CONTENTS. 1. List of Figures 2. List of Tables. 3. Abbreviations 4. Absrtact. Chapter 1 Introduction 1-44

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1 CONTENTS 1. List of Figures 2. List of Tables 3. Abbreviations 4. Absrtact Chapter 1 Introduction Introduction to Pesticides Pesticides Use Creating Awareness New Alternatives to Conventional pesticides Future Outlook Pesticide Hazards Pesticide Poisoning Pesticide Regulations in India Use and Regulations of Insecticides and Pesticides in India 1.2 Introduction to Sample Preparation Techniques Applied Microextraction by Packed Sorbent (MEPS) Solid Phase Extraction 1.3 Introduction to Derivative Spectrophotometry Peak Measurement Features and Applications 1.4 Introduction to High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) Principle Pumps Columns Types of HPLC Partition Chromatography Normal Phase Chromatography Reverse Phase Chromatography Size-Exclusion Chromatography or Gel-Permeation Chromatography Ion-Exchange Chromatography 1.5 Pesticides Selected for Present study v

2 1.6 Objectives and Scope of Present Study Chapter Review of Literature 2.1 Methods used for the Analysis of pesticides 2.2 Spectrophotometric methods for pesticide analysis 2.3 HPLC methods for pesticide analysis HPLC-UV Methods HPLC-DAD Methods HPLC-MS Methods Other HPLC Methods 2.4 Sample Preparation Techniques Chapter 3 SPE-HPLC-UV Analysis of Pesticides and their Applications Determination of Phenylurea Herbicides by SPE-HPLC-UV and its application to soft drink and tap water samples Introduction Experimental Equipments and Reagents Cold Drink Samples Tap Water samples HPLC Determination of Phenylurea Herbicides Procedure Results and Discussion HPLC-UV Studies Preparation of Calibration Curve Recoveries, Repeatability and LODs Applications Conclusion 3.2 Extraction of a natural Pesticide Azadirachtin from Neem tree parts and its determination in fruit, vegetable and tea samples using SPE- HPLC Introduction Experimental Instrumentation Materials and Reagents Standard Solutions vi

3 3.2.3 Procedures Extraction of Azadirachtin from Neem tree parts Extraction of Azadirachtin from Neem seed karnels Extarction of Azadirachtin from Neem leaves and bark Solid Phase Extraction of Azadirachtin Preparation of Food Samples Preparation of Tomato, grapes, brinjal and carrot samples Preparation of Tea samples Procedure for Solid Phase Extraction Results and Discussion Optimization of SPE HPLC determination of Azadirachtin A and B Linearity Method Validation Extraction of Az from Neem seeds, leaves and bark Application of Method to Azadirachtin determination in food samples Recoveries Conclusion Chapter 4 Analysis of Endocrine Disruptor and Suspected Endocrine Disruptor Pesticides by MEPS-HPLC-UV and its Application 4.1 Intoduction 4.2 Experimental 4.3 vii

4 4.4 Procedures 4.5 Results and Discussion Conclusion Chapter 5 Derivative Spectrophotometric determination of dithiocarbamate fungicides using Sodium Molybdate and their Application viii

5 A sensitive Derivative Spectrophotometric method for the determination of Zineb (zinc ethylenebisdithiocarbamate) fungicide using Sodium Molybdate Introduction Experimental Procedures Discussion Results and Applications Conclusions 5.2. A sensitive Derivative Spectrophotometric method for the determination of Maneb (Manganese ethylenebisdithiocarbamate) fungicide using Sodium Molybdate ix

6 Introduction Experimental Procedures Results and Discussion Applications (Determination of Maneb from fortified samples of wheat grains and soft drinks) Conclusions 5.3 A sensitive Derivative Spectrophotometric method for the determination of Propineb (Zinc propylenebisdithiocarbamate) fungicide using Sodium Molybdate Introduction Experimental Procedures Applications x

7 and Discussion Results Chapter 6 Conclusions A Sensitive Spectrophotometric method using Leucomalachite Green for the Determination of Dithiocarbamate Fungicides and its Application xi

8 Introduction and Methods 6.3 Materials 6.4 Procedure 6.5 Results and Discussion 6.6 Applications Conclusions Summary List of Publications xii

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