Growing Triples on Trees: an XML-RDF Hybrid Model for Annotated Documents
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1 Growing Triples on Trees: an XML-RDF Hybrid Model for Annotated Documents François Goasdoué 1, Konstantinos Karanasos 1, Yannis Katsis 2 Julien Leblay 1, Ioana Manolescu 1, Stamatis Zampetakis 1,3 1 LEO Team, INRIA Saclay & Université Paris-Sud 11 2 Webdam Team, INRIA & ENS Cachan 3 University of Crete Sep. 2 nd 2011
2 Annotating the web The web is a vast set of XML documents Semantic web vision: semantic knowledge overlay Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, set eiusmod tempor incidunt et labore et dolore magna aliquam. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exerc. Irure dolor in reprehend incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse molestaie cillum. Tia non ob ea soluad incom dereud facilis est er expedit distinct. Nam liber te conscient to factor tum poen legum odioque civiuda et tam. Neque pecun modut est neque nonor et imper ned libidig met, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed ut labore et dolore magna aliquam is nostrud exercitation ullam mmodo consequet. Duis aute in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. At vver eos et accusam dignissum qui blandit est praesent. Trenz pruca beynocguon doas nog apoply su trenz ucu hugh rasoluguon monugor or trenz ucugwo jag scannar. Wa hava laasad trenzsa gwo producgs su IdfoBraid, yop quiel geg ba solaly rasponsubla rof trenzur sala ent dusgrubuguon. Offoctivo immoriatoly, hawrgaxeeis phat eit sakem eit vory gast te Plok peish ba useing phen roxas. Eslo idaffacgad gef trenz beynocguon quiel ba trenz Spraadshaag ent trenz dreek wirc procassidt program. Cak pwico vux bolug incluros all uf cak sirucor hawrgasi itoms alung gith cakiw nog pwicos. Pals mako nut Uno Carson dodo's are koop a cup Uno caka vex Noa errata Phenol. Waag segno, Uno eed, kieli Ba madam SU torens swipontgwook proudgs hus yag su ba dagarmidad. Plasa maku noga wipont trenzsa segno ent kaap zux copy wipont trenz kipg naar mixent phona. Cak pwico siructiun ruos nust apoply tyu caka UCU sisulutiun munityuw uw. Wa hava laasad trenzsa gwo producgs su IdfoBraid, yop kiel geg ba solaly rasponsubla rof trenzur sala ent dusgrubuguon. Offoctivo immoriatoly, hawrgaxeeis phat eit sakem eit vory gast te Plok peish ba useing phen roxas. Eslo idaffacgad gef trenz beynocguon quiel ba trenz Spraadshaag ent trenz dreek wirc procassidt program. Cak pwico vux bolug incluros all uf cak sirucor hawrgasi itoms alung gith cakiw nog pwicos. Fusce auctor viverra augue. Phasellus fringilla. Donec quam nisi, vehicula nec, semper vel, sodales ac, diam. Morbi eget nisl. Aliquam erat volutpat. Nulla augue odio, iaculis vel, lobortis sit amet, blandit ac, ligula. Proin vitae quam. Sed turpis nulla, congue vitae, pretium eget, condimentum at, nulla. Donec volutpat ultricies elit. Suspendisse potenti. Curabitur enim neque, imperdiet vel, tincidunt euismod, euismod in, risus. Praesent rutrum auctor metus. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, set eiusmod tempor incidunt et labore et dolore magna aliquam. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exerc. Irure dolor in reprehend incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse molestaie cillum. Tia non ob ea soluad incom dereud facilis est er expedit distinct. Nam liber te conscient to factor tum poen legum odioque civiuda et tam. Neque pecun modut est neque nonor et imper ned libidig met, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed ut labore et dolore magna aliquam is nostrud exercitation ullam mmodo consequet. Duis aute in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. At vver eos et accusam dignissum qui blandit est praesent. Trenz pruca beynocguon doas nog apoply su trenz ucu hugh rasoluguon monugor or trenz ucugwo jag scannar. Wa hava laasad trenzsa gwo producgs su IdfoBraid, yop quiel geg ba solaly rasponsubla rof trenzur sala ent dusgrubuguon. Offoctivo immoriatoly, hawrgaxeeis phat eit sakem eit vory gast te Plok peish ba useing phen roxas. Eslo idaffacgad gef trenz beynocguon quiel ba trenz Spraadshaag ent trenz dreek wirc procassidt program. Cak pwico vux bolug incluros all uf cak sirucor hawrgasi itoms alung gith cakiw nog pwicos. Pals mako nut Uno Carson dodo's are koop a cup Uno caka vex Noa errata Phenol. Waag segno, Uno eed, kieli Ba madam SU torens swipontgwook proudgs hus yag su ba dagarmidad. Plasa maku noga wipont trenzsa segno ent kaap zux copy wipont trenz kipg naar mixent phona. Cak pwico siructiun ruos nust apoply tyu caka UCU sisulutiun munityuw uw. Wa hava laasad trenzsa gwo producgs su IdfoBraid, yop kiel geg ba solaly rasponsubla rof trenzur sala ent dusgrubuguon. Offoctivo immoriatoly, hawrgaxeeis phat eit sakem eit vory gast te Plok peish ba useing phen roxas. Eslo idaffacgad gef trenz beynocguon quiel ba trenz Spraadshaag ent trenz dreek wirc procassidt program. Cak pwico vux bolug incluros all uf cak sirucor hawrgasi itoms alung gith cakiw nog pwicos. Fusce auctor viverra augue. Phasellus fringilla. Donec quam nisi, vehicula nec, semper vel, sodales ac, diam. Morbi eget nisl. Aliquam erat volutpat. Nulla augue odio, iaculis vel, lobortis sit amet, blandit ac, ligula. Proin vitae quam. Sed turpis nulla, congue vitae, pretium eget, condimentum at, nulla. Donec volutpat ultricies elit. Suspendisse potenti. Curabitur enim neque, imperdiet vel, tincidunt euismod, euismod in, risus. Praesent rutrum auctor metus. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, set eiusmod tempor incidunt et labore et dolore magna aliquam. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exerc. Irure dolor in reprehend incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse molestaie cillum. Tia non ob ea soluad incom dereud facilis est er expedit distinct. Nam liber te conscient to factor tum poen legum odioque civiuda et tam. Neque pecun modut est neque nonor et imper ned libidig met, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed ut labore et dolore magna aliquam is nostrud exercitation ullam mmodo consequet. Duis aute in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. At vver eos et accusam dignissum qui blandit est praesent. Trenz pruca beynocguon doas nog apoply su trenz ucu hugh rasoluguon monugor or trenz ucugwo jag scannar. Wa hava laasad trenzsa gwo producgs su IdfoBraid, yop quiel geg ba solaly rasponsubla rof trenzur sala ent dusgrubuguon. Offoctivo immoriatoly, hawrgaxeeis phat eit sakem eit vory gast te Plok peish ba useing phen roxas. Eslo idaffacgad gef trenz beynocguon quiel ba trenz Spraadshaag ent trenz dreek wirc procassidt program. Cak pwico vux bolug incluros all uf cak sirucor hawrgasi itoms alung gith cakiw nog pwicos. Pals mako nut Uno Carson dodo's are koop a cup Uno caka vex Noa errata Phenol. Waag segno, Uno eed, kieli Ba madam SU torens swipontgwook proudgs hus yag su ba dagarmidad. Plasa maku noga wipont trenzsa segno ent kaap zux copy wipont trenz kipg naar mixent phona. Cak pwico siructiun ruos nust apoply tyu caka UCU sisulutiun munityuw uw. Wa hava laasad trenzsa gwo producgs su IdfoBraid, yop kiel geg ba solaly rasponsubla rof trenzur sala ent dusgrubuguon. Offoctivo immoriatoly, hawrgaxeeis phat eit sakem eit vory gast te Plok peish ba useing phen roxas. Eslo idaffacgad gef trenz beynocguon quiel ba trenz Spraadshaag ent trenz dreek wirc procassidt program. Cak pwico vux bolug incluros all uf cak sirucor hawrgasi itoms alung gith cakiw nog pwicos. Fusce auctor viverra augue. Phasellus fringilla. Donec quam nisi, vehicula nec, semper vel, sodales ac, diam. Morbi eget nisl. Aliquam erat volutpat. Nulla augue odio, iaculis vel, lobortis sit amet, blandit ac, ligula. Proin vitae quam. Sed turpis nulla, congue vitae, pretium eget, condimentum at, nulla. Donec volutpat ultricies elit. Suspendisse potenti. Curabitur enim neque, imperdiet vel, tincidunt euismod, euismod in, risus. Praesent rutrum auctor metus.
3 Annotations in the real world Journalism, market researcher, etc. BBC, Document Cloud (~33K annotated public document ) Social networks Facebook advocating the use of RDF The [facebook] like button alone generates more than 3B triples per day Semantic search engine Jim Hendler, ESWC 2011 Product search, people search, locations,
4 Semantic annotations NLP-based automatic annotations (OpenCalais, DBpedia spotlight ) Annotation systems have been proposed early on (CritLink, CREAM, ) No complex query language New standards allow embedding RDF within XML (RDFa, MicroFormat, ) Require modifying XML documents
5 Requirements 1. Semantic annotations of XML documents 2. Non-intrusive framework A model for representing interconnected XML and RDF data 3. Querying the structure & the semantics 4. Reasoning support A language unifying queries overs XML and RDF
6 Summary XR: XML & RDF Data model Query language Proof of concept Experimental results Existing approaches Conclusion & outlook
7 DATA MODEL
8 XML data instance An XML document is a tree: Every node is assigned a unique URI <Products> <Product> </Product> <Product REF= 0375 > <Manufacturer>ACME Phones</Manufacturer> <Name>ACME-3X</Name> </Product> </Products> An XML data instance is a set of XML trees
9 RDF data instance Resource Description Framework (RDF) is a loosely-structured data model Graph Set of statements of the form (Subject, Predicate, Object) :Bob rdf:type :Accountant :knows _:X :worksin 1980 Germany (:Bob, rdf:type, :Accountant) (:Bob, :bornin, 1980 ) (:Bob, :knows, _:X) (_:X, :worksin, Germany )
10 RDF & RDFS RDF Schema (RDFS) is an extension of RDF to describe relations between concepts Combining RDF and RDFS entails additional implicit knowledge Explicit triples: (:Bob, rdf:type, :Accountant) Ontology Person Implicit triples: (:Bob, rdf:type, :Employee) (:Bob, rdf:type, :Person) Employee Retiree Entailment rules defined by the W3C Accountant Manager An RDF data instance is a set of explicit and implicit triples
11 XR data instance = XML instance + RDF instance
12 XRQ - XR QUERY LANGUAGE
13 XRQ - XR Query Language An XRQ query comprises of: Head (list of variables appearing in the body) HEAD
14 XRQ - XR Query Language An XRQ query comprises of: Head (list of variables appearing in the body) Body HEAD BODY
15 XRQ - XR Query Language An XRQ query comprises of: Head (list of variables appearing in the body) Body Tree patterns HEAD BODY
16 XRQ - XR Query Language An XRQ query comprises of: Head (list of variables appearing in the body) Body Tree patterns Triple patterns HEAD BODY
17 A Tree Pattern consists of : XRQ tree patterns Labeled Nodes that match nodes with the same name in the XML instance XML Pattern XML Instance
18 XRQ tree patterns A Tree Pattern consists of : Labeled Nodes that match nodes with the same name in the XML instance Edges denoting relationships between nodes Single Edges Parent/Child relationship Double Edges Ancestor/Descendant relationship XML Pattern XML Instance
19 XRQ tree patterns A Tree Pattern consists of : Labeled nodes Edges between nodes Variables attached to nodes URI Bound to matching node URI Val Bound to concatenation of matching node text descendants Cont Bound to the sub tree rooted at the matching node XML Pattern XML Instance
20 XRQ triple patterns A triple pattern has the form (Subject, Predicate, Object): Subject & predicate : URIs (constants) or variables Object: is a URI or Literal (constant) or a variable Triple pattern RDF instance
21 XR Query Language Joins: reusing variables in multiple locations 3 types of joins: HEAD BODY
22 XRQ - XR Query Language Joins: reusing variables in multiple locations 3 types of joins: XML / XML (e.g., with $VP) HEAD BODY
23 XRQ - XR Query Language Joins: reusing variables in multiple locations 3 types of joins: XML / XML (e.g., with $VP) RDF / RDF (e.g., with $P) HEAD BODY
24 XR Query Language Joins: reusing variables in multiple locations 3 types of joins: XML / XML (e.g., with $VP) RDF / RDF (e.g., with $P) RDF / XML (e.g., with $P) HEAD BODY
25 XRP THE PLATFORM
26 XRP Platform (1/3) Extension module to the ViP2P platform Embedded data store (Berkeley DB) RDF and XML stored in relational tables Evaluation Engine Physical operators (Scan, Select, Project, Join) In memory hash join (without indexes) Sideways Information Passing bind join (with indexes)
27 XRP Platform (2/3) Optimizer Left-deep tree enumeration Promotes the use of indexes Reasoner Computes the closure of the data w.r.t. to an RDF schema Stores implicit triples within the data instance
28 XRP Platform (3/3) XML Node URI Generation URIs are assigned to XML node as they are added to the system The URI consists of: The path of the XML file a node belongs to A (pre, post, depth) label identifying the node within the XML tree
29 EXPERIMENTS
30 Objectives Feasibility, scalability Experiments Early XR-specific optimizations Setup XML File (Football league) RDF File (Annotations on players) Vary the number of URIs and file sizes
31 Experiments - Setup XR Queries (RDF + XML) Q1 : High selectivity on the RDF instance Q2 : Low Selectivity Q3 : High selectivity on the XML instance
32 Experiments - Results Q1, Q2, Q3 on 50K URIs datasets with varying XML file sizes Scalable with respect to the size of the XML file. The use of indexes improves performance (QR) for selective queries
33 Experiments - Results Q1,Q2,Q3 on datasets with 95MB XML file size varying #of URIs Scalable with respect to the number of URIs The use of indexes improves performance (QR) for selective queries
34 EXISTING APPROACHES
35 XML/RDF crossovers Transforming RDF to XML and query with XQuery Transforming XML to RDF and query with SPARQL Functions for XQuery or SPARQL Bottom up languages allowing for querying both XML and RDF (Xcerpt, XSPARQL) No implicit interconnection between the two models
36 CONCLUSION
37 Conclusion A non-intrusive XML annotation framework, backed with the clean XR Data Model A unified XML & RDF query language for interconnected instances An implemented system (XRP) supporting XR and XRQ
38 Future Work Extend the expressivity of the query language (XRQ) : Grouping, sorting XRQ closed wrt XR Optimizations at the junction of XML and RDF systems Distributed setting Use XR for tracking provenance and trust issues
39 Thank you.
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