COPD and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are
|
|
- Reginald Reynolds
- 8 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 COPD and Incident Cardiovascular Disease Hospitalizations and Mortality: Kaiser Permanente Medical Care Program* Stephen Sidney, MD, MPH; Michael Sorel, MPH; Charles P. Quesenberry, Jr., PhD; Cynthia DeLuise, RPA-C, MPH; Stephan Lanes, PhD; and Mark D. Eisner, MD, MPH, FCCP Study objectives: To determine the relationship between diagnosed and treated COPD and the incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) hospitalization and mortality. Design: Retrospective matched cohort study. Setting: Northern California Kaiser Permanente Medical Care Program (KPNC), a comprehensive prepaid integrated health-care system. Patients or participants: Case patients (n 45,966) were all KPNC members with COPD who were identified during a 4-year period from January 1996 through December An equal number of control subjects without COPD were selected from KPNC membership and were matched for gender, year of birth, and length of KPNC membership. Measurements and results: Follow-up conducted for hospitalization and mortality from CVD end points through December 31, CVD study end points included cardiac arrhythmias, angina pectoris, acute myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure (CHF), stroke, pulmonary embolism, all of the aforementioned study end points combined, other CVD, and all CVD end points. The mean follow-up time was 2.75 years for case patients and 2.99 years for control subjects. The risk of hospitalization was higher in COPD case patients than in control subjects for all CVD hospitalization and mortality end points. The relative risk (RR) for hospitalization for the composite measure of all study end points was 2.09 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.99 to 2.20) after adjustment for gender, preexisting CVD study end points, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and diabetes, and ranged from 1.33 (stroke) to 3.75 (CHF). The adjusted RR for mortality for the composite measure of all study end points was 1.68 (95% CI, 1.50 to 1.88), ranging from 1.25 (stroke) to 3.53 (CHF). Younger patients (ie, age < 65 years) and female patients had higher risks than older and male participants. Conclusions: COPD was a predictor of CVD hospitalization and mortality over an average follow-up time of nearly 3 years. The finding of a stronger relationship of COPD to CVD outcomes in patients < 65 years of age suggests that CVD risk should be monitored and treated with particular care in younger adults with COPD. (CHEST 2005; 128: ) Key words: cardiovascular disease; COPD; mortality Abbreviations: AMI acute myocardial infarction; CHF congestive heart failure; CI confidence interval; CVD cardiovascular disease; ICD-9 International Classification of Diseases, ninth revision; ICD-10 International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision; KPNC Northern California Kaiser Permanente Medical Care Program; MI myocardial infarction; OR odds ratio; RR relative risk; VF ventricular fibrillation; VT ventricular tachycardia COPD and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are two of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in the United States. The estimated total annual cost to the United States for CVDs is $368.1 *From the Division of Research (Drs. Sidney and Quesenberry, and Mr. Sorel), Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA; Pfizer, Inc. (Ms. DeLuise), New York, NY; Boehringer Ingelheim, Inc. (Dr. Lanes), Ridgefield, CT, and the University of California San Francisco (Dr. Eisner), San Francisco, CA. This research was funded by grants from Pfizer, Inc. and Boehringer Ingelheim, Inc. billion, and for COPD $32.1 billion. 1,2 The incidence of and mortality from these diseases increase with age. A number of studies have shown an association Manuscript received December 17, 2004; revision accepted April 20, Reproduction of this article is prohibited without written permission from the American College of Chest Physicians ( org/misc/reprints.shtml). Correspondence to: Stephen Sidney, MD, MPH, Kaiser Permanente Medical Care Program, Division of Research, 2000 Broadway, Oakland, CA 94612; sxs@dor.kaiser.org 2068 Clinical Investigations
2 between COPD and selected CVD end points including total cardiac mortality, 3 mortality from acute myocardial infarction (AMI), 4 mortality after coronary artery bypass graft, 5,6 and pulmonary embolism. 7 Low FEV 1 is associated with all-cause mortality, CVD mortality, nonfatal and fatal myocardial infarction (MI), nonfatal and fatal stroke, 8 10 and atrial fibrillation. 11 There are several reasons for a COPD-CVD association, including a major shared risk factor (smoking) and a number of factors that may lead to increased stress on the cardiovascular system or to cardiac arrhythmias (eg, use of -agonist medications that may stimulate the cardiovascular system, hypoxemia, hyperventilation leading to respiratory alkalosis, and inflammation). There is little in the published literature on the risk of CVD in persons with COPD, and we are unaware of studies that have prospectively examined the relationship of clinically diagnosed COPD with the incidence and mortality from CVD relative to an appropriately matched comparison group of individuals without COPD. In order to increase knowledge of the association between COPD and CVD, we examined the relationship of clinically diagnosed COPD to the incidence of several CVD end points in the Kaiser Permanente Medical Care Program of Northern California (KPNC), a large integrated health-care system. Study Setting Materials and Methods The study population was drawn from members of the KPNC, aged 40 years. The KPNC provides comprehensive prepaid integrated health care to its approximately 3.2 million subscribers, who comprise 25% of the population in the areas served. The subscribers are ethnically, racially, and socioeconomically heterogeneous, and are reflective of the local population except for being somewhat more educated, on average, and underrepresentative of the extremes of income. 12 In the age group targeted for this study, there were approximately 1.3 million members during the year Data Sources We utilized the following computerized administrative databases to obtain study data, all of which could be linked utilizing a unique eight-digit number assigned to each KPNC health plan member. The membership database included date of birth, gender, and other demographic data. The overnight hospitalization database includes race, dates of hospitalization, and all hospital discharge codes. The outpatient visit database includes diagnostic codes for conditions noted at the visit. The mortality database for KPNC contains linked death certificate information for members who have died in California since Each year, all active KPNC members are linked to California state death certificates using the following identifiers: social security number; name; date of birth; ethnicity; and place of residence. The pharmacy database includes all prescriptions filled at KPNC pharmacies. At the time of the study, approximately 93% of KPNC members had a prescription benefit for KPNC pharmacies. Study Population Case Patients: All COPD case patients who were age 40 years were identified during the 4-year period from January 1, 1996, through December 31, All case patients met the following criteria: (1) hospitalization with a primary hospital discharge diagnosis or an outpatient visit diagnosis with International Classification of Diseases, ninth revision, (ICD-9) discharge codes for COPD (491, chronic bronchitis; 492, emphysema; or 496, COPD), and two prescriptions for COPD medications (ie, inhaled anticholinergics, inhaled -adrenergic steroids, a combination of inhaled anticholinergic and -adrenergic agonists, and methylxanthines) within the 12-month window that began 6 months prior to the index date, where the index date was the date of the first hospital admission or outpatient diagnosis that met the criterion for a COPD case patient; (2) age at least 40 years on the index date; and (3) at least 12 months of KPNC membership prior to the index date. Control Subjects: Control subjects were selected from the membership of KPNC in a 1:1 ratio to case patients and met the following conditions: (1) random selection from KPNC membership groupings matched to COPD case patients on gender, year of birth, and length of KPNC membership (1 to 4.9 years, 5 to 9.9 years, and 10 years); (2) no outpatient visits or hospital discharges with COPD codes either in the 6-month period prior to the index date or during follow-up; and (3) at least 12 months of KPNC membership prior to the index date. Matching took place sequentially based on case patient entry into the cohort. A total of 5,880 COPD case patients and 1,285 control subjects were excluded from analyses that were limited to those without prevalent CVD. Validation of COPD Diagnosis One hundred twenty records of COPD cohort members were randomly selected for medical record review (96 outpatient records; 24 hospitalization records). A medical record abstractor obtained and abstracted the Kaiser Permanente medical records for a 12-month period of time prior to and subsequent to the date of COPD diagnosis. We defined spirometrically determined categories of airflow as follows: normal; mild airflow obstruction (FEV 1 /FVC ratio, 70% predicted; FEV 1, 80% predicted); or airway obstruction (FEV 1 /FVC ratio, 70% predicted; FEV 1, 80% predicted) according to the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease criteria. 13 Tobacco smoking, chronic cough, exertional dyspnea, asthma, chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and COPD medications were considered to be present if noted in the medical record during this time period. Medication was recorded if noted in the medical record, including inhaled anticholinergic agents, inhaled -adrenergic steroids, a combination of inhaled anticholinergic agents and -adrenergic agonists, and methylxanthine agents. Chronic cough (68%) and exertional dyspnea (52%) were frequently noted. A diagnosis of chronic bronchitis was found in 39% of the records, and a diagnosis of emphysema was found in 17.5%. Spirometry was found in only 31% of the records, and airflow obstruction was found in 92% of the spirometry records. Medication was recorded from 77% of the records. We developed a composite index of COPD, including the presence of at least one of the following conditions: chronic cough; chronic bronchitis; emphysema; or any degree of airflow obstruction. This CHEST / 128 / 4/ OCTOBER,
3 composite finding was present in 84% of the records (hospitalization records, 77%; outpatient records, 86%). Follow-up Follow-up was conducted for the following CVD hospitalization and mortality end points: ventricular tachycardia (VT)/ ventricular fibrillation (VF)/cardiac arrest (ICD-9 codes 427.1, , and 427.5; International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision [ICD-10] codes I46.2 and I49.0), atrial fibrillation and flutter (ICD-9 codes and ; ICD-10 codes I48.0 and I48.1), other arrhythmia (ICD-9 codes 427.x except those noted above; ICD-10 codes I47.x and I49.x except I49.0x), angina pectoris (ICD-9 code 413.x; ICD-10 codes I20.1, I20.8, or I20.9 plus prescription for nitroglycerine within a 3-month period after hospital admission), AMI (ICD-9 code 410.x; ICD-10 codes I21.x to I22.x), congestive heart failure (CHF) [ICD-9 codes 428.x and 402.x1; ICD-10 codes I50.x], stroke (ICD-9 codes 431.x to 434.x, and 436.0; ICD-10 codes I60.x, I61.x, I63.x, and I64.x), pulmonary embolism (ICD-9 code 415.1; ICD-10 code I26.x with prescription for enoxaparin and/or warfarin), all CVD (ICD-9 codes 390.x to 459.x; ICD-10 codes I00.x to I99.x). For hospitalization incidence analyses, follow-up was conducted to the first of the following dates: date of hospitalization for end point; death; end of membership; or December 31, For mortality analyses, follow-up was conducted to the first of the following dates: date of death; or December 31, We excluded all deaths occurring more than 1 month after the date of membership termination. The mean length of follow-up (to the end of membership or to December 31, 2000) was 2.75 years for case patients and 2.99 years for control subjects. Validation of Hospital Discharge Codes We validated the following primary hospital discharge diagnoses in a sample of case patients by medical record abstraction using a trained medical record analyst, with review of the findings by one of the study authors (S.S.): (1) unstable angina (ICD-9 codes primary, or 414.xx primary and 411.x secondary) was validated in 75 of 88 case patients (85.2%), with most of the remaining case patients having AMI or stable angina; (2) angina (stable), which was defined as ICD-9 code 413.x in the primary hospital discharge code position, was validated in nine of nine case patients (100%) and was also reliably coded in the setting of 414.xx primary and 413.x secondary hospital discharge codes with a 93.7% validation rate (36 of 37 case patients); (3) arrhythmia, which was defined as ICD-9 code 427.x in the primary hospital discharge code position, included several different arrhythmias. The paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia code had a high validation rate (91.7%), while all other arrhythmia groupings had validation rates in the range of 54 to 67%. We did not validate atrial fibrillation/atrial flutter because of previous validation work at the Division of Research showing these to be reliable codes (ICD-9 codes and had a validation rate of 95%). Validation rates for the other CVD end points have been determined for other studies at the Division of Research and include rates of 96% for AMIs, approximately 78 to 80% for ischemic stroke, 96% for CHF, 14 and 90% for pulmonary embolism (personal communication). Statistical Analysis Disease incidence rates were determine by direct age adjustment using the 2000 KPNC membership as the standard. Age-adjusted rate ratios and multivariable relative risks (RRs) were determined using proportional hazard models. Multivariable models included case-control status, age, gender, and cardiovascular risk morbidities (ie, diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia) and the presence of baseline CVD detected during the 6-month period prior to the index date (eg, MIor stroke). Two-way interactions were tested for age case-control status, and gender case-control status. All data analysis was performed utilizing a statistical software package (SAS; SAS Institute; Cary, NC). Results We identified a total of 45,966 persons, age 40 years who satisfied the case definition for COPD. The gender and age distribution of case patients and control subjects are shown in Table 1. Fifty-five percent of the case patients were men. The mean age of case patients and control subjects was 64.4 years (SD, 12.2 years). The prevalence at baseline of comorbidities in case patients and control subjects is shown in Table 2. The COPD case group had a higher prevalence of each of the comorbid conditions. The most striking prevalence differences between the case and control groups were for a concomitant diagnosis of asthma (40.0% vs 2.6%, respectively; odds ratio [OR], 24.71; 95% confidence interval [CI], to 26.24), CHF (7.2% vs 0.9%, respectively; OR, 8.48; 95% CI, 7.65 to 9.40), and atrial fibrillation (4.7% vs 1.1%, respectively; OR, 4.41; 95% CI, 4.00 to 4.87). The incidence of hospitalization for study end points is shown in Table 3. The overall incidence rate of CVD end points was 6,402 per 100,000 personyears in case patients and 2,793 per 100,000 personyears in control subjects. For study end points, the rates were 4,557 per 100,000 person-years in case patients and 1,837 per 100,000 person-years in con- Table 1 Distribution of Case Patients and Control Subjects by Age and Gender Variables Case Patients Control Patients No. % No. % Gender Men 25, , Women 20, , Age, yr , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , Clinical Investigations
4 Table 2 Prevalence of Baseline Comorbidities, Case Patients, and Control Subjects Case Patients Control Subjects Comorbidities No. % No. % OR (95% CI) Obesity 3, , ( ) Diabetes ( ) Hypertension 8, , ( ) Hyperlipidemia 3, , ( ) VT/VF/cardiac arrest ( ) Atrial fibrillation 2, ( ) Other arrhythmia 1, ( ) Angina ( ) MI ( ) Stroke ( ) Pulmonary embolism ( ) CHF 3, ( ) Renal disease ( ) Asthma 18, , ( ) trol subjects. Among the study end points, heart failure was the leading cause of hospitalization in case patients, followed by MI and stroke. For control subjects, stroke was the leading cause of hospitalization followed by MI and heart failure. Age-adjusted rates were higher in COPD case patients than in control subjects for all CVD end points. The ageadjusted risks for case patients relative to control subjects were generally in the 2 to 3 range, with the exception of heart failure (RR, 5.55; 95% CI, 4.71 to 5.73), VT/VF/cardiac arrest (RR, 4.17; 95% CI, 2.83 to 6.16), and stroke (RR, 1.51; 95% CI, 1.37 to 1.66). The RRs did not change substantially when the analysis was limited to those who did not have preexisting study end points. The mortality from diagnoses at the study end point is shown in Table 4. For many diagnostic categories, the age-adjusted RRs were in the range of 2 to 3, except for stroke (RR, 1.46; 95% CI, 1.21 to 1.75) and CHD (RR, 4.93; 95% CI, 3.36 to 7.24). The RRs did not change substantially when the analysis was limited to those who did not have preexisting study end points. There were too few case patients and control subjects in the categories of VT/VF/cardiac arrest, atrial fibrillation, other arrhythmia, and pulmonary embolism to report meaningful rates and rate ratios. We tested interactions with gender case-control status and age case-control status terms to determine whether the RR differed by gender and by age. Table 3 Incidence of Hospitalization During Longitudinal Follow-up for Study End Points in Case Patients and Control Subjects Outcome Case Patients, No. Case Patient Rate* Control Subjects, No. Control Subject Rate* Age-Adjusted Rate Ratio Model Model Excluding CVD Prevalent at Baseline VT/VF/cardiac arrest ( ) 2.80 (1.87, 4.20) 2.78 (1.75, 4.42) Atrial fibrillation ( ) 1.98 ( ) 2.11 ( ) Other arrhythmia ( ) 1.71 ( ) 1.70 ( ) Angina ( ) 1.98 ( ) 2.03 ( ) MI 1, ( ) 1.89 ( ) 1.87 ( ) CHF 2,233 1, ( ) 3.75 ( ) 3.85 ( ) Stroke 1, ( ) 1.33 ( ) 1.39 ( ) Pulmonary embolism ( ) 2.72 ( ) 2.74 ( ) Other CVD 2,846 2, ,477 1, ( ) 1.85 ( ) 1.86 ( ) Any study end point 5,410 4, ,460 1, ( ) 2.09 ( ) 2.09 ( ) Any CVD 7,378 6, ,678 2, ( ) 1.95 ( ) 1.96 ( ) *Age-adjusted rate per 100,000 person-years. Values given as RR (95% CI). Model includes the independent variables age, gender, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and diabetes. Includes all CVD diagnostic codes (ICD-9 codes 390x to 459x) not included in the main study end points (ie, the first eight end points on the list in this table). Refers to the first eight end points on the list in this table. CHEST / 128 / 4/ OCTOBER,
5 Table 4 Mortality Rates in Case Patients and Control Subjects Outcomes Case Patients, No. Case Patient Rate* Control Subjects, No. Control Subject Rate* Age-Adjusted Rate Ratio Model Model Excluding CVD Prevalent at Baseline MI ( ) 1.81 ( ) 1.85 ( ) CHF ( ) 3.53 ( ) 3.50 ( ) Stroke ( ) 1.25 ( ) 1.35 ( ) Pulmonary embolism ( ) 1.89 ( ) 1.54 ( ) Other CVD 1,407 1, ( ) 1.96 ( ) 1.95 ( ) Any study end points ( ) 1.68 ( ) 1.71 ( ) All CVD 2,325 1, , ( ) 1.84 ( ) 1.84 ( ) *Age-adjusted rate per 100,000 person-years. Values given as RR (95% CI). Model includes independent variables age, gender, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and diabetes. Includes all CVD diagnostic codes (ICD-9 codes 390x to 459x) not included in the main study end points (ie, the first eight end points on the list in this table). Any study end point refers to the first eight end points on the list in this table. The risks of hospitalizations for MI, stroke, any study end point, and any CVD were modestly higher in women compared with men (Table 5). The risks of hospitalization for MI, CHF, stroke, other CVD, any study end point, and any CVD were higher among those persons 40 to 64 years old compared with those 65 years. The risk of mortality did not differ by gender for any of the study end points (Table 6). The risk of mortality from MI, other CVD, any study end point, and any CVD were higher among those persons 40 to 64 years old compared with those 65 years. Discussion The main finding of this study was that persons with diagnosed and treated COPD identified in this large integrated health-care population had a higher risk of incident hospitalization and mortality for each of the CVD end points studied, relative to agematched and gender-matched control subjects. All rates for CVD end points were substantially higher in case patients than in control subjects, most notably so for CHF. Relative to the control subjects, the prevalence of baseline medical conditions was particularly high for asthma and for CHF. The findings of higher incidences of hospitalization for and mortality from cardiovascular end points in COPD patients may be, in part, due to the higher prevalence of preexisting CVD in the COPD patients. However, the restriction of our analyses to those persons without known preexisting CVD did not substantively alter the RRs for any of the end points examined. We controlled in our analyses for some of the known CVD risk factors, including high BP, hyperlipidemia, and diabetes. While these risk factors were more prevalent in the COPD case group than in the control group, controlling for them Table 5 Incidence of Hospitalization for Study End Points by Gender and by Age* Outcome Men Women p Value yr 65yr p Value VT/VF/cardiac arrest 2.99 ( ) 2.43 ( ) ( ) 3.10 ( ) 0.80 Atrial fibrillation 2.20 ( ) 1.75 ( ) ( ) 1.90 ( ) 0.94 Other arrhythmia 1.78 ( ) 1.64 ( ) ( ) 1.70 ( ) 0.58 Angina 1.79 ( ) 2.31 ( ) ( ) 1.81 ( ) 0.07 MI 1.77 ( ) 2.09 ( ) ( ) 1.73 ( ) CHF 3.78 ( ) 3.71 ( ) ( ) 3.24 ( ) Stroke 1.21 ( ) 1.50 ( ) ( ) 1.22 ( ) 0.01 Pulmonary embolism 3.46 ( ) 2.32 ( ) ( ) 2.72 ( ) 0.86 Other CVD 1.85 ( ) 1.84 ( ) ( ) 1.61 ( ) Any study end point 2.02 ( ) 2.18 ( ) ( ) 1.93 ( ) Any CVD 1.89 ( ) 2.03 ( ) ( ) 1.79 ( ) *Values given as RR (95% CI), unless otherwise indicated. Model includes independent variables age, gender, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and diabetes. Other CVD includes all CVD diagnostic codes (ICD-9 codes 390x to 459x) not included in the main study end points (ie, the first eight end points on the list in this table). Any study end point refers to the first eight end points on the list in this table Clinical Investigations
6 Table 6 Mortality for Study End Points by Gender and by Age* Outcome Men Women p Value yr 65 yr p Value MI 1.91 ( ) 1.62 ( ) ( ) 1.62 ( ) CHF 2.76 ( ) 5.00 ( ) ( ) 3.48 ( ) 0.49 Stroke 1.09 ( ) 1.47 ( ) ( ) 1.13 ( ) 0.65 Pulmonary embolism 1.86 ( ) 1.92 ( ) ( ) 1.76 ( ) 0.61 Other CVD 1.93 ( ) 2.00 ( ) ( ) 1.87 ( ) Any study end point 1.64 ( ) 1.73 ( ) ( ) 1.57 ( ) Any CVD 1.81 ( ) 1.87 ( ) ( ) 1.74 ( ) *Values given as RR (95% CI), unless otherwise indicated. Includes all CVD diagnostic codes (ICD-9 codes 390x to 459x) not included in the main study end points (ie, the first eight end points on the list in this table). Refers to the first eight end points on the list in this table. attenuated, but did not eliminate, the increased risk of CVD end points associated with COPD. Thus, COPD was a risk factor for CVD end points regardless of whether or not CVD comorbidity was present at baseline and traditional risk factors explained some, but not all, of the increased risk of CVD end points in patients with COPD. However, our databases did not include information on smoking, which is an important risk factor for both CVD and COPD, nor did we have data on body mass index. Cigarette smoking is the most powerful predictor of COPD and is also an important risk factor for CVD. Although it could not be ascertained from medical record review, we would assume that smoking rates were higher in COPD patients than in control subjects, an observation that is supported by our phone survey (separate report) of a subset of the cohort (21.9% in COPD patients vs 8.8% in control subjects for current use) and is supported by another study 4 of individuals hospitalized for AMI, which showed that the prevalence of current smoking was 44% higher among AMI patients who had COPD than in patients without COPD. Thus, cigarette smoking undoubtedly contributed to higher CVD rates in COPD patients. The prevalence of cigarette smoking in case patients was lower than that in two other studies that reported smoking in 32% 15 and 30% 16 of COPD case patients, while the prevalence of smoking in the control group was somewhat lower than that reported by participants in the 1998 National Health Interview Survey 17 (40 to 64 years of age, 25.0%; 65 years of age, 10.9%). Another potential mechanism for increased CVD risk from COPD is inflammation. COPD is characterized by chronic pulmonary inflammation 18 and high levels of cytokines in exhaled breath condensate, 19 and is associated with general systemic inflammation. 20 Systemic inflammation has emerged as a causative factor for CVD. For example, the blood level of C-reactive protein, a marker of systemic inflammation, is a risk factor for cardiovascular events. 21 Atrial fibrillation and heart failure were more common in COPD case patients than in control subjects. Both of these conditions are related to the risk of stroke 22 and probably contribute to the higher rate of stroke in COPD patients. COPD patients use medications that stimulate the cardiovascular system, including anticholinergic agents and sympathomimetic medications. These medications may contribute to increased heart rate and BP, which might instigate an ischemic episode of heart disease (eg, angina or MI) or cerebrovascular disease (transient ischemic attack or stroke). Cardiovascular stimulation may also lead to arrhythmias, including potentially lethal arrhythmias such as VT or VF. A graded increase in the risk of acute coronary syndrome was demonstrated for a number of metered-dose inhalers of -agonists prescribed in the 90 days prior to hospitalizations in a Department of Veterans Affairs study, 23 with the risk nearly doubling for those receiving six or more canisters. However, a Canadian study 24 showed no overall risk of fatal or nonfatal MI associated with -agonist use in the year prior to the event, although a small increased risk (11%) was noted for each 10 canisters dispensed during this time period. An alternative explanation for an association of -agonist use with CVD is that the intensity of use reflects the severity of COPD. COPD patients, especially in cases of more advanced disease, may manifest hypoxemia. Hypoxemia may contribute to episodes of ischemic CVD (eg, angina, MI, transient ischemic attack, or stroke) and may instigate cardiac arrhythmias. Hyperventilation in COPD patients may lead to respiratory alkalosis, a disturbance in metabolic parameters that may contribute to cardiac arrhythmias. Since FEV 1 in mid-life is a predictor of later CVD and of mortality, it is possible that there are other factors that are specifically related to chronic lung disease (eg, inflammation or smoking) that contribute to CVD. CHEST / 128 / 4/ OCTOBER,
7 We do not have an explanation for the slightly higher risks for hospitalization for some of the CVD end points in women compared to men. We speculate that the higher rates of CVD hospitalization and mortality end points in younger members of the cohort (ie, those 40 to 64 years of age) vs older members (ie, those 65 years of age) mean that COPD reflects earlier and more serious diseases in younger adults, making it more important as a risk factor in this age group. Alternatively, COPD in younger adults may act in part as a confounder, reflecting a more intense (ie, longer and/or more frequent) smoking history, with smoking being a known risk factor for CVD. The major strength of this study is its large size, the high comparability of the KPNC population to the local population that it serves, the data availability on a number of comorbidities, and the availability of validation studies on several of the hospital outcomes that were assessed from administrative databases. Limitations include reliance on an administrative database that lacks data on cigarette smoking; the lack of systematic information on comorbidities for all patients, since the assessment of comorbidity required a medical encounter during the 6-month period prior to the index date; and the lack of spirometry data for use in defining COPD case patients. The low prevalence of spirometry in the subset of case patients for which medical record review may potentially reflect a lack of precision in case patient definition in this cohort, or, alternatively, may indicate that spirometry is not frequently used in the management of case patients with chronic disease and was not performed during the 24-month period that was covered by the review. However, almost all of the spirometry tests reviewed showed evidence of airflow obstruction. The high prevalence of asthma in COPD patients also raises questions about the specificity of the COPD and asthma diagnoses. However, the RRs of COPD in relation to CVD outcomes were generally similar in analyses that excluded patients with concomitant asthma (data not shown). In conclusion, we found COPD to be a predictor of CVD hospitalization and mortality over an average follow-up time of nearly 3 years. The relationship of COPD to CVD outcomes was stronger in adults who were 65 years of age. These data suggest that CVD risk should be monitored and treated with particular care in younger adults with COPD. References 1 American Heart Association. Heart disease and stroke statistics: 2004 update. Dallas, TX: American Heart Association, American Lung Association. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) fact sheet. Available at: org/site/pp.asp?c dvluk9o0e&b Accessed September 19, Dankner R, Goldbourt U, Boyko V, et al. Predictors of cardiac and noncardiac mortality among 14,697 patients with coronary heart disease: BIP Study Group. Am J Cardiol 2003; 91: Behar S, Panosh A, Reicher-Reiss H, et al. Prevalence and prognosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease among 5,839 consecutive patients with acute myocardial infarction: SPRINT Study Group. Am J Med 1992; 93: Islamoglu F, Reyhanoglu H, Berber O, et al. Predictors of outcome after coronary artery bypass grafting in patients older than 75 years of age. Med Sci Monit 2003; 9:CR369 CR376 6 Samuels LE, Kaufman MS, Morris RJ, et al. Coronary artery bypass grafting in patients with COPD. Chest 1998; 113: Poulsen SH, Noer I, Moller JE, et al. Clinical outcome of patients with suspected pulmonary embolism: a follow-up study of 588 consecutive patients. J Intern Med 2001; 250: Engstrom G, Hedblad B, Valind S, et al. Increased incidence of myocardial infarction and stroke in hypertensive men with reduced lung function. J Hypertens 2001; 19: Truelsen T, Prescott E, Lange P, et al. Lung function and risk of fatal and non-fatal stroke: the Copenhagen City Heart Study. Int J Epidemiol 2001; 30: Ryan G, Knuiman MW, Divitini ML, et al. Decline in lung function and mortality: the Busselton Health Study. J Epidemiol Community Health 1999; 53: Buch P, Friberg J, Scharling H, et al. Reduced lung function and risk of atrial fibrillation in the Copenhagen City Heart Study. Eur Respir J 2003; 21: Krieger N. Overcoming the absence of socioeconomic data in medical records: validation and application of a census-based methodology. Am J Public Health 1992; 82: National Institutes of Health, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute. Global strategy for diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: NHLBI/WHO workshop report. Bethesda, MD: National Institutes of Health, 2001; publication No Ruo B, Capra AM, Jensvold NG, et al. Racial variation in the prevalence of atrial fibrillation among patients with heart failure: the Epidemiology, Practice, Outcomes, and Costs of Heart Failure (EPOCH) study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004; 43: Trupin L, Earnest G, San Pedro M, et al. The occupational burden of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur Respir J 2003; 22: Eisner MD, Yelin EH, Trupin L, et al. The influence of chronic respiratory conditions on health status and work disability. Am J Public Health 2002; 92: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Cigarette smoking among adults: United States, MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2000; 49: Oudijk EJ, Lammers JW, Koenderman L. Systemic inflammation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur Respir J Suppl 2003; 46:5s 13s 19 Bucchioni E, Kharitonov SA, Allegra L, et al. High levels of interleukin-6 in the exhaled breath condensate of patients with COPD. Respir Med 2003; 97: Gan WQ, Man SF, Senthilselvan A, et al. Association between chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and systemic inflam Clinical Investigations
8 mation: a systematic review and a meta-analysis. Thorax 2004; 59: Ridker PM, Rifai N, Rose L, et al. Comparison of C-reactive protein and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in the prediction of first cardiovascular events. N Engl J Med 2002; 347: Davis PH, Hachinski V. Epidemiology of cerebrovascular disease. In: Anderson DW, Schoenberg DG, eds. Neuroepidemiology: a tribute to Bruce Schoenberg. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1991; Au DH, Curtis JR, Every NR, et al. Association between inhaled beta-agonists and the risk of unstable angina and myocardial infarction. Chest 2002; 121: Suissa S, Assimes T, Ernst P. Inhaled short acting beta agonist use in COPD and the risk of acute myocardial infarction. Thorax 2003; 58: CHEST / 128 / 4/ OCTOBER,
Malmö Preventive Project. Cardiovascular Endpoints
Malmö Preventive Project Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö University Hospital Lund University Malmö Preventive Project Cardiovascular Endpoints End of follow-up: 31 Dec 2008 * Report: 21 June 2010
More informationMalmö Preventive Project. Cardiovascular Endpoints
Malmö Preventive Project Department of Clinical Sciences Skåne University Hospital, Malmö Lund University Malmö Preventive Project Cardiovascular Endpoints End of follow-up: 30 June 2009 Report: 7 October
More informationCardiovascular Endpoints
The Malmö Diet and Cancer Study Department of Clinical Sciences Skåne University Hospital, Malmö Lund University The Malmö Diet and Cancer Study CV-cohort Cardiovascular Endpoints End of follow-up: 30
More informationCardiovascular Endpoints
The Malmö Diet and Cancer Study Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö University Hospital Lund University The Malmö Diet and Cancer Study CV-cohort Cardiovascular Endpoints End of follow-up: 31 Dec * Report:
More informationTHE INTERNET STROKE CENTER PRESENTATIONS AND DISCUSSIONS ON STROKE MANAGEMENT
THE INTERNET STROKE CENTER PRESENTATIONS AND DISCUSSIONS ON STROKE MANAGEMENT Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation Gregory Albers, M.D. Director Stanford Stroke Center Professor of Neurology and Neurological
More informationAchieving Quality and Value in Chronic Care Management
The Burden of Chronic Disease One of the greatest burdens on the US healthcare system is the rapidly growing rate of chronic disease. These statistics illustrate the scope of the problem: Nearly half of
More informationEXPANDING THE EVIDENCE BASE IN OUTCOMES RESEARCH: USING LINKED ELECTRONIC MEDICAL RECORDS (EMR) AND CLAIMS DATA
EXPANDING THE EVIDENCE BASE IN OUTCOMES RESEARCH: USING LINKED ELECTRONIC MEDICAL RECORDS (EMR) AND CLAIMS DATA A CASE STUDY EXAMINING RISK FACTORS AND COSTS OF UNCONTROLLED HYPERTENSION ISPOR 2013 WORKSHOP
More informationCoronary Heart Disease (CHD) Brief
Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) Brief What is Coronary Heart Disease? Coronary Heart Disease (CHD), also called coronary artery disease 1, is the most common heart condition in the United States. It occurs
More informationListen to your heart: Good Cardiovascular Health for Life
Listen to your heart: Good Cardiovascular Health for Life Luis R. Castellanos MD, MPH Assistant Clinical Professor of Medicine University of California San Diego School of Medicine Sulpizio Family Cardiovascular
More informationPrognostic impact of uric acid in patients with stable coronary artery disease
Prognostic impact of uric acid in patients with stable coronary artery disease Gjin Ndrepepa, Siegmund Braun, Martin Hadamitzky, Massimiliano Fusaro, Hans-Ullrich Haase, Kathrin A. Birkmeier, Albert Schomig,
More informationMain Effect of Screening for Coronary Artery Disease Using CT
Main Effect of Screening for Coronary Artery Disease Using CT Angiography on Mortality and Cardiac Events in High risk Patients with Diabetes: The FACTOR-64 Randomized Clinical Trial Joseph B. Muhlestein,
More informationCOPD and Asthma Differential Diagnosis
COPD and Asthma Differential Diagnosis Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is the third leading cause of death in America. Learning Objectives Use tools to effectively diagnose chronic obstructive
More informationImpact of Massachusetts Health Care Reform on Racial, Ethnic and Socioeconomic Disparities in Cardiovascular Care
Impact of Massachusetts Health Care Reform on Racial, Ethnic and Socioeconomic Disparities in Cardiovascular Care Michelle A. Albert MD MPH Treacy S. Silbaugh B.S, John Z. Ayanian MD MPP, Ann Lovett RN
More informationThe Role of Insurance in Providing Access to Cardiac Care in Maryland. Samuel L. Brown, Ph.D. University of Baltimore College of Public Affairs
The Role of Insurance in Providing Access to Cardiac Care in Maryland Samuel L. Brown, Ph.D. University of Baltimore College of Public Affairs Heart Disease Heart Disease is the leading cause of death
More informationBrief Research Report: Fountain House and Use of Healthcare Resources
! Brief Research Report: Fountain House and Use of Healthcare Resources Zachary Grinspan, MD MS Department of Healthcare Policy and Research Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY June 1, 2015 Fountain
More informationMarilyn Borkgren-Okonek, APN, CCNS, RN, MS Suburban Lung Associates, S.C. Elk Grove Village, IL
Marilyn Borkgren-Okonek, APN, CCNS, RN, MS Suburban Lung Associates, S.C. Elk Grove Village, IL www.goldcopd.com GLOBAL INITIATIVE FOR CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE LUNG DISEASE GLOBAL STRATEGY FOR DIAGNOSIS, MANAGEMENT
More informationDISCLOSURES RISK ASSESSMENT. Stroke and Heart Disease -Is there a Link Beyond Risk Factors? Daniel Lackland, MD
STROKE AND HEART DISEASE IS THERE A LINK BEYOND RISK FACTORS? D AN IE L T. L AC K L AN D DISCLOSURES Member of NHLBI Risk Assessment Workgroup RISK ASSESSMENT Count major risk factors For patients with
More informationThe American Cancer Society Cancer Prevention Study I: 12-Year Followup
Chapter 3 The American Cancer Society Cancer Prevention Study I: 12-Year Followup of 1 Million Men and Women David M. Burns, Thomas G. Shanks, Won Choi, Michael J. Thun, Clark W. Heath, Jr., and Lawrence
More informationCoronary Artery Disease leading cause of morbidity & mortality in industrialised nations.
INTRODUCTION Coronary Artery Disease leading cause of morbidity & mortality in industrialised nations. Although decrease in cardiovascular mortality still major cause of morbidity & burden of disease.
More informationOsama Jarkas. in Chest Pain Patients. STUDENT NAME: Osama Jarkas DATE: August 10 th, 2015
STUDENT NAME: Osama Jarkas DATE: August 10 th, 2015 PROJECT TITLE: Analysis of ECG Exercise Stress Testing and Framingham Risk Score in Chest Pain Patients PRIMARY SUPERVISOR NAME: Dr. Edward Tan DEPARTMENT:
More informationHEdis Code Quick Reference Guide Disease Management Services
HEdis Code Quick Reference Guide Disease Management Services Respiratory Conditions Appropriate Testing for Children With Pharyngitis (ages 2-18) [Commercial, Medicaid] Appropriate Treatment (no antibiotic)
More informationLouisiana Report 2013
Louisiana Report 2013 Prepared by Louisiana State University s Public Policy Research Lab For the Department of Health and Hospitals State of Louisiana December 2015 Introduction The Behavioral Risk Factor
More informationTreating AF: The Newest Recommendations. CardioCase presentation. Ethel s Case. Wayne Warnica, MD, FACC, FACP, FRCPC
Treating AF: The Newest Recommendations Wayne Warnica, MD, FACC, FACP, FRCPC CardioCase presentation Ethel s Case Ethel, 73, presents with rapid heart beating and mild chest discomfort. In the ED, ECG
More informationAfrican Americans & Cardiovascular Diseases
Statistical Fact Sheet 2013 Update African Americans & Cardiovascular Diseases Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) (ICD/10 codes I00-I99, Q20-Q28) (ICD/9 codes 390-459, 745-747) Among non-hispanic blacks age
More informationAmbulatory Care Sensitive Emergency Department Visits Chronic Disease Conditions New Hampshire, 2001-2005. Background:
Ambulatory Care Sensitive Emergency Department Visits Chronic Disease Conditions New Hampshire, 21-25 Background: Hospital Emergency Departments (ED) provide a spectrum of medical care, some of which for
More informationJames F. Kravec, M.D., F.A.C.P
James F. Kravec, M.D., F.A.C.P Chairman, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Elizabeth Health Center Chair, General Internal Medicine, Northeast Ohio Medical University Associate Medical Director, Hospice
More informationBarriers to Healthcare Services for People with Mental Disorders. Cardiovascular disorders and diabetes in people with severe mental illness
Barriers to Healthcare Services for People with Mental Disorders Cardiovascular disorders and diabetes in people with severe mental illness Dr. med. J. Cordes LVR- Klinikum Düsseldorf Kliniken der Heinrich-Heine-Universität
More informationAcute Coronary Syndrome. What Every Healthcare Professional Needs To Know
Acute Coronary Syndrome What Every Healthcare Professional Needs To Know Background of ACS Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) is an umbrella term used to cover a spectrum of clinical conditions that are caused
More informationContinuity of Care for Elderly Patients with Diabetes Mellitus, Hypertension, Asthma, and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in Korea
ORIGINAL ARTICLE Medicine General & Social Medicine DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2010.25.9.1259 J Korean Med Sci 2010; 25: 1259-1271 Continuity of Care for Elderly Patients with Diabetes Mellitus, Hypertension, Asthma,
More informationSystolic Blood Pressure Intervention Trial (SPRINT) Principal Results
Systolic Blood Pressure Intervention Trial (SPRINT) Principal Results Paul K. Whelton, MB, MD, MSc Chair, SPRINT Steering Committee Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, and
More informationStandardizing the measurement of drug exposure
Standardizing the measurement of drug exposure The ability to determine drug exposure in real-world clinical practice enables important insights for the optimal use of medicines and healthcare resources.
More informationSurvival Associated with Two Sets of Diagnostic Criteria for Congestive Heart Failure
American Journal of Epidemiology Copyright 2004 by the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health All rights reserved Vol. 160, No. 7 Printed in U.S.A. DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwh268 Survival Associated
More informationCardiac Rehabilitation (Outpatient Phase II) Corporate Medical Policy. Medical Policy
Cardiac Rehabilitation (Outpatient Phase II) Corporate Medical Policy File name: Cardiac Rehabilitation (Outpatient Phase II) File code: UM.REHAB.04 Origination: 08/1994 Last Review: 08/2011 Next Review:
More informationPhysician and other health professional services
O n l i n e A p p e n d i x e s 4 Physician and other health professional services 4-A O n l i n e A p p e n d i x Access to physician and other health professional services 4 a1 Access to physician care
More informationHormones and cardiovascular disease, what the Danish Nurse Cohort learned us
Hormones and cardiovascular disease, what the Danish Nurse Cohort learned us Ellen Løkkegaard, Clinical Associate Professor, Ph.d. Dept. Obstetrics and Gynecology. Hillerød Hospital, University of Copenhagen
More informationIdentifying cases of congestive heart failure from administrative data: a validation study using primary care patient records
Identifying cases of congestive heart failure from administrative data: a validation study using primary care patient records S. E. Schultz, MA, MSc (1); D. M. Rothwell, MSc (2); Z. Chen, MD (1); K. Tu,
More informationResearch Skills for Non-Researchers: Using Electronic Health Data and Other Existing Data Resources
Research Skills for Non-Researchers: Using Electronic Health Data and Other Existing Data Resources James Floyd, MD, MS Sep 17, 2015 UW Hospital Medicine Faculty Development Program Objectives Become more
More informationPopulation Health Management Program
Population Health Management Program Program (formerly Disease Management) is dedicated to improving our members health and quality of life. Our Population Health Management Programs aim to improve care
More informationElectronic Health Record (EHR) Data Analysis Capabilities
Electronic Health Record (EHR) Data Analysis Capabilities January 2014 Boston Strategic Partners, Inc. 4 Wellington St. Suite 3 Boston, MA 02118 www.bostonsp.com Boston Strategic Partners is uniquely positioned
More informationCardiac Rehabilitation: An Under-utilized Resource Making Patients Live Longer, Feel Better
Cardiac Rehabilitation: An Under-utilized Resource Making Patients Live Longer, Feel Better Marian Taylor, M.D. Medical University of South Carolina Director, Cardiac Rehabilitation I have no disclosures.
More informationATRIAL FIBRILLATION: Scope of the Problem. October 2015
ATRIAL FIBRILLATION: Scope of the Problem October 2015 Purpose of the Presentation Review the worldwide incidence and prognosis associated with atrial fibrillation (AF) Identify the types of AF, clinical
More informationCOPD is the fourth most common cause of death. Gender Bias in the Diagnosis of COPD*
Gender Bias in the Diagnosis of COPD* Kenneth R. Chapman, MD, FCCP; Donald P. Tashkin, MD, FCCP; and David J. Pye, PhD Background: COPD is thought to be more prevalent among men than women, a finding usually
More informationBreathe With Ease. Asthma Disease Management Program
Breathe With Ease Asthma Disease Management Program MOLINA Breathe With Ease Pediatric and Adult Asthma Disease Management Program Background According to the National Asthma Education and Prevention Program
More informationCardiac Assessment for Renal Transplantation: Pre-Operative Clearance is Only the Tip of the Iceberg
Cardiac Assessment for Renal Transplantation: Pre-Operative Clearance is Only the Tip of the Iceberg 2 nd Annual Duke Renal Transplant Symposium March 1, 2014 Durham, NC Joseph G. Rogers, M.D. Associate
More informationAtrial Fibrillation 2014 How to Treat How to Anticoagulate. Allan Anderson, MD, FACC, FAHA Division of Cardiology
Atrial Fibrillation 2014 How to Treat How to Anticoagulate Allan Anderson, MD, FACC, FAHA Division of Cardiology Projection for Prevalence of Atrial Fibrillation: 5.6 Million by 2050 Projected number of
More informationMedical management of CHF: A New Class of Medication. Al Timothy, M.D. Cardiovascular Institute of the South
Medical management of CHF: A New Class of Medication Al Timothy, M.D. Cardiovascular Institute of the South Disclosures Speakers Bureau for Amgen Background Chronic systolic congestive heart failure remains
More informationCARDIO/PULMONARY MEDICINE FOR PRIMARY CARE. Las Vegas, Nevada Bellagio March 4 6, 2016. Participating Faculty
CARDIO/PULMONARY MEDICINE FOR PRIMARY CARE Las Vegas, Nevada Bellagio March 4 6, 2016 Participating Faculty Friday, March 4th: 7:30 am - 8:00 am Registration and Hot Breakfast 8:00 am - 9:00 am Pulmonary
More informationPerformance Measurement for the Medicare and Medicaid Eligible (MME) Population in Connecticut Survey Analysis
Performance Measurement for the Medicare and Medicaid Eligible (MME) Population in Connecticut Survey Analysis Methodology: 8 respondents The measures are incorporated into one of four sections: Highly
More informationExploratory data: COPD and blood eosinophils. David Price: 9.23-9.35am
Exploratory data: COPD and blood eosinophils David Price: 9.23-9.35am Blood Eosinophilia in COPD The reliability and utility of blood eosinophils as a marker of disease burden, healthcare resource utilisation
More informationPrevention of Acute COPD exacerbations
December 3, 2015 Prevention of Acute COPD exacerbations George Pyrgos MD 1 Disclosures No funding received for this presentation I have previously conducted clinical trials with Boehringer Ingelheim. Principal
More information6/5/2014. Objectives. Acute Coronary Syndromes. Epidemiology. Epidemiology. Epidemiology and Health Care Impact Pathophysiology
Objectives Acute Coronary Syndromes Epidemiology and Health Care Impact Pathophysiology Unstable Angina NSTEMI STEMI Clinical Clues Pre-hospital Spokane County EMS Epidemiology About 600,000 people die
More informationStroke: Major Public Health Burden. Stroke: Major Public Health Burden. Stroke: Major Public Health Burden 5/21/2012
Faculty Prevention Sharon Ewer, RN, BSN, CNRN Stroke Program Coordinator Baptist Health Montgomery, Alabama Satellite Conference and Live Webcast Monday, May 21, 2012 2:00 4:00 p.m. Central Time Produced
More informationCHAPTER 9 DISEASES OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM (I00-I99)
CHAPTER 9 DISEASES OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM (I00-I99) March 2014 2014 MVP Health Care, Inc. CHAPTER 9 CHAPTER SPECIFIC CATEGORY CODE BLOCKS I00-I02 Acute rheumatic fever I05-I09 Chronic rheumatic heart
More informationIs the Apparent Cardioprotective Effect of Recent Alcohol Consumption Due to Confounding by Prodromal Symptoms?
American Journal of Epidemiology Copyright 2000 by The Johns Hopkfns University School of Hygiene and Public Health Allrightsreserved Vol. 151, No. 12 Printed In USA. Is the Apparent Cardioprotective Effect
More informationA list of FDA-approved testosterone products can be found by searching for testosterone at http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/drugsatfda/.
FDA Drug Safety Communication: FDA cautions about using testosterone products for low testosterone due to aging; requires labeling change to inform of possible increased risk of heart attack and stroke
More informationEpidemiology of Hypertension 陈 奕 希 3120000591 李 禾 园 3120000050 王 卓 3120000613
Epidemiology of Hypertension 陈 奕 希 3120000591 李 禾 园 3120000050 王 卓 3120000613 1 Definition Hypertension is a chronic medical condition in which the blood pressure in the arteries is elevated. 2 Primary
More informationINSTRUCTIONS CHECKLIST
These instructions have been designed for you to simplify the application process. Read these instructions in full before you begin. If you have any questions, please call Medipac for further assistance
More informationAtherosclerosis of the aorta. Artur Evangelista
Atherosclerosis of the aorta Artur Evangelista Atherosclerosis of the aorta Diagnosis Classification Prevalence Risk factors Marker of generalized atherosclerosis Risk of embolism Therapy Diagnosis Atherosclerosis
More informationEmergency Scenario. Chest Pain
Emergency Scenario Chest Pain This emergency scenario reviews chest pain in a primary care patient, and is set up for roleplay and case review with your staff. 1) The person facilitating scenarios can
More informationEXHIBIT H SETTLEMENT ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA. a) pharmacy records reflecting the dispensing of Bextra and/or Celebrex to the Class Member; or
EXHIBIT H SETTLEMENT ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA 1. PRODUCT IDENTIFICATION DOCUMENTATION In order to be eligible for compensation under the Settlement Agreement, each Claimant must provide evidence of the Class
More informationInterpretation of Pulmonary Function Tests
Interpretation of Pulmonary Function Tests Dr. Sally Osborne Cellular & Physiological Sciences University of British Columbia Room 3602, D.H Copp building 604 822-3421 sally.osborne@ubc.ca www.sallyosborne.com
More informationThe largest clinical study of Bayer's Xarelto (rivaroxaban) Wednesday, 14 November 2012 07:38
Bayer HealthCare has announced the initiation of the COMPASS study, the largest clinical study of its oral anticoagulant Xarelto (rivaroxaban) to date, investigating the prevention of major adverse cardiac
More informationFULL COVERAGE FOR PREVENTIVE MEDICATIONS AFTER MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE 2011; DOI: 10.
FULL COVERAGE FOR PREVENTIVE MEDICATIONS AFTER MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE 2011; DOI: 10.1056/NEJMSA1107913 Niteesh K. Choudhry, MD, PhD, 1 Jerry Avorn, MD, 1 Robert J. Glynn,
More informationAir Pollution and Public Health
Air Pollution and Public Health Where have we been? Where are we going? Joel Schwartz Harvard School of Public Health Meuse Valley Disaster December 1 5 1930 Intense Fog in valley between Liege and
More informationType 1 Diabetes ( Juvenile Diabetes)
Type 1 Diabetes W ( Juvenile Diabetes) hat is Type 1 Diabetes? Type 1 diabetes, also known as juvenile-onset diabetes, is one of the three main forms of diabetes affecting millions of people worldwide.
More informationOhio Health Homes Learning Community Meeting. Overview of Health Homes Measures
Ohio Health Homes Learning Community Meeting Overview of Health Homes Measures Tuesday, March 5, 2013 Presenter: Amber Saldivar, MHSM Associate Director, Informatics Analysis Health Services Advisory Group,
More informationAutomatic External Defibrillators
Last Review Date: May 27, 2016 Number: MG.MM.DM.10dC2 Medical Guideline Disclaimer Property of EmblemHealth. All rights reserved. The treating physician or primary care provider must submit to EmblemHealth
More informationSuccess factors in Behavioral Medicine
Success factors in Behavioral Medicine interventions post myocardial infarction Depression Gunilla post myocardial Burell, PhD infarction Department of Public Health, Uppsala University, Sweden XIII Svenska
More informationObstructive sleep apnea and type 2 diabetes Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) may contribute to or exacerbate type 2 diabetes for some of your patients.
Obstructive sleep apnea and type 2 diabetes Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) may contribute to or exacerbate type 2 diabetes for some of your patients. Prevalence of OSA and diabetes Prevalence of OSA Five
More informationData, Outcomes and Population Health Management. CPPEG January 2016
Data, Outcomes and Population Health Management CPPEG January 216 NHS Outcomes Framework There are national outcome measures which the CCG is held to account on. In conjunction to monitoring these the
More informationFewer people with coronary heart disease are being diagnosed as compared to the expected figures.
JSNA Coronary heart disease 1) Key points 2) Introduction 3) National picture 4) Local picture of CHD prevalence 5) Mortality from coronary heart disease in Suffolk County 6) Trends in mortality rates
More informationSummary Evaluation of the Medicare Lifestyle Modification Program Demonstration and the Medicare Cardiac Rehabilitation Benefit
The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services' Office of Research, Development, and Information (ORDI) strives to make information available to all. Nevertheless, portions of our files including charts,
More informationAspirin to Prevent Heart Attack and Stroke: What s the Right Dose?
The American Journal of Medicine (2006) 119, 198-202 REVIEW Aspirin to Prevent Heart Attack and Stroke: What s the Right Dose? James E. Dalen, MD, MPH Professor Emeritus, University of Arizona, Tucson
More informationRaising Sleep Apnea Awareness:
Raising Sleep Apnea Awareness: Among People with Diabetes in North Carolina, 2012 People with diabetes have more sleep problems than people without diabetes in the same age, sex, and race/ethnicity group.
More informationChapter 2: Health in Wales and the United Kingdom
Chapter 2: Health in Wales and the United Kingdom This section uses statistics from a range of sources to compare health outcomes in Wales with the remainder of the United Kingdom. Population trends Annual
More informationHEALTH EVIDENCE REVIEW COMMISSION (HERC) COVERAGE GUIDANCE: DIAGNOSIS OF SLEEP APNEA IN ADULTS DATE: 5/9/2013 HERC COVERAGE GUIDANCE
HEALTH EVIDENCE REVIEW COMMISSION (HERC) COVERAGE GUIDANCE: DIAGNOSIS OF SLEEP APNEA IN ADULTS DATE: 5/9/2013 HERC COVERAGE GUIDANCE The following diagnostic tests for Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) should
More informationEffects of Cholesterol and Inflammation-Sensitive Plasma Proteins on Incidence of Myocardial Infarction and Stroke in Men
Effects of Cholesterol and Inflammation-Sensitive Plasma Proteins on Incidence of Myocardial Infarction and Stroke in Men G. Engström, MD, PhD; P. Lind, MD; B. Hedblad, MD, PhD; L. Stavenow, MD, PhD; L.
More informationAddendum to Clinical Review for NDA 22-512
Addendum to Clinical Review for DA 22-512 Drug: Sponsor: Indication: Division: Reviewers: dabigatran (Pradaxa) Boehringer Ingelheim Prevention of stroke and systemic embolism in atrial fibrillation Division
More informationDesign and principal results
International Task Force for Prevention Of Coronary Heart Disease Coronary heart disease and stroke: Risk factors and global risk Slide Kit 1 (Prospective Cardiovascular Münster Heart Study) Design and
More informationThe ACC 50 th Annual Scientific Session
Special Report The ACC 50 th Annual Scientific Session Part Two From March 18 to 21, 2001, physicians from around the world gathered to learn, to teach and to discuss at the American College of Cardiology
More informationApixaban Plus Mono vs. Dual Antiplatelet Therapy in Acute Coronary Syndromes: Insights from the APPRAISE-2 Trial
Apixaban Plus Mono vs. Dual Antiplatelet Therapy in Acute Coronary Syndromes: Insights from the APPRAISE-2 Trial Connie N. Hess, MD, MHS, Stefan James, MD, PhD, Renato D. Lopes, MD, PhD, Daniel M. Wojdyla,
More informationFIBROGENIC DUST EXPOSURE
FIBROGENIC DUST EXPOSURE (ASBESTOS & SILICA) WORKER S MEDICAL SCREENING GUIDELINE Prepared By Dr. T. D. Redekop Chief Occupational Medical Officer Workplace Safety & Health Division Manitoba Labour & Immigration
More informationUnderstanding COPD. Carolinas Healthcare System
Understanding COPD Carolinas Healthcare System 2013 This self-directed learning module contains information about the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of COPD. Target Audience: All RNs and LPNs
More informationon a daily basis. On the whole, however, those with heart disease are more limited in their activities, including work.
Heart Disease A disabling yet preventable condition Number 3 January 2 NATIONAL ACADEMY ON AN AGING SOCIETY Almost 18 million people 7 percent of all Americans have heart disease. More than half of the
More informationDocumenting & Coding. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Presented by: David S. Brigner, MLA, CPC
Documenting & Coding Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Presented by: David S. Brigner, MLA, CPC Sr. Provider Training & Development Consultant Professional Profile David Brigner currently performs
More informationPsoriasis Co-morbidities: Changing Clinical Practice. Theresa Schroeder Devere, MD Assistant Professor, OHSU Dermatology. Psoriatic Arthritis
Psoriasis Co-morbidities: Changing Clinical Practice Theresa Schroeder Devere, MD Assistant Professor, OHSU Dermatology Psoriatic Arthritis Psoriatic Arthritis! 11-31% of patients with psoriasis have psoriatic
More informationMortality Assessment Technology: A New Tool for Life Insurance Underwriting
Mortality Assessment Technology: A New Tool for Life Insurance Underwriting Guizhou Hu, MD, PhD BioSignia, Inc, Durham, North Carolina Abstract The ability to more accurately predict chronic disease morbidity
More informationSmoking in the United States Workforce
P F I Z E R F A C T S Smoking in the United States Workforce Findings from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999-2002, the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) 2006, and
More informationHow can registries contribute to guidelines? Nicolas DANCHIN, HEGP, Paris
How can registries contribute to guidelines? Nicolas DANCHIN, HEGP, Paris Pros and cons of registers Prospective randomised trials constitute the cornerstone of "evidence-based" medicine, and they therefore
More informationUse of Glycated Hemoglobin and Microalbuminuria in the Monitoring of Diabetes Mellitus
Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality Evidence Report/Technology Assessment Number 84 Use of Glycated Hemoglobin and Microalbuminuria in the Monitoring of Diabetes Mellitus Summary Overview Clinical
More informationTHE RISK OF HEART ATTACK IN LONE MOTHERS by Asma Al Bulushi. I had been working as a nurse in the cardiology intensive care unit at Hamad Hospital
Al Bulushi, A. (2010). The risk of heart attack in lone mothers. UCQ Nursing Journal of Academic Writing, Winter 2010, 19 27. THE RISK OF HEART ATTACK IN LONE MOTHERS by Asma Al Bulushi I had been working
More informationComplete coverage. Unbeatable value.
Quest Travel Insurance Complete coverage. Unbeatable value. Quest with confidence, anytime, anywhere! Quest protects you when nothing else can, with: Future stability coverage: Stable now? Not sure you
More informationRobert Okwemba, BSPHS, Pharm.D. 2015 Philadelphia College of Pharmacy
Robert Okwemba, BSPHS, Pharm.D. 2015 Philadelphia College of Pharmacy Judith Long, MD,RWJCS Perelman School of Medicine Philadelphia Veteran Affairs Medical Center Background Objective Overview Methods
More informationCardiac Rehabilitation An Underutilized Class I Treatment for Cardiovascular Disease
Cardiac Rehabilitation An Underutilized Class I Treatment for Cardiovascular Disease What is Cardiac Rehabilitation? Cardiac rehabilitation is a comprehensive exercise, education, and behavior modification
More informationScottish Diabetes Survey 2013. Scottish Diabetes Survey Monitoring Group
Scottish Diabetes Survey 2013 Scottish Diabetes Survey Monitoring Group Contents Contents... 2 Foreword... 4 Executive Summary... 6 Prevalence... 8 Undiagnosed diabetes... 18 Duration of Diabetes... 18
More informationAn Overview of Asthma - Diagnosis and Treatment
An Overview of Asthma - Diagnosis and Treatment Asthma is a common chronic disorder of the airways that is complex and characterized by variable and recurring symptoms, airflow obstruction, bronchial hyperresponsiveness,
More informationTrends in Life Expectancy and Causes of Death Following Spinal Cord Injury. Michael J. DeVivo, Dr.P.H.
Trends in Life Expectancy and Causes of Death Following Spinal Cord Injury Michael J. DeVivo, Dr.P.H. Disclosure of PI-RRTC Grant James S. Krause, PhD, Holly Wise, PhD; PT, and Emily Johnson, MHA have
More informationQuantifying Life expectancy in people with Type 2 diabetes
School of Public Health University of Sydney Quantifying Life expectancy in people with Type 2 diabetes Alison Hayes School of Public Health University of Sydney The evidence Life expectancy reduced by
More informationNew Treatments for Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation. John C. Andrefsky, MD, FAHA NEOMED Internal Medicine Review course May 5 th, 2013
New Treatments for Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation John C. Andrefsky, MD, FAHA NEOMED Internal Medicine Review course May 5 th, 2013 Classification Paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (AF) Last < 7
More informationAtrial Fibrillation Cardiac rate control or rhythm control could be the key to AF therapy
Cardiac rate control or rhythm control could be the key to AF therapy Recent studies have proven that an option of pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic therapy is available to patients who suffer from AF.
More information