NGOs provide massive food and nutrition aid around the world. NGOs are key survey agents,

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1 Chapter 12. NGOs and Food and Nutrition NGOs provide massive food and nutrition aid around the world. NGOs are key survey agents, providing the community of emergency responders with appropriate, ground-level data, and are also key delivery agents. NGOs often manage extensive programs in this sector, ranging from large-scale food distribution during massive famines to therapeutic or rehabilitating feeding clinics for malnourished populations. During major emergencies, NGOs work closely with and are supported by the extremely operational World Food Program that procures and distributes food directly to needy populations, and other UN and government agencies with the capacity to handle major logistical feats. Food Aid and NGOs Although hundreds of millions of people do go hungry on a daily basis around the world, hunger, malnutrition, and famine are not necessarily due to a lack of food. Instead, food problems come from poor distribution mechanisms, lowering the terms Executive Summary NGOs spend significant time and resources procuring, storing, and distributing food aid to emergency-affected populations. Food is by far one of the most common types of aid in the world. NGOs work closely with UN and government agencies to procure and move food into emergency regions. WFP is the UN s food aid agency (see annex 8) and works closely with NGOs to effectively manage food commodity and food distribution programs. of trade for a country that can lead to the reduction of the appropriate mixes of food (normal export commodity prices are potentially dropped, making it more difficult to purchase different types of food), war, and major natural disasters (entire crop rotations ruined or food stores destroyed). Food aid is often under fire by political and policy critics on two fronts: Food aid disturbs markets. Food aid delivered by the international community can dramatically reduce the market price of food commodities within the targeted country. This upsets local market economies and a source of well-being for particular segments of a country s population. Although this is often not a concern for a country experiencing major famine, it is when only part of a country or region is experiencing food shortages. Somalia was an example of how food aid was often misused or abused with a resulting impact on lives not specifically associated with a famine or malnutrition. Food aid is often misused or not understood. Many policymakers and observers see food aid as a dangerous political tool that is wasteful, or a cure-all to solve a country s food and humanitarian problems. Neither is the case, and though there are many examples of misused or abused food aid, most food aid is in fact delivered to the intended population. As well, food aid addresses only hunger, not the underlying conditions. Political causes, infrastructural deficiencies, conflict, or economic problems are often severe problems that external food aid can t compete with or solve with simply the distribution of food. A Guide to NGOs for the Military Chapter 12. Food and Nutrition 119

2 NGOs often steer clear of the politics and push for food aid when and where it is needed. Because NGOs operate at the ground level during emergencies, they are firsthand witnesses of how food aid is used, how it affects markets, and when it is and is not needed. NGOs are at the forefront of nutrition and hunger services, and are implementing partners with larger UN or government agencies in most phases of a food aid program. They are responsible for most food aid distribution around the world. The system of distribution, sometimes known as the pipeline, often requires intricate and involved distribution or food aid management programs. Food aid programs often follow a flow similar to that in figure Figure 12.1 Sample Food Aid System liaison with other NGOs-IOs- UN disasteremergency creates food emergency ground-level NGOs report to donor community UN makes appeal, donors coordinate pledges made, donors fund NGOs food delivered to portairport-rail station NGO receiving to distribution UN-IO food inputs NGO in-country management After an emergency hits, an NGO initiates food or hunger-response programs like any other program (see chapter 8). Information is collected, sorted, and analyzed, and the NGO identifies areas of potential operation and whether it has a comparative advantage in the proposed type of operation. The NGO must also consider whether funding is available. For major emergencies in which major portions of the population require food aid, NGOs must normally work closely with UN agencies and governments and sometimes local authorities. NGOs lack large logistical capacities and lift capabilities and normally cannot provide massive amounts of food from external sources without assistance. USAID and WFP are the major logistical participants in food procurement, storage, and distribution to field-level NGO management teams because of their unique capabilities to acquire large quantities of food (millions of tons), ship it (by ocean, air, truck, or rail), and to keep it coming. As shown in figure 12.1, an NGO will determine logistical requirements, work closely with the UN and governments to relay these perceived requirements, and then eventually take over the inflow 120 Chapter 12. Food and Nutrition A Guide to NGOs for the Military

3 and distribution of food to the affected population. NGOs have or can establish extensive field-based networks with local NGOs or communities, and are often the most efficient providers at the ground level. WFP and USAID, for example, specialize in establishing the commodity-level logistical supply system but then need smaller agents to take truckloads of food to points along the pipeline. When dealing with sustained hunger or malnutrition rates, NGOs often create feeding or therapeutic feeding centers that provide children or the severely malnourished specific nutritional treatment. Caloric intake levels, types of food, appropriate delivery methods, and other variables are all considered when implementing such a program. Household, community, or regional level approaches are also variable and will affect the types of programs the international community will implement. For example, household-level programs also must take into consideration that malnutrition is not necessarily caused by a lack of food. Care, access to appropriate foods, regularity, and sustainability can all influence a population s nutritional health. NGOs will deploy programs depending on the size, place, intensity, and scope of a nutritional crisis. Several program types are identified in table Table 12.1 NGO Food Programs General food distribution (GFD) Blanket feeding Supplementary feeding program (SFP) Therapeutic feeding program (TFP) When food insecurity is prevalent, sustainable economic and health development programs are often appropriate, targeting the most vulnerable populations. This is not a blanket coverage, and is most likely not used in large-scale emergencies. This is deployed normally during a severe food crisis and also targets specific populations, normally extending nondiscriminatory feeding programs for pregnant mothers, under-5 children, elderly, and the sick, whether they are facing malnourishment or not. When malnutrition rates extend over 15 percent and populations still need assistance to fill gaps and in treating specific target groups, NGOs will provide SFPs during the day to provide warm meals, appropriate nutrients, and special foods for various parts of the affected population. TFPs are established to treat severely malnourished people, and to provide immediate relief to those of an emergency-affected population in danger of dying because of lack of food. Ideally, TFPs are 24-hour stations. In emergency settings, though, staff and supply limitations will often prevent 24-hour operation. A more in-depth, emergency-setting specific operations flow could include the processes identified in figure For a clear presentation of selective feeding programs and types of selective feeding programs, see the UNHCR Handbook for Emergencies (2000), pp A Guide to NGOs for the Military Chapter 12. Food and Nutrition 121

4 Figure 12.2 Sample of NGO Food Operations UN WFP or USAID delivers large food supplies NGOs receive at port, move to storage facility trucks take loads of food to distribution points NGOs break down and repackage for smaller shipments therapeutic feeding centers supplemental feeding centers blanket feeding or general food distribution refugee camps or settlement areas NGO personnel move food into specific feeding or blanket supply programs distribution points receive food shipments, move into staging area Conclusion: Players in the Food Aid Sector The international community has created a specific and resourceful community that deals with food aid and nutritional emergencies around the world, and NGOs play an important part. Table 12.1 presents the main actors in food aid. Table 12.2 Food Aid Organizations World Food Program (WFP) Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) International Fund for Agriculture Development (IFAD) Food Aid Management (FAM) * Pan-American Health Organization (PAHO) USAID/Food for Peace U.S. Department of Agriculture CARE Catholic Relief Services (CRS) Lutheran World Federation/Relief World Vision Food for the Hungry (FHI) Caritas * Food Aid Management, based in Washington, DC, is a consortium of NGOs and agencies that focus on food aid and nutrition. It has become a central location for thinking and storing information on nutrition and emergencies. 122 Chapter 12. Food and Nutrition A Guide to NGOs for the Military

5 World Food Program No discussion of humanitarian food aid would be complete without mention of the World Food Program. WFP is an operational UN agency that provides most likely the largest quantities of food aid around the world. With internal logistical infrastructure, ships, trucks, planes, experts, and field offices, WFP offers direct support to displaced populations and also provides support to NGOs when appropriate (see annex 2 for more detail on the WFP, WHO, and UNICEF). The Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) is a lead player in food aid, but is sometimes quiet during emergencies. With a mission of providing large-scale development assistance in food sectors and agricultural economies, the Rome-based UN agency based has created some progressive tools for the international community when dealing with and either preventing or responding to nutritional emergencies. Of specific interest to many government and military personnel is the use of satellite and imagery technology for monitoring food supplies. Now superseded by even more advanced technology, FAO created the Global Information and Early Warning System workstation, which uses satellites and GIS services. The FAO description follows. FAO uses the Meteosat-based estimates of rainfall and the NOAA/AVHRR-based assessments of vegetation cover as one of the key inputs for operational monitoring of crop conditions by the FAO Global Information and Early Warning System (GIEWS). Assessment of crop growing conditions and related food production outlook is based on agrometeorological observations combined with remote sensing and other relevant socio-economic information. The development of models to integrate satellite and agrometeorological data with socioeconomic and nutritional information, using GIS technology, is currently being finalized under the GIEWS Risk Mapping Project. This Project is implemented by FAO in partnership with the Save the Children Fund (SCF-UK) in London and executed by ESCG/GIEWS with financial assistance from the European Union. Since early 1992, GIEWS is implementing the project System Definition and Development of a Computer Workstation for GIEWS with funding from the EU. The objective of the project is to develop a tool to better integrate image and graphic data especially the socioeconomic and nutritional indicators with the satellite-based ARTEMIS products and field agro-meteorological data in the analysis and reporting process of the GIEWS analysts. The University of Arizona has been contracted to develop the GIEWS workstation. A prototype was installed and tested at FAO Rome in June/July The development of an advanced version of the workstation started in September 1993, along with the establishment of databases. Work on this version was finalized in 1995 and is now fully operational at FAO headquarters. Its applications development at the regional levels is now being undertaken within the framework of the Regional Early Warning System in the SADC region through the FAO/SADC Regional Remote Sensing Project See FAO, SDdimensions, FAO activities: Environmental monitoring by satelitte, htm (accessed October 20, 2009). A Guide to NGOs for the Military Chapter 12. Food and Nutrition 123

6 Another development that has stemmed from NGO and private sector cooperation is the FACTS software system. FACTS, or the Food and Commodity Tracking System, was created by Microsoft in 2001 in collaboration with Mercy Corps International (MCI) and Save the Children US. 147 It is an online-based commodity management system that allows NGOs to monitor and track shipments from the port of entry to the point of distribution. At this point, very few NGOs have used it, and MCI and Save the Children are still in beta stages of testing. Advanced stages of this software, Microsoft and testing NGO personnel say, will allow NGOs to use handheld devices, real-time data on relief programs, and minimal bandwidth. It is still in beginning stages but represents a significant amount of energy devoted to attempting to standardize software and logistical systems. 147 See Garin, Food Aid Community Tracking System, October 6, 2006, Community Information Corps, si.umich.edu/node/532 (accessed August 20, 2009). 124 Chapter 12. Food and Nutrition A Guide to NGOs for the Military

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