIPELINES LIMITED WLPS BUNCEFIELD REBUILD Flood Risk Assessment Green Lane Hemel Hempstead Hertfordshire HP2 7HZ September 2009 Prepared

More information

117-119 Ivydale Road Nunhead London Borough of Southwark. Archaeological Watching Brief. LAARC Site Code: IVD13. Baxter Homes. for

117-119 Ivydale Road Nunhead London Borough of Southwark. Archaeological Watching Brief. LAARC Site Code: IVD13. Baxter Homes. for 117-119 Ivydale Road Nunhead London Borough of Southwark Archaeological Watching Brief LAARC Site Code: IVD13 for Baxter Homes CA Project: 660112 CA Report: 13084 April 2013 117-119 Ivydale Road, Nunhead

More information

make a model Roman Villa Supported by bbc.co.uk/history

make a model Roman Villa Supported by bbc.co.uk/history make a model Roman Villa Make a model Roman villa with under-floor heating! Supported by 4 hours This activity is great for an extended holiday project for children or the whole family. You can each take

More information

Scene Detection and Processing

Scene Detection and Processing Scientific Working Group for Forensic Anthropology (SWGANTH) Scene Detection and Processing Issue Date: 01/23/2013 Revision: 0 Scene Detection and Processing 1.0 Principle, Spirit, and Intent A scene is

More information

Emergency Safeguarding. of the World Heritage. Site of Byblos

Emergency Safeguarding. of the World Heritage. Site of Byblos Emergency Safeguarding of the World Heritage Site of Byblos Emergency Safeguarding of the World Heritage Site of Byblos Introduction Located on the Eastern Mediterranean, 40 km north of Beirut (Lebanon),

More information

SPECIFICATION FOR PIPE SUBSOIL DRAIN CONSTRUCTION

SPECIFICATION FOR PIPE SUBSOIL DRAIN CONSTRUCTION SPECIFICATION FOR PIPE SUBSOIL DRAIN CONSTRUCTION 1. SCOPE Pipe subsoil drains shall be constructed in accordance with this specification and in conformity with the lines, grades and cross-sections shown

More information

Chapter 3 CULVERTS. Description. Importance to Maintenance & Water Quality. Culvert Profile

Chapter 3 CULVERTS. Description. Importance to Maintenance & Water Quality. Culvert Profile Chapter 3 CULVERTS Description A culvert is a closed conduit used to convey water from one area to another, usually from one side of a road to the other side. Importance to Maintenance & Water Quality

More information

Evaluation of biological remains from excavations at Bishop Wilton, North Yorkshire (site code: KINCM 2000.108)

Evaluation of biological remains from excavations at Bishop Wilton, North Yorkshire (site code: KINCM 2000.108) Reports from the Environmental Archaeology Unit, York 2000/43, 5 pp. Evaluation of biological remains from excavations at Bishop Wilton, North Yorkshire (site code: KINCM 2000.108) by Deborah Jaques, John

More information

How To Prepare A Geotechnical Study For A Trunk Sewer Project In Lincoln, Nebraska

How To Prepare A Geotechnical Study For A Trunk Sewer Project In Lincoln, Nebraska APPENDIX B Geotechnical Engineering Report GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING REPORT Preliminary Geotechnical Study Upper Southeast Salt Creek Sanitary Trunk Sewer Lincoln Wastewater System Lincoln, Nebraska PREPARED

More information

The Manitoba Water Services Board SECTION 022180 Standard Construction Specifications PIPE EXCAVATION, BEDDING AND BACKFILL Page 1 of 11

The Manitoba Water Services Board SECTION 022180 Standard Construction Specifications PIPE EXCAVATION, BEDDING AND BACKFILL Page 1 of 11 Page 1 of 11 Part 1 General 1.1 DESCRIPTION OF WORK.1 The work described herein shall consist of the excavation of trenches (or excavation of tunnels); the supply and placing of bedding and backfill materials;

More information

The Virginia Company. Jamestown Settlement Forts

The Virginia Company. Jamestown Settlement Forts The Virginia Company Jamestown Settlement Forts Early Colonial Settlement - woodcut Fort James Virginia http://www.apva.org/finding/index.html Excavation since 1994 has uncovered hundreds of thousands

More information

NCMA TEK CONCRETE MASONRY FOUNDATION WALL DETAILS. TEK 5-3A Details (2003)

NCMA TEK CONCRETE MASONRY FOUNDATION WALL DETAILS. TEK 5-3A Details (2003) NCMA TEK National Concrete Masonry Association an information series from the national authority on concrete masonry technology CONCRETE MASONRY FOUNDATION WALL DETAILS TEK 5-3A Details (2003) Keywords:

More information

Appendix C. Re-vegetation and Rehabilitation Sub-Plan

Appendix C. Re-vegetation and Rehabilitation Sub-Plan Appendix C Re-vegetation and Rehabilitation Sub-Plan DRENNAN SOLAR ENERGY FACILITY REVEGETATION & REHABILITATION PLAN PRODUCED FOR ERM ON BEHALF OF SOLAIREDIRECT BY Simon.Todd@3foxes.co.za JUNE 2013 BACKGROUND

More information

MEMORANDUM. Further discussion regarding the Community s solid waste facility is described further in this memorandum.

MEMORANDUM. Further discussion regarding the Community s solid waste facility is described further in this memorandum. MEMORANDUM File: Sanikiluaq Improvement of the Existing Wastewater Treatment Facility To: Government of Nunavut Department of Community and Government Services Attention: Mr. Grigor Hope,, Project Officer

More information

APPENDIX B. I. Background Information

APPENDIX B. I. Background Information APPENDIX B GUIDELINES FOR IDENTIFYING AND REPAIRING LOCALIZED AREAS OF DISTRESS IN AC PAVEMENTS PRIOR TO CAPITAL PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE OR REHABILITATION REPAIRS I. Background Information A. AC Pavement

More information

Using Data Mining Techniques for Analyzing Pottery Databases

Using Data Mining Techniques for Analyzing Pottery Databases BAR-ILAN UNIVERSITY Using Data Mining Techniques for Analyzing Pottery Databases Zachi Zweig Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master s degree in the Martin (Szusz) Department

More information

RESTORATION & REVITALIZATION

RESTORATION & REVITALIZATION RESTORATION & REVITALIZATION Legal preservation has not proved to be sufficient to preserve natural communities. Restoration activities are diverse and includes revitalization of natural communities which

More information

NJ650.1404 Interception Drainage

NJ650.1404 Interception Drainage NJ650.1404 Interception Drainage Interception drainage is used to intercept surface and subsurface water. The investigation, planning, and construction of surface interception drains follow the requirements

More information

Surface Decoration. Design techniques used to put on the surface of the pottery. Slip Oxides Glaze Embossed Incised Wax on wet Altered from the wheel

Surface Decoration. Design techniques used to put on the surface of the pottery. Slip Oxides Glaze Embossed Incised Wax on wet Altered from the wheel Surface Decoration Design techniques used to put on the surface of the pottery. Slip Oxides Glaze Embossed Incised Wax on wet Altered from the wheel Slip How to apply slip Colored slip is intended to add

More information

Storm Drain Inlet Protection - IP

Storm Drain Inlet Protection - IP Storm Drain Inlet Protection - IP DEFINITION A temporary protective device formed around a storm drain drop inlet to trap sediment. PURPOSE To prevent sediment from entering storm drainage systems, prior

More information

Appendix Ji The effect of deep ploughing on archaeological deposits. Hayton, East Yorkshire - a case study. Peter Halkon

Appendix Ji The effect of deep ploughing on archaeological deposits. Hayton, East Yorkshire - a case study. Peter Halkon Appendix Ji The effect of deep ploughing on archaeological deposits. Hayton, East Yorkshire - a case study. Peter Halkon The University of Hull Department of History, 2001 Oxford Archaeology May 2002 (revised

More information

WEATHERING, EROSION, AND DEPOSITION PRACTICE TEST. Which graph best shows the relative stream velocities across the stream from A to B?

WEATHERING, EROSION, AND DEPOSITION PRACTICE TEST. Which graph best shows the relative stream velocities across the stream from A to B? NAME DATE WEATHERING, EROSION, AND DEPOSITION PRACTICE TEST 1. The diagram below shows a meandering stream. Measurements of stream velocity were taken along straight line AB. Which graph best shows the

More information

BUILDING OVER OR NEAR WATER & SEWER MAINS POLICY

BUILDING OVER OR NEAR WATER & SEWER MAINS POLICY MURRAY SHIRE COUNCIL BUILDING OVER OR NEAR WATER & SEWER MAINS POLICY ADOPTED: 1 May 2012 1 BUILDING OVER OR NEAR WATER AND SEWER MAINS POLICY CONTENTS 1. Objective... 2 2. Requirements for Building Near

More information

Create your own dig! bbc.co.uk/history/handsonhistory

Create your own dig! bbc.co.uk/history/handsonhistory Create your own dig! Archaeologists find out about the past by DISCOVERING artefacts left behind by our ancestors, EXAMINING what they have found and then RECORDING their discoveries for the future. You

More information

WILLOCHRA BASIN GROUNDWATER STATUS REPORT 2009-10

WILLOCHRA BASIN GROUNDWATER STATUS REPORT 2009-10 WILLOCHRA BASIN GROUNDWATER STATUS REPORT 2009-10 SUMMARY 2009-10 The Willochra Basin is situated in the southern Flinders Ranges in the Mid-North of South Australia, approximately 50 km east of Port Augusta

More information

2. Settlement Plan. 2. Settlement Plan

2. Settlement Plan. 2. Settlement Plan Although Lydford s earliest beginnings as a settlement are somewhat uncertain, there is little doubt that its plan form today dates from the time it was established as a burh in the late 9th or early 10th

More information

Section 2100-Trenching and Tunneling

Section 2100-Trenching and Tunneling SECTION 5200 - STORM SEWER PART 1 - GENERAL 1.01 SCOPE: This Section covers installation of storm sewer mains and culverts. Topics include permits and fees, trench widths, pipe laying, bedding, initial

More information

AMAS 07.01. Site Setup and Demining Worksite Safety

AMAS 07.01. Site Setup and Demining Worksite Safety AMAS 07.01 Site Setup and Demining Worksite Safety Mine Action Coordination Centre of Afghanistan (MACCA) Post Box : 520 Kabul Afghanistan Website: www.macca.org.af Page 1 of 7 CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION...

More information

The Effects of Trees On Buildings And Their Characteristics - Part 2

The Effects of Trees On Buildings And Their Characteristics - Part 2 TECHNICAL NOTE NO. 3 TREES AND THEIR EFFECTS PART 2 Part 1 discussed tree and soil characteristics. This Part 2 will provide examples of the effects of trees on buildings with some guidance on defects

More information

SUSTAINABLE URBAN DRAINAGE SYSTEMS

SUSTAINABLE URBAN DRAINAGE SYSTEMS overflow can lead into a permeable conveyance system to increase further the benefit and reduce the need for pipe systems. Pollutant removal rates have been shown to be high, with some pollutants being

More information

9.00 THE USE OF HUNTER LAND DRAINAGE PERFORATED PIPES. Hunter Underground Systems

9.00 THE USE OF HUNTER LAND DRAINAGE PERFORATED PIPES. Hunter Underground Systems 9.00 THE USE OF HUNTER LAND DRAINAGE PERFORATED PIPES Hunter Underground Systems 9.01 General 9.02 Surface water Drainage 9.03 Groundwater Drainage 9.04 Dispersal of Septic Tank Effluent 9.01 The use of

More information

WEATHERING, EROSION, and DEPOSITION REVIEW

WEATHERING, EROSION, and DEPOSITION REVIEW WEATHERING, EROSION, and DEPOSITION REVIEW Weathering: The breaking up of rock from large particles to smaller particles. a) This Increases surface area of the rock which speeds the rate of chemical weathering.

More information

INDEX 03010-1 DESCRIPTION 2 03010-2 MATERIALS 2 03010-3 APPROVAL OF SUBBASE COURSE 3 03010-4 CONSTRUCTION 4 03010-5 MEASUREMENT 6 03010-6 PAYMENT 6

INDEX 03010-1 DESCRIPTION 2 03010-2 MATERIALS 2 03010-3 APPROVAL OF SUBBASE COURSE 3 03010-4 CONSTRUCTION 4 03010-5 MEASUREMENT 6 03010-6 PAYMENT 6 03010_Dec22_2009.pdf Page 1 of 5 INDEX Page 03010-1 DESCRIPTION 2 03010-2 MATERIALS 2 03010-3 APPROVAL OF SUBBASE COURSE 3 03010-4 CONSTRUCTION 4 03010-5 MEASUREMENT 6 03010-6 PAYMENT 6 03010_Dec22_2009.pdf

More information

A historic sea wall revealed; archaeological trial-trenching at the Proctor & Gamble London site, West Thurrock, Essex February 2013

A historic sea wall revealed; archaeological trial-trenching at the Proctor & Gamble London site, West Thurrock, Essex February 2013 A historic sea wall revealed; archaeological trial-trenching at the Proctor & Gamble London site, West Thurrock, Essex report prepared by Adam Wightman commissioned by Huttons Construction Ltd on behalf

More information

FRAMED & MOUNTED TILE MURAL

FRAMED & MOUNTED TILE MURAL Page 1 of 5 There is no denying that tile murals have taken the sublimation industry by storm. The unique ability to take a customer s artwork or high resolution photograph, tile it using your software

More information

201 WATER STREET FORWARDERS MUSEUM AND VISITORS INFORMATION CENTRE

201 WATER STREET FORWARDERS MUSEUM AND VISITORS INFORMATION CENTRE STRUCTURAL INSPECTION REPORT DRAFT 201 WATER STREET FORWARDERS MUSEUM AND VISITORS INFORMATION CENTRE TOWN OF PRESCOTT Date: November 2013 GENIVAR No.: 131-20617-00 2611 Queensview Drive, Suite 300, Ottawa,

More information

Watershed Works Manual

Watershed Works Manual National Rural Employment Guarantee Act Watershed Works Manual DRAINAGE LINE TREATMENT: GABION STRUCTURE Baba Amte Centre for People s Empowerment Samaj Pragati Sahayog September 2006 Drainage Line Treatment:

More information

Ground Penetrating Radar Survey of a Portion of the Riverside Cemetery, Hopkinsville, Kentucky

Ground Penetrating Radar Survey of a Portion of the Riverside Cemetery, Hopkinsville, Kentucky Ground Penetrating Radar Survey of a Portion of the Riverside Cemetery, Hopkinsville, Kentucky October 2012 Report prepared by Anthony L. Ortmann, Ph.D. Assistant Professor Department of Geosciences Murray

More information

AN IMPORTANT MIDDLE BRONZE AGE CEMETERY AT WEST-CENTRAL ANATOLIA: DEDE MEZARI

AN IMPORTANT MIDDLE BRONZE AGE CEMETERY AT WEST-CENTRAL ANATOLIA: DEDE MEZARI AN IMPORTANT MIDDLE BRONZE AGE CEMETERY AT WEST-CENTRAL ANATOLIA: DEDE MEZARI O. Kocak a, M. Uyumez b, T. Cay c, A. Ilasli b, F. Iscan c a Selcuk University Faculty of Science and Letters, Department of

More information

BMP-7. A sediment filter or an excavated impounding area around a storm drain drop inlet or curb inlet.

BMP-7. A sediment filter or an excavated impounding area around a storm drain drop inlet or curb inlet. BMP-7 BMP: STORM DRAIN INLET PROTECTION Definition A sediment filter or an excavated impounding area around a storm drain drop inlet or curb inlet. To prevent sediment from entering storm drainage systems

More information

SECTION 55 PIPE FOR STORM DRAINS AND CULVERTS (FAA D-701)

SECTION 55 PIPE FOR STORM DRAINS AND CULVERTS (FAA D-701) SECTION 55 PIPE FOR STORM DRAINS AND CULVERTS (FAA D-701) 55-1 GENERAL The Contractor shall perform all work required by the plans for construction of pipe for storm drains, precast polymer trench drains

More information

Attachment G-1: Pit Latrine Diagram. Fig E.1a: Pit Latrine. Fig E.1b: Plan View of Twin Pits

Attachment G-1: Pit Latrine Diagram. Fig E.1a: Pit Latrine. Fig E.1b: Plan View of Twin Pits Attachment G-1: Pit Latrine Diagram Fig E.1a: Pit Latrine Fig E.1b: Plan View of Twin Pits Fig E.1c: Section of a water-sealed pan Fig E.1d: 3D view of Overflow Pipe Fig E.1e: 2D view of Overflow Pipe

More information

FORMAK Pest Animal Transect Whakawhaaititanga Kararehe Orota Planning Instruction

FORMAK Pest Animal Transect Whakawhaaititanga Kararehe Orota Planning Instruction FORMAK Pest Animal Transect Whakawhaaititanga Kararehe Orota Planning Instruction Overview Why do it? What s involved? How long? How often? To allow trends in relative numbers of a variety of animal pests

More information

BUILDING WITH STONE AND EARTH

BUILDING WITH STONE AND EARTH BUILDING WITH STONE AND EARTH PART 1 Earth is a popular building material all over the world. It can be used by itself, but if there is stone available, then the two can be used together to make very good

More information

CABIN A Restored & Preserved 1850 Slave Cabin

CABIN A Restored & Preserved 1850 Slave Cabin CABIN A Restored & Preserved 1850 Slave Cabin Cabin A has been restored and preserved to reflect its original 1850 construction and utilization as a slave cabin. This cabin had the most intact architectural

More information

Property Care White Papers. Site Drainage: Monitor and Maintain

Property Care White Papers. Site Drainage: Monitor and Maintain Monitor and Maintain Site Drainage Good site drainage is an important part of keeping water issues from affecting the building. The upkeep of existing systems should be an important part of any maintenance

More information

Glass & Soil (Unit 3)

Glass & Soil (Unit 3) 13 Glass & Soil (Unit 3) Glass Fractures Glass bends in response to any force that is exerted on any one of its surfaces. When the limit of its elasticity is reached, the glass will fracture. Frequently,

More information

IAC 7/2/08 Utilities[199] Ch 9, p.1 CHAPTER 9 RESTORATION OF AGRICULTURAL LANDS DURING AND AFTER PIPELINE CONSTRUCTION

IAC 7/2/08 Utilities[199] Ch 9, p.1 CHAPTER 9 RESTORATION OF AGRICULTURAL LANDS DURING AND AFTER PIPELINE CONSTRUCTION IAC 7/2/08 Utilities[199] Ch 9, p.1 CHAPTER 9 RESTORATION OF AGRICULTURAL LANDS DURING AND AFTER PIPELINE CONSTRUCTION 199 9.1(479,479B) General information. 9.1(1) Authority. The standards contained herein

More information

Name: PLSOIL 105 & 106 First Hour Exam February 27, 2012. Part A. Place answers on bubble sheet. 2 pts. each.

Name: PLSOIL 105 & 106 First Hour Exam February 27, 2012. Part A. Place answers on bubble sheet. 2 pts. each. Name: PLSOIL 105 & 106 First Hour Exam February 27, 2012 Part A. Place answers on bubble sheet. 2 pts. each. 1. A soil with 15% clay and 20% sand would belong to what textural class? A. Clay C. Loamy sand

More information

Installing Window and Door Mouldings

Installing Window and Door Mouldings Installing Window and Door Mouldings About Window and Door Mouldings The trim around windows and doors greatly influences the look and style of your interior. They also bridge the gaps and cover spaces

More information

APPLICATION FOR PLANNING PERMISSION FOR A SOIL TREATMENT FACILITY AT KINGS CLIFFE LANDFILL SITE, STAMFORD, NORTHAMPTONSHIRE

APPLICATION FOR PLANNING PERMISSION FOR A SOIL TREATMENT FACILITY AT KINGS CLIFFE LANDFILL SITE, STAMFORD, NORTHAMPTONSHIRE APPLICATION FOR PLANNING PERMISSION FOR A SOIL TREATMENT FACILITY AT KINGS CLIFFE LANDFILL SITE, STAMFORD, NORTHAMPTONSHIRE DESIGN AND ACCESS STATEMENT Report Reference: AU/KC/SPH/1449/01/D&A/FIN Baddesley

More information

NATURAL REGIONS OF KENTUCKY

NATURAL REGIONS OF KENTUCKY NATURAL WONDERS As you travel around Kentucky taking pictures, you are excited by what you see. Kentucky offers diverse and amazing sights. The Six Regions In the West, you see the Mississippi River, the

More information

The work of this Section includes furnishing and installing Reinforced Concrete Pressure Pipe as shown on the Drawings and as specified.

The work of this Section includes furnishing and installing Reinforced Concrete Pressure Pipe as shown on the Drawings and as specified. Section 33 0200- Page 1 of 4 PART 1 - GENERAL 1.1 DESCRIPTION OF WORK The work of this Section includes furnishing and installing Reinforced Concrete Pressure Pipe as shown on the Drawings and as specified.

More information

APPLICATION PROCEDURES FOR PLACEMENT OF UNDERGROUND WATER AND SEWER PIPELINES IN THE VICINITY OF TRANSPORTATION FACILITIES UNDER THE

APPLICATION PROCEDURES FOR PLACEMENT OF UNDERGROUND WATER AND SEWER PIPELINES IN THE VICINITY OF TRANSPORTATION FACILITIES UNDER THE APPLICATION PROCEDURES FOR PLACEMENT OF UNDERGROUND WATER AND SEWER PIPELINES IN THE VICINITY OF TRANSPORTATION FACILITIES UNDER THE JURISDICTION OF ALBERTA TRANSPORTATION 1.0 Application Procedures 2.0

More information

LIFE SCIENCE. Hoop House Construction for New Mexico: 12-ft. x 40-ft. Hoop House BRINGING TO YOUR HOME ECONOMICS COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND

LIFE SCIENCE. Hoop House Construction for New Mexico: 12-ft. x 40-ft. Hoop House BRINGING TO YOUR HOME ECONOMICS COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND Hoop House Construction for New Mexico: 12-ft. x 40-ft. Hoop House COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND HOME ECONOMICS BRINGING SCIENCE TO YOUR LIFE Hoop House Construction for New Mexico: 12-ft. x 40-ft. Hoop House

More information

State of Illinois Department Of Transportation CONSTRUCTION INSPECTOR S CHECKLIST FOR STORM SEWERS

State of Illinois Department Of Transportation CONSTRUCTION INSPECTOR S CHECKLIST FOR STORM SEWERS State of Illinois Department Of Transportation CONSTRUCTION INSPECTOR S CHECKLIST FOR STORM SEWERS While its use is not required, this checklist has been prepared to provide the field inspector a summary

More information

Seven. Easy Steps. Your Own Walkway, Without Mortar. or Concrete. to Installing. Driveway and Patio

Seven. Easy Steps. Your Own Walkway, Without Mortar. or Concrete. to Installing. Driveway and Patio Seven Easy Steps to Installing Your Own Walkway, Driveway and Patio Without Mortar or Concrete Brick is one of the world s oldest and most enduring building materials. Those same qualities also make it

More information

Preserving Wild Ginseng in Minnesota

Preserving Wild Ginseng in Minnesota Note: This digital document was adapted from Smith, W. R. 1993. Preserving Wild Ginseng in Minnesota. Minnesota Natural Heritage Program, Minnesota Department of Natural Resources. 7 pages. Preserving

More information

Index. protection. excavated drop inlet protection (Temporary) 6.50.1 6.51.1. Block and gravel inlet Protection (Temporary) 6.52.1

Index. protection. excavated drop inlet protection (Temporary) 6.50.1 6.51.1. Block and gravel inlet Protection (Temporary) 6.52.1 6 Index inlet protection excavated drop inlet protection (Temporary) 6.50.1 HARDWARE CLOTH AND GRAVEL INLET PROTECTION Block and gravel inlet Protection (Temporary) sod drop inlet protection ROCK DOUGHNUT

More information

Advice can also be sought from specific specialist officers in the Council.

Advice can also be sought from specific specialist officers in the Council. Canterbury City Council Validation of Planning Applications Guidance note 2010: Introduction Up to date advice on the validation of planning applications is contained in the CLG Guidance on information

More information

Mobile Network Base Station Design Guide User Manual

Mobile Network Base Station Design Guide User Manual Mobile Network Base Station Design Guide User Manual Prepared for the Mobile Carriers Forum and the Design and Innovation Programme Taskforce February 2008 Consultant Contact: Nicole Halsey, Director Urban

More information

Siting and settlement: The most important way to protect shelter from floods is to build in a place that is unlikely to be flooded.

Siting and settlement: The most important way to protect shelter from floods is to build in a place that is unlikely to be flooded. Siting and settlement: The most important way to protect shelter from floods is to build in a place that is unlikely to be flooded. Key Messages Shelters and settlements should be sited above the highest

More information

Prehistoric timber circle from Holme

Prehistoric timber circle from Holme Seahenge Prehistoric timber circle from Holme In the summer of 1998 the shifting sands of Holme beach on the north Norfolk coast revealed something extraordinary. Preserved in the sand were the remains

More information

CORN IS GROWN ON MORE ACRES OF IOWA LAND THAN ANY OTHER CROP.

CORN IS GROWN ON MORE ACRES OF IOWA LAND THAN ANY OTHER CROP. CORN IS GROWN ON MORE ACRES OF IOWA LAND THAN ANY OTHER CROP. Planted acreage reached a high in 1981 with 14.4 million acres planted for all purposes and has hovered near 12.5 million acres since the early

More information

Non Invasive Roof Leak Detection Using Infrared Thermography

Non Invasive Roof Leak Detection Using Infrared Thermography Non Invasive Roof Leak Detection Using Infrared Thermography Scott Wood Four Star Cleaning and Restoration, Inc. ABSTRACT Residential roofs without attics are typically inspected for leaks by installing

More information

All sediments have a source or provenance, a place or number of places of origin where they were produced.

All sediments have a source or provenance, a place or number of places of origin where they were produced. Sedimentary Rocks, Processes, and Environments Sediments are loose grains and chemical residues of earth materials, which include things such as rock fragments, mineral grains, part of plants or animals,

More information

Trench Rescue by Buddy Martinette

Trench Rescue by Buddy Martinette Trench Rescue by Buddy Martinette SOIL TYPE AND TESTING It is imperative that rescue personnel understand soil types and testing procedures if the want to be competent at trench rescue operations. Determining

More information