Circuit Media Choices. Fiber Optic Cables TWISTED COPPER WIRE

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Theresa McDowell
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1 Circuit Media Choices Twisted Pair Wire Coaxial Cable Fiber Optic Cables TWISTED COPPER WIRE Plain Old Telephone Service (POTS) Primarily voice (analog) Most common type of cable Low bandwidth Used for all local loops Low installation cost Susceptible to noise 1

Primarily voice (analog) Most common type of cable Low bandwidth

2 Coaxial Cable Ground is shielded (immune to interference] Amplifiers every mile Copper or copper clad aluminum inner conductor which carries tv/cable signals High Bandwidth-enables video communications Cable easily tapped-low security FIBER OPTICS Transmission by light Digital distribution Immune to cross talk High security Unlimited range Single fiber can carry 100 billion channels Increased bandwidth capacity over copper wire Faster transmission-400 times rate of copper wires Unlimited possibilities 2

Transmission by light Digital distribution Immune to cross talk High security Unlimited range Single fiber can carry 100

3 MOORE S LAW Instructions per second (in millions) 1979 (AT-286) 1983 (386) 1986 (486) 1990 (586) 1993 (P66) 1994 (P100) 1995 (P250) 1996 ACME ENTERPRISES Projected Data Communication Needs LAN Connections 21% Multimedia 18% Other 3% Data by Client Server 22% Growing Portfolio of Applications 36% Multimedia Other Growing Portfolio of Applications Data by Client Server LAN Connections 3

Connections 21% Multimedia 18% Other 3% Data by Client Server 22% Growing Portfolio of

4 Fiber Optic Terminology SONET - Synchronous Optical Network Single Mode - extremely thin, straight through Multi Mode - light bounces within fiber Loose Tube - fiber within insulation tube Tight Bundle/Buffer - insulation on fiber FDDI - Fiber Distributed Data Interface SDH - Synchronous Digital Hierarchy laser, capacity = 155Mbps to 2.5 Gbps DWDM - Dense Wavelength Division Multiplex splits single fiber channel into multiple wavelengths Fiber Optic Cables Single mode best for: lasers, long, highest data rate links = cross-country telecom Multi mode best for: LED, low cost, high bandwidth = LAN s Tight buffer = smaller diameter, greater flexibility, greater impact and crush resistance than loose tube; both better than CAT5 UTP Single fiber up to 240 fiber trunk cables US Army junking copper, using fiber on battlefield A fiber can be 50 microns = 2/1000 of an inch = 2 sheets of paper thick 80 channel DWDM system in use = 400 Gbps over a single fiber One fiber strand can transmit 1.1 Tbps (Terabits) The worst fiber is better than the best coax, performance-wise 4

5 Gbps DWDM - Dense Wavelength Division Multiplex splits single fiber channel into multiple wavelengths Fiber Optic Cables Single mode best for: lasers, long, highest data rate links = cross-country

5 Fiber Optic Capacity/Speed OC-768 = 40 Gbps (Lucent WaveStar MetroPoint) OC-192 = 10 Gbps OC-96 = 5 Gbps OC-48 = 2.5 Gbps OC-12 = 622 Mbps OC-3 & ATM = 155 Mbps 1300nm = Fast Ethernet wavelength & FDDI, ATM/OC3 FDDI & CAT5 UTP = 100 Mbps 10Base-FL, 100Base-FX (i.e. 10 Mbps & 2-4Km w/o amp, CAT5 UTP only 150m, per IEEE) T3 & DS3 = 45 Mbps 850nm = 10 Mbps Ethernet wavelength Coax Cable = 2.8 Mbps T1 & ADSL = 1.5 Mbps DSL = 256 Kbps ISDN = 128 Kbps (to 144 Mbps with compression?) POTS = 56 Kbps (IEEE twisted pair = 100 meter max) Fiber Optic Advantages Security (known if tapped) No interference (EMI, RFI, EMP, lightning, HV) Safety (no shock, no grounding, no spark) Speed - Max Bandwidth available MHz vs Cu 20 MHz Installation (air blown, faster/cheaper than Cu) Data, Voice, Video, VOIP, VTC, graphics Environment (no strip mining, emit no radiation) Self-healing rings & doesn t rust Light weight 5

8 Mbps T1 & ADSL = 1.5 Mbps DSL = 256 Kbps ISDN = 128 Kbps (to 144 Mbps with compression?

6 Fiber Optic Advantages (continued) Reliable, Scalable, Accessible Smaller diameter & bend radius Greater distance w/o degradation/repeaters 2K light wavelengths = 20K Gbps (20 terabits) Light Speed faster than Electricity on Copper Noiseless & minimal attentuation Cu marine cables = 2.5 Mbps vs Fiber = 8Gbps 21 Quad = 6 /102 lbs/meter vs FLAG = 1 /<2lbs/meter Fiber > capacity than pre-iridium satellites Fiber Optic Costs Fiber cable costs same as same bps Fiber connectors cost > Cu connectors Fiber cheaper to install Costs more to test CAT5 UTP today than fiber 1M ST-ST fiber cable = $ M ST-ST fiber cable = $ M 10Base-2 coax = $ M Office (shielded) Ethernet coax = $ M Office (shielded) Ethernet coax = $ M Industrial (shielded) Ethernet coax = $ M Industrial (shielded) Ethernet coax = $ M CAT5 UTP = $10.95 Shielded = $ M CAT5 UTP = $19.95 Shielded = $

5 Mbps vs Fiber = 8Gbps 21 Quad = 6 /102 lbs/meter vs FLAG = 1 /<2lbs/meter Fiber > capacity than pre-iridium satellites Fiber Optic Costs Fiber cable costs same as Cu @ same bps Fiber connectors

7 Fiber Optic Disadvantages Connector cost (newer/smaller ones = cheaper) Connectorizing fiber > expense than Cu/coax Skilled labor - certified fiber repair Fragility - microfractures/microbends microbends (not w/abf) Cost of FTTHome was $400 > Cu in OCT 95 Cost of FTTHome was $200 > copper in 1997 Today? Fiber Optic Applications Office & Campus LANs (Ethernet) Fiber rings/local loops Multi-system topology = ring, bus, star EC, EDI, IDE, IPDT, security systems (alarm, CCTV) Interactivity Fiber To The Desk (FTTD) Medical imaging - 14 campus Kaiser Permanente Air Blown Fiber (ABF) proven cost effective MAR 96 Cost & time savings, improved system performance 7

Fiber Optic Applications Office & Campus LANs (Ethernet) Fiber rings/local loops Multi-system topology = ring, bus, star EC, EDI, IDE, IPDT, security systems (alarm,

8 Fiber Optic Applications (continued) CA*Net3 (Canadian Optical Internet) 80 Gbps (60 times faster than US Internet2) FLAG - Fiber Optic Link Around the Globe 1 diameter & 28,000 Km long, 8 Gbps or 120K circuits Telecom Italia completing FTTHome by 2000 Pentagon replacing 90,000 twisted pair circuits with 48 Mbps FTTDesk US Navy SWAN - Shipboard Wide Area Network 40% savings in total length installed vs copper 40% labor reduction plus 21% material cost reduction Fiber Optic Discussion As recently as AUG 93, it was too expensive to wire the last mile or last 100 feet with fiber, whether for phone or TV to house, or FTTD. Now, with new smaller, cheaper connectors, total optical networks are economically feasible. US Navy no longer uses twisted pair on ships coax used for non-mission critical or < 100 Mbps (all else = fiber) Getty Museum (LA) saved $4M w/all fiber LAN vs copper used 55 fewer telecom closets Cost-benefit trade-off involves current & future needs Fiber is an investment in/for the future! Use fiber to future-proof your application 8

installed vs copper 40% labor reduction plus 21% material cost reduction Fiber Optic Discussion As recently as AUG 93, it was too expensive to wire the last mile or last 100 feet with fiber, whether

9 Twisted Pair Cable Basic copper wire that connects most homes to the telephone company, and many business computers to to their central servers and to the Internet. Twisted Pair Cable Twisted pair has each pair uniquely color coded. Different uses such as analog, digital, and Ethernet require different pair configurations. In some cases, twisted pair is enclosed in a shield that functions as a ground. Shielded Twisted Pair. Most home wire is unshielded. 9

Twisted Pair Cable Twisted pair has each pair uniquely color coded.

10 Twisted Pair Cable The eight wires in a TP cables are twisted into four pairs. Each wire is a different color, and similar color wires are formed into pairs. PAIR NUMBER 1 Blue Blue & White 2 Orange Orange & White 3 Green Green & White 4 Brown Brown & White WIRE COLOR Twisted Pair Cable 10

Each wire is a different color, and similar color wires are formed into

11 Twisted Pair Cable Twisted Pair Cable Advantage: Cost Effective - Installation costs are kept to a minimum by using economical TP cable ( cheaper than Fiber). Easy Installation -Ease of termination of the modular connectors, outlets, and patch panels saves time. Fiber has always been difficult and expensive to terminate, but TP has a wide range of cheap tools which allow the user to install their own wiring, make patch leads, and fix problems. Flexibility - Twisted pair is more durable than fiber. Fiber requires additional protection with the use of conduit to prevent breakage. 11

Fiber has always been difficult and expensive to terminate, but TP has a wide range of cheap tools which allow the user to install their own

12 Twisted Pair Cable Disadvantage: Only handle up to 100 Mbps and 100 meters in length. * Can support a 1Gbps but only with limited distance(100 ft) Twisted Pair Cable TP cabling is also known as category 5 cabling, or simply CAT 5. Other categories of cables, and their uses are: CAT 1 & 2 - Voice and Low speed data. Normal voice telephone lines CAT 3 - Up to 16Mhz. 10BaseT, 4Mhz Token ring CAT 4 - Up to 20Mhz. 16Mhz Token ring CAT 5 - Up to 100Mhz. UTP/STP cables. 100BaseT ( Fast Ethernet )???CAT 6 - This is currently in development, and is also known as cat 5 with enhanced performance 12

Other categories of cables, and their uses are: CAT 1 & 2 - Voice and Low speed data. Normal voice telephone lines CAT 3 - Up to 16Mhz.

13 FIBER ADVANTAGES Foundation for current & future service needs Speeds Distance Bandwidths Clarity Security Reliability Fiber Optic Information Sources Lucent Fiber Optic Products catalog Black Box cabling and network distributors catalog Norfolk Wire & Electronics US Navy Shipboard Fiber Optics handbook Interviews with four company engineers and specialists Federal Computer Week CNNFN ABC News Tech San Jose Mercury siliconvalley.com fiberopticsonline.com Wired connectworld.net imcnetworks.com belden-wire.com cw-usa usa.net cableu.net alliedtelesyn.com hawaii.edu corningphotonics.com 13

Optics handbook Interviews with four company engineers and specialists Federal Computer Week CNNFN ABC News Tech San Jose Mercury siliconvalley.

14 Other Acronyms Defined UTP = Unshielded Twisted Pair EMI = Electro-Magnetic Interference RFI = Radio Frequency Interference EMP = Electro Magnetic Pulse HV = High Voltage Cu = Copper VOIP = Voice Over Internet Protocol VTC = Video Tele-Conferencing M (on slide costs ) = Meters ABF = Air Blown Fiber FTTH = Fiber To The Home FTTD = Fiber To The Desk EC = Electronic Commerce EDI = Electronic Data Interchange IDE = Integrated Data Environment IPDT = Integrated Product Development Team 14

Tele-Conferencing M (on slide costs ) = Meters ABF = Air Blown Fiber FTTH = Fiber To The Home FTTD = Fiber To The Desk EC

Chapter 9A. Network Definition. The Uses of a Network. Network Basics

Chapter 9A. Network Definition. The Uses of a Network. Network Basics Chapter 9A Network Basics 1 Network Definition Set of technologies that connects computers Allows communication and collaboration between users 2 The Uses of a Network Simultaneous access to data Data