America's Military System - The 2nd American Affair
|
|
- Jennifer Warner
- 3 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 AMERICAN MILITARY UNIVERSITY INTELLIGENCE AND AMERICA S ROLE IN GLOBAL AFFAIRS - The Function of Intelligence in American Foreign Policy Barbara A. Lacy Student # Intel The History of Intel Professor Robert Mead November 22, 2010
2 I want people in Latin America and Africa or in Asia to start to look to America, to see how we're doing things, to wonder what the President of the United States is doing, and not to look at Khrushchev, or look at the Chinese Communists. That is the obligation upon our generation. Senator John F. Kennedy, 1960 Presidential Campaign Speech "...we must consider that we shall be as a City upon a Hill, (and that) the eyes of all people are upon us.." John Winthrop, Founder of the Massachusetts Colony 1630 I think we're going to have to do a better job if we are going to meet the responsibilities which time and events have placed upon us. We cannot turn the job over to anyone else. If the United States fails, then the whole cause of freedom fails, and I think it depends in great measure on what we do here in this country. Senator John F. Kennedy, 1960 Presidential Campaign Speech ii
3 INTELLIGENCE AND AMERICA S ROLE IN GLOBAL AFFAIRS INTRODUCTION No event in the history of the United States of America, prior to December 7, 1941, equaled the Day that will live in Infamy for its impact upon the course of the nation and her approach to world affairs. America s place in the world had been changing throughout her short history and the conclusion of the Spanish-American War placed her for the first time among the ranks of those Imperial Powers, Britain, France and Spain, who had imposed their national will upon the global populace, governing international affairs amongst their far-flung possessions. The close of 1898 saw the supplanting of Spain as an Imperial power by a still young America. The close of 1945 would see the same thing happen to Britain as she ceded the last of her dominance in global affairs to the nation she had essentially founded 300 years prior. Arthur Herman writes in To Rule the Waves, (2004) By 1942 the resources of the global economic system were flowing to America s military-industrial complex and victory over totalitarianism would be the result. The United States Navy, like its Royal Navy ancestor, would grow to become the largest and most dominant in the world. It would take over the job of protecting postwar Pax Americana, which replaced Pax Britannica, and carry it into the cold war era and beyond (543). More specifically, America took on the role of Global Defender of Freedom or Keeper of the Peace and one of the most valuable tools, when properly employed, that she would use to gain the advantage needed to accomplish this new mission, and to hold that advantage for the next half-century and beyond, would be that of Intelligence. 1
4 A NEW RESPONSIBILTY America s intelligence gathering, analyzing and disseminating abilities were themselves initially patterned much after those of Britain. Just as America s Navy learned many lessons from its forbear, patterning much of its structure on that of the Royal Navy, so too Britain bequeathed many of her intelligence systems, methods and tricks of the trade to her protégé, first in WWI and later in WWII. Britain s well-established intelligence industry had much to teach America in the art and value of cryptography and code-breaking. The men and women of Room 40 and at Bletchley Park demonstrated the priceless value of code-breaking (ibid) as they decrypted reams of Ultra intelligence. Prime Minister Churchill ensured that Ultra s value was not lost even on President Roosevelt despite the president s early preference for the less functional HUMINT discipline. SIGINT had come into its own with the code-breaking of both Ultra and Magic and would soon come to surpass many of the earlier methods of Intelligence gathering (primarily some form of HUMINT). Without SIGINT, neither the War in Europe nor the Pacific War would have ended as decisively and could well have dragged on for years longer. And indeed, the Intelligence coalition between Britain and the United States was absolutely critical to this success. SIGINT had become one intelligence discipline that needed little outside advocacy to prove its worth even post-war and it both survived and ultimately thrived well after the guns ceased firing. V-E Day and V-J Day, marking the sequential victories over the Axis powers and the forces of evil, were landmarks in history, bringing an end to a world at war that had really begun decades prior, even before the First World War. The Treaty of Versailles marked the close of WWI, but did little to truly end the issues at stake, merely prolonging the inevitable fact that there remained in Germany forces that could only be stopped by a complete victory over them 2
5 that crushed any power they had to revive. Throughout the inter-war years, Germany was running its own complex game of strategic denial and deception, counter-intelligence and intelligence gathering, stretching loopholes in the Treaty of Versailles designed to eliminate its ability to create a military infrastructure and the machines needed for war. Although their reasons varied greatly, German politicians, soldiers and industrialists all shared an overwhelming desire to rearm and rearm they did, right under the nose of the Inter-Allied Control Commission designed to oversee the disarming and restructuring of German industry toward peacetime manufacturing (Godson and Wirtz 2002, 47). In spite of Germany s excellent efforts at cover, not all was hidden completely and the Allies, especially Britain, became aware that Germany was certainly cheating. Nevertheless, American presidential policy, with significant public support throughout the inter-war years, maintained a desire to remain blissfully (and deliberately) ignorant of foreign trouble. America labored diligently toward retreat into an isolationist state and attempted to maintain the same studied neutrality the nation had enjoyed throughout most of the 19 th century keeping her hands clean of the squabbles and quarrels of foreign powers. In contrast to Germany s continued martial expansion, the American intelligence industry built up through the needs of war, suffered greatly after the war and lost significant ability to keep the nation aware of what transpired outside her borders. The resources for both ONI (Office of Naval Intelligence) and MID (Military Intelligence Division) were cut drastically by Wilson s successor, President Harding, and MID s weekly intelligence summaries were abandoned to a fortnightly schedule due to the shortage of staff (Andrew 1995, 68). At the close of WWII, much of the populace, weary of war, tried again to take a similar course. America, including her new president, Harry S. Truman, who took office on the sudden death of President Roosevelt, was ready to close down nearly all wartime industry and turn the nation s attention to peacetime pursuits. This included shutting down most of the hard won, 3
6 albeit hastily built, intelligence systems, structures and organizations. The Army s special operations arm, the storied OSS, was one of the first casualties of peacetime restructuring and downsizing. However, something significant had transpired as the Second World War had progressed, resulting in a dramatic change in the global balance of power and with it America s role in world affairs. Because of this, there were some individuals who saw and understood that the road ahead, into the future, could not be kept free of threats and danger to national security without a viable, effective intelligence community. Isolation was not an option; furthermore, America became the dominate counter-power to any system or force in the world that threatened freedom and democracy. Where the Monroe Doctrine with its subsequent corollaries had granted America the right to protect her own backyard in countering European expansion in the Western Hemisphere in Latin America in particular America s new role after WWII became truly global in nature, covering Europe and Asia, the Atlantic and the Pacific. Consequently, she needed to know what the rest of the world was up to mostly those considered her enemies, but sometimes even what her friends were planning was valuable information in the pursuit of protecting peace. And so began the often troubled, yet continually progressive, fight to create an integrated, cooperative, true intelligence community both military and civilian to secure the nation s citizens and her interests both at home and abroad. THE FOUNDATIONS OF AN INTELLIGENCE COMMUNITY Wary of the formation of a strong and organized peacetime intelligence community that he feared could become something of an American Gestapo (Andrew 1995, 156), President Truman was, however, acutely aware of the need for a reorganization of the nation s defense plan. He, like President Eisenhower after him, was strongly determined to do whatever was necessary to avoid the nation ever suffering another Pearl Harbor. Rapidly escalating events, 4
7 especially in the Soviet bloc of Eastern Europe, propelled President Truman to agree with a number of proposals from his administration that would ultimately create the needed foundations for a post-war intelligence capability designed to enable the nation to execute its newly declared policy of containment of the Soviet threat. Even before the war was over, indications were rife of trouble brewing with the Soviet Union and its determined Communist expansion policies so that numerous key military and political personnel came out of the war already wary of the Kremlin s intentions. Among these were the notable Generals Marshall, Patton, Eisenhower and Donovan each with his own sphere of influence. To these men and others, the concept of America turning her back on foreign troubles was no longer a plausible consideration. General Donovan, head of the OSS, in spite of his cold reception by President Truman, continued to lobby for the establishment of a centralized, peacetime intelligence system in the United States (ibid, 159). Donovan cited as his justification the fact that all major powers except the United States have had, for a long time past, permanent worldwide intelligence services, reporting directly to the highest echelons of their governments. He went on to point out that prior to WWII the United States had not had a foreign secret intelligence service and still did not have a coordinated intelligence system (ibid). The year 1946 turned out to be a pivotal one in starting the nation on the road to the formation of a more centralized intelligence system as well as reinstatement of the invaluable Anglo-American SIGINT collaboration, particularly with Britain. The collaboration this time, now had the United States with its global perspective and unmatched financial and military resources playing the role of senior partner (Ford, Rosenberg 2005, 38) once more underscoring the reality that America s position and responsibility in global affairs had indeed changed dramatically. In abolishing the OSS, President Truman had in mind to replace it with a coordinated foreign intelligence program that resulted, after the typical bureaucratic arguing, in 5
8 the creation of the NIA (National Intelligence Authority), a DCI (Director of Central Intelligence) and the CIG (Central Intelligence Group) a small analytical agency set up to collate and process intelligence collected by the rest of the intelligence community (Andrew 1995, 164). THE COLD WAR The Cold War solidified into a more directed threat in 1947 with the dual appeals of Greece and Turkey for U.S. aid in their struggle to maintain free governments and to strengthen and rebuild their war-torn countries in order to resist Soviet takeover. President Truman responded with an appeal to Congress for $400 million to help save the two countries from the jaws of Communism. Truman declared, I believe that it must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures (ibid, 168). This became known as the Truman Doctrine and with amendments it has governed U.S. foreign policy to this day. With the commencement of the Cold War came the renewed need to further strengthen and organize intelligence gathering as well as covert action and the CIG was seen to be inadequate to the task. Once the inter-service rivalry between the Army and the Navy was reduced to a more tolerable level, the ground was prepared for a new law passed in February 1947, the National Security Act, which provided for, among other things, the creation of the Department of Defense. This linked the armed services together under one authority and set the tone for a greater exchange of information and capabilities. The National Security Act also created the National Security Council (NSC) that allowed for the establishment of a Central Intelligence Agency under NSC direction and opened up a post for the Director of Central Intelligence (DCI). This post was meant to be free of coercion from either the military or civilian divisions of intelligence and was designed to allow 6
9 oversight and coordination of all national intelligence activities, ensuring also that critical information found its way to the President in a timely manner. Thus, by the end of Truman s presidency, the basic foundations had been established for the creation of a coordinated Intelligence Community able to operate in both wartime and peacetime and to address the ever growing concern of the Soviet threat. Nevertheless, events soon thereafter showed that intelligence still had a long way to go when America was surprised yet again by an Asian nation implementing an unprovoked attack. This time it was not on American soil; North Korea had attacked its southern neighbor in Kim Il- Sung s military attempt at forced re-unification of the peninsula. Nonetheless, the action took Washington by surprise and did nothing to bolster confidence in the progress of coordination, analysis and timely dissemination of accurate intelligence to the White House. The problem here had been more a lack of attention to the growing signs of unrest and even military build-up in the region by Kim Il-Sung due primarily to an overall misconception on the part of the intel community that North Korea would never act on its own without some signal or support being given by the Soviet Union. Consequently, no real value was given to acquiring SIGINT data from North Korea, data which may well have revealed Kim Il-Sung s massing of 90,000 troops and 150 T-34 tanks at jump-off points north of the 38 th Parallel before the invasion began (Andrew 1995, 187). Even China, at that time, was considered more a puppet of the Kremlin than an autonomous threat until events proved otherwise. With the surprise attack, there was certainly no question about America s responsibility to support South Korea against this full scale invasion of the Communist North. When Eisenhower took over the presidency from Truman, Truman made certain Eisenhower was fully briefed on all aspects of current intelligence capabilities, something 7
10 Truman had greatly lacked when he was thrust into the presidency upon the sudden death of Roosevelt. Eisenhower also brought with him his own wartime experience with intelligence, especially the value of SIGINT and the fledgling IMINT discipline, experience which served him well in the escalating Cold War. By 1948, the Soviet Union had become a nuclear power, adding a new dimension to the threat and increasing the fear that had begun to grip the nation. The determination to never again have a repeat of Pearl Harbor was one of the driving fears behind the continued aggressive expansion of intelligence gathering capabilities. The development of the U-2 reconnaissance aircraft, able to take detailed photographs from an altitude well above the ceiling of the then current fighter aircraft and high enough to at times avoid detection at all, became a key tool in President Eisenhower s implementation of containment of the Soviet threat. Imagery from the U-2 flights he personally authorized over Russia revealed a great deal about the true state of Russia s missile development program and actually did much to help moderate fearmongering in Washington as it revealed that the much-touted vast missile-gap between the Soviets and the United States did not really exist. Where the Soviet Union was somewhat ahead on missile propulsion, America was ahead in warhead development and guidance systems (ibid, 242). THE EXPANSION OF INTELLIGENCE The policy of containment of Communism aligned well with America s new role as Peacekeeper and Defender of Freedom as did the Truman Doctrine s promise to support any countries or peoples desiring to resist or overthrow Communist rule in their land. President Truman articulated the concept of America s new role in his speech to Congress at the start of the Cold War, One of the primary objectives of the foreign policy of the United States is the 8
11 creation of conditions in which we and other nations will be able to work out a way of life free from coercion. This was a fundamental issue in the war with Germany and Japan. Our victory was won over countries which sought to impose their will, and their way of life, upon other nations. These guiding principles of national affairs, though, opened the door also to increased use of covert action in an attempt to direct events and determine the outcome of elections and other pivotal proceedings in foreign lands, especially during the presidencies of Eisenhower, Kennedy and Nixon. While covert action had been used with a certain degree of success during the war, in the post-war years its use became generally more fraught with failure and it sometimes achieved the opposite effect intended in the long run. Such was the case with Cuba where unsuccessful attempts to assassinate Castro along with the disastrous attempt to send in Cuban exiles trained by the CIA and armed with American weapons to overthrow Castro s regime proved to bring greater danger to America s shores than these actions averted. In the wake of these debacles, Russia felt bold enough to place MRBMs capable of carrying nuclear warheads on the island of Cuba, allowing Russia to have missiles, for the first time, within striking distance of America s shores. The judicious use of IMINT gained by the U-2 collection flights sent over Cuba revealed the secretive buildup Russia was conducting and allowed President Kennedy to confront Khrushchev with undeniable proof when the Soviet representative to the United Nations denied the missiles were offensive as opposed to defensive, claiming the United States had falsified evidence (Andrew 1995, 298). The resulting Cuban Missile Crisis was resolved through careful diplomacy, a sensible show of force in the naval blockade Kennedy set up to stop any further missiles being delivered and prudent restraint of covert action that could well have undermined everything in one fell swoop. Exceptionally close monitoring of the situation and a constant flow of intelligence reports to the President helped forward the decisionmaking process. The resulting agreement with Moscow eased the tensions in what was the 9
12 closest the world ever came to a nuclear exchange between the superpowers. The Cuban issue remained a thorn for many presidents thereafter, just as it had been for presidents since the early 19 th century, but at least a nuclear exchange would not be part of the problem. The Cold War carried on for another 28 years and took both America and the rest of the world on a path with many twists and turns, some good, some definitely less desirable. Technology continued to improve and satellite imagery replaced U-2 flights, dramatically increasing the available data on military build-up over the world. President Eisenhower s original Open Skies proposal became a point of fact as both Russia and the United States launched satellite after satellite with greater and greater capability to monitor martial pursuits. The revolution in satellite reconnaissance leaped further ahead with the advent of signals collection from space, giving the Intelligence Community not only eyes but ears in the sky as well (Ford, Rosenberg 2004, 44). Other countries followed when their technologies advanced sufficiently to allow them to launch their own space programs. New forms of INTs joined the arsenal as technology increased, including more advanced collection of COMINT, ELINT (primarily detection of activated radar) and ACINT (Acoustic Intelligence) to name a mere few. As Soviet submarines increased their numbers and ranges throughout the Atlantic and Pacific, the U.S. Navy installed sophisticated underwater listening posts to detect the acoustic signatures of roaming subs and the Sound Surveillance System Underwater (SOSUS) grew throughout the 1960s into a sprawling undersea intelligence network of its own, feeding increasingly valuable information to the Navy s anti-sub warfare and intelligence communities (ibid,43). CONCLUSION The availability of information continued increasing exponentially and the ranks of analys ts to evaluate it grew accordingly though not always fast enough to keep up with the 10
13 ever increasing influx of information. Vast new quantities of data would often outstrip the community s ability or willingness to analyze it all (Warner, McDonald 2005, 21). In fact, the rapidity with which the whole institution of intelligence advanced led to an irregular, ad hoc expansion of various components that often contributed more to undermining its benefits than to enhancing them. For every intelligence success (and there have been many), there were also failures often quite notable ones. These breakdowns in effectiveness invariably led to reviews and reports and a constant obligation to determine what can be changed, what can be improved, what can be amended to make this institution, the community of intelligence gathering apparatus and personnel, more effective, more efficient and more able to accomplish what the nation needed and expected it to do. Yet, with all its power, all its influence and all its ability, one thing must be understood about Intelligence and its associated disciplines, something that frequently seems to be lost when Presidents, administrations and other makers of policy and procedure set about to their tasks: Intelligence is not a crystal ball, it is not a cure-all. It is nothing more than a tool, albeit a powerful one. It can be used, like any tool, for good or for evil. Its greatest value is in how it is applied, not in its mere existence. Decisions still have to be made by Presidents, by diplomats, by Congress, by military and civilian leaders in countless posts of authority and responsibility. The role of Intelligence (and thus of the Intelligence Professional) is to provide the information and careful analysis necessary to make those decisions from an informed position and it would be hoped to make them with wisdom and discretion, so that America might indeed be Keeper of the Peace or as declared by the United States Navy, A Global Force for Good. 11
14 Images (U) Imagery of Cuban Missile Site at San Cristobal shown to President Kennedy, Oct 1962 Source: (U) Imagery of Russian MRBM site in Cuba, October 1962 Source: 12
15 (U) Modern Imagery of Iranian Qom Missile Facility Source: (U) Modern Imagery of Iranian Qom Missile Facility Showing Medium Security Compound with Bunkers Source: 13
16 References Andrew, Christopher For the President's Eyes Only - Secret Intelligence and the American Presidency from Washington to Bush. New York: Harper Perennial. Ford, Christopher, and David Rosenberg The Admiral's Advantage - U.S. Navy Operational Intelligence in WWII and the Cold War. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. Godson, Roy, and James J. Wirtz Strategic Denial and Deception - The Twenty-First Century Challenge. New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers. Herman, Arthur To Rule the Waves - How the British Navy Shaped the Modern World. New York: Harper Collins. Warner, Michael, and J. Kenneth McDonald U.S. Intelligence Community Reform Studies Since Monograph, Washington, DC: Center for the Study of Intelligence. 14
Foreign Affairs and National Security
Foreign Affairs and National Security Objectives: TLW understand and explain the following questions as it relates to the Foreign affairs of the American Government What is foreign policy? What is the
More informationEspionage and Intelligence. Debra A. Miller, Book Editor
Espionage and Intelligence Debra A. Miller, Book Editor Intelligence... has always been used by the United States to support U.S. military operations, but much of what forms today s intelligence system
More informationDBQ 13: Start of the Cold War
Name Date DBQ 13: Start of the Cold War (Adapted from Document-Based Assessment for Global History, Walch Education) Historical Context: Between 1945 and 1950, the wartime alliance between the United States
More informationAlthough the dominant military confrontations of the 20 th century were centered on the
To what extent were the policies of the United States responsible for the outbreak and development of the Cold War between 1945 and 1949? Although the dominant military confrontations of the 20 th century
More informationUS Intelligence Community. 2005-6 Thomas Patrick Carroll 1
US Intelligence Community 2005-6 Thomas Patrick Carroll 1 Policy (defn): (a) General course of action, selected from among alternatives, intended to guide present and future decisions. (b) A highlevel
More informationCreated by Paul Hallett
The Cuban Missile Crisis was a confrontation during the Cold War between the Soviet Union and the United States regarding the deployment of nuclear missiles in Cuba. The missiles had been placed to protect
More informationName Period Date. The Cold War. Document-Based Question
Name Period Date Task: The Cold War Document-Based Question How effective was the United States government in its attempt to halt the spread of communism in Europe and Asia between the years 1945 and 1975?
More informationThe Implication of TMD System in Japan to China s Security
The Sixth ISODARCO Beijing Seminar on Arms Control October 29-Novermber 1, 1998 Shanghai, China The Implication of TMD System in Japan to China s Security Institute of World Economics & Politics Chinese
More informationWhat Do We Mean by Democracy and Freedom? (Speech scheduled for a Boston America First rally on December 12, 1941 that was never delivered)
What Do We Mean by Democracy and Freedom? (Speech scheduled for a Boston America First rally on December 12, 1941 that was never delivered) In the slogans and propaganda that have been hurled back and
More informationCold War Lesson Plan. Central Historical Question: Who was primarily responsible for the Cold War: The United States or the Soviet Union?
Lesson Plan Central Historical Question: Who was primarily responsible for the : The United States or the Soviet Union? Materials: PowerPoint Copies of Timeline Copies of Documents A-D Copies of Guiding
More informationORIGINAL: ENGLISH 11th May, 1967 DOCUMENT DPC/D(67)23. DEFENCE PLANNING COMMITTEE Decisions of Defence Planning Committee in Ministerial Session
ORIGINAL: ENGLISH 11th May, 1967 DOCUMENT DEFENCE PLANNING COMMITTEE Decisions of Defence Planning Committee in Ministerial Session Note by the Chairman I attach for your information a list of the decisions
More informationCuban Missile Crisis Lesson Plan. Central Historical Question: Why did the Russians pull their missiles out of Cuba?
Lesson Plan Central Historical Question: Why did the Russians pull their missiles out of Cuba? Materials: United Streaming Video Segment: The Hour of Maximum Danger (from Freedom: A History of the US:
More informationFDR AND PEARL HARBOR
FDR AND PEARL HARBOR Almost as soon as the attacks occurred, conspiracy theorists began claiming that President Roosevelt had prior knowledge of the assault on Pearl Harbor. Others have claimed he tricked
More informationCold War Lesson Plan. Central Historical Question: Who was primarily responsible for the Cold War the United States or the Soviet Union?
Cold War Lesson Plan Central Historical Question: Who was primarily responsible for the Cold War the United States or the Soviet Union? Materials: Cold War PowerPoint Copies of Cold War Timeline Copies
More informationWHITE HOUSE OFFICE, OFFICE OF THE SPECIAL ASSISTANT FOR NATIONAL SECURITY AFFAIRS: Records, 1952-61 NSC Series, Briefing Notes Subseries
WHITE HOUSE OFFICE, OFFICE OF THE SPECIAL ASSISTANT FOR NATIONAL SECURITY AFFAIRS: Records, 1952-61 NSC Series, Briefing Notes Subseries CONTAINER LIST Box No. Contents 1 AEC--Policy on Use of Atomic Weapons
More informationMilitary Advisors in Vietnam: 1963
Military Advisors in Vietnam: 1963 Topic: Vietnam Grade Level: 9-12 Subject Area: US History after World War II Time Required: 1 class period Goals/Rationale In the winter of 1963, the eyes of most Americans
More informationWORLD WAR 2 Political and economic conditions in Europe and throughout the world after World War 1 led directly to World War 2:
Political and economic conditions in Europe and throughout the world after World War 1 led directly to World War 2: 1. The Treaty of Versailles, ending World War 1, was particularly harsh on Germany and
More informationGerman initiated battle in western europe that attempted to push back the allied advance that was un. Sample letter requesting financial assistance
German initiated battle in western europe that attempted to push back the allied advance that was un. Sample letter requesting financial assistance from employer. German initiated battle in western europe
More information1. Which of the following is NOT an argument in support of imperialism or expansionism?
U.S I Quarterly Assessment Practice Test Circle the best answer to each question. 1. Which of the following is NOT an argument in support of imperialism or expansionism? A. The United States should become
More informationTEACHER S KEY SESSION 1. THE WORLD BEFORE THE GREAT WAR. PRETASK. 3. Pre- listening.
TEACHER S KEY SESSION 1. THE WORLD BEFORE THE GREAT WAR. PRETASK 3. Pre- listening. 1. Before 1914, the nations of Europe were involved in a race to obtain overseas colonies all over the world, mainly
More informationChapter 22: World War I. Four most powerful European nations in the early 1900s were Great Britain, France, Germany, Russia.
Chapter 22: World War I The Beginnings of World War I World War I was fought from 1914-1918. United States entered World War I in 1917. The Origins of Europe s Great War Nationalism Four most powerful
More informationThe Sequence of Causes of the Cold War
The Sequence of Causes of the Cold War Outside the U.S. In the U.S. 1917 Revolutions in Russia 1917-1919 Russian Civil War 1941-1944 Second Front against Hitler Casablanca Conference 1943 Teheran Conference
More informationBecoming a World Power. The Imperialist Vision. Imperialism (cont) 1872-1912. Americans wanted to develop overseas markets
Becoming a World Power 1872-1912 The Imperialist Vision Imperialism economic and political domination of a strong nation over a weaker one Became popular with countries in Europe Imperialism (cont) Protectorates
More informationU.S. HISTORY 11 TH GRADE LESSON AMERICAN INVOLVEMENT IN WORLD WAR II: THE PACIFIC THEATER 1941-1945
U.S. HISTORY 11 TH GRADE LESSON AMERICAN INVOLVEMENT IN WORLD WAR II: Objectives: TEKS Social Studies US1A, US1C, US6A, US6B, US6C, US22B, US24A, US24B, US24C, US24D, US24E, US25A, US25D 1. The student
More informationInhibition of an Arms Race in Outer Space
Inhibition of an Arms Race in Outer Space Introduction Jinseong Joo The exploration and use of outer space shall be for peaceful purposes and should be carried out for the benefit and in the interest of
More informationAn Interactive Planning Approach to Shaping U.S.-Russian Relations
An Interactive Planning Approach to Shaping U.S.-Russian Relations PONARS Eurasia Policy Memo No. 172 September 2011 Dmitry Gorenburg Harvard University U.S. policy toward Russia, as toward the rest of
More informationCambridge International Examinations Cambridge International General Certificate of Secondary Education
Cambridge International Examinations Cambridge International General Certificate of Secondary Education AMERICAN HISTORY 0409/02 Paper 2 Defining Moments For Examination from 2015 SPECIMEN INSERT 1 hour
More informationTo What Extent is The Cold War a Result of Two Conflicting Ideologies?
Rahaf Alwattar Daniela Morales Kiley Smith Madison So To What Extent is The Cold War a Result of Two Conflicting Ideologies? The Cold War was an unceasing state of political and military tensions between
More informationNixon s Foreign Policy
1 Nixon s Foreign Policy 2 TEKS 1, 24, 24(G), 26 3 Listen 4 5 Listen 6 Listen 7 8 Listen After a period of confrontation, we are entering an era of negotiation. Let all nations know that during this administration
More informationWorld History Course Summary Department: Social Studies. Semester 1
World History Course Summary Department: Social Studies All World History courses (Honors or otherwise) utilize the same targets and indicators for student performance. However, students enrolled in Honors
More informationChapter 18 Practice Exam
Chapter 18 Practice Exam Which of the following accurately describes the United Nations? o The UN, an international organization formed after World War I in an effort to avoid another world war, has always
More informationTable of Contents Part One: Social Studies Curriculum Chapter I: Social Studies Essay Questions and Prewriting Activities
Table of Contents Part One: Social Studies Curriculum Chapter I: Social Studies Essay Questions and Prewriting Activities 1. How the United States Became a World Power 1 2. Immigration 5 3. The Role of
More informationDWIGHT D. EISENHOWER LIBRARY ABILENE, KANSAS. U.S. NATIONAL SECURITY COUNCIL PRESIDENTIAL RECORDS, Intelligence Files: 1953-1961
DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER LIBRARY ABILENE, KANSAS U.S. NATIONAL SECURITY COUNCIL PRESIDENTIAL RECORDS, Intelligence Files: 1953-1961 Accession: 04-12; 11-09 Processed by DJH; MMK This collection consists of
More informationCreated by Paul Hallett
The National Cold War Exhibition and this resource pack will assist in the learning of GCSE Modern World History. As you enter the National Cold War Exhibition read the three information boards on the
More informationA. Poland, Bulgaria, Soviet Union B. France, Spain, Manchuria C. Italy, United States, Japan D. Germany, Italy, Japan
Social Studies Quiz World War II & the Cold War Name Date Read each of the following questions/statements carefully and circle the letter representing the best answer choice. 1. Which was an effect of
More informationAP EUROPEAN HISTORY 2006 SCORING GUIDELINES. Question 7
AP EUROPEAN HISTORY 2006 SCORING GUIDELINES Question 7 Considering the period 1933 to 1945, analyze the economic, diplomatic, and military reasons for Germany s defeat in the Second World War. 9 6: Stronger
More informationIs China Catching Up with the US?
12 Is China Catching Up with the US? Kenneth Lieberthal Opinion Kenneth Lieberthal Is China Catching Up with the US? While China has emerged as a key player in global affairs, significant challenges to
More informationOption 1: Use the Might of the U.S. Military to End the Assad Regime
1 Option 1: Use the Might of the U.S. Military to End the Assad Regime The Syrian dictatorship s use of chemical weapons against its own people was terrible. But we must not let it overshadow the larger
More informationNote Taking Study Guide ORIGINS OF THE VIETNAM WAR
SECTION 1 ORIGINS OF THE VIETNAM WAR Focus Question: Why did the United States become involved in Vietnam? As you read, describe the Vietnam policies of Presidents Truman, Eisenhower, Kennedy, and Johnson.
More informationPart I America Becomes an Imperial Power
Chapter 20 Theodore Roosevelt And Progressive Reform Part I America Becomes an Imperial Power The Monroe Doctrine 1823 President Monroe signs document which is meant to end imperialism in the Western Hemisphere.
More informationWe were allies then, it is the time to join hands now to meet the enormous challenges facing both our nations and the world.
We were allies then, it is the time to join hands now to meet the enormous challenges facing both our nations and the world. U.S. Navy Adm. Mike Mullen and Russian Gen. Nikolay Makarov participated in
More informationReasons for U.S. Involvement in War
Reasons for U.S. Involvement in War The United States has waged several wars throughout its history. These wars have in some ways differed drastically. For example, during the Revolutionary War, cannons
More informationSocial Studies. Directions: Complete the following questions using the link listed below.
Social Studies Name: Directions: Complete the following questions using the link listed below. Questions 1-8: http://www.biography.com/people/adolf-hitler-9340144 (Pages 1-2) Questions 9-17: http://www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/adolf-hitler
More informationSAMPLE COURSE OUTLINE
SAMPLE COURSE OUTLINE MODERN HISTORY ATAR YEAR 12 Unit 4 Elective 1: The changing European world since 1945 Copyright School Curriculum and Standards Authority, 2015 This document apart from any third
More informationSOCIAL STUDIES TEST for e-lessons day 2
SOCIAL STUDIES TEST for e-lessons day 2 Name Directions: Use your own piece of paper as your answer document. Do not print off the test. You will need to only turn in your answer document. 29. The Cold
More informationCold War Spreads to Asia
Cold War Spreads to Asia China China becomes Communist 1920s Mao Zedong leads communist forces against Chiang Kai Shek leader of China s Nationalist government During WWII set aside civil war to resist
More informationcold war Short Answer
cold war Short Answer 1. Recognize Ideologies The banner carried by these East German demonstrators in the autumn of 1989 reads, Improve Politics--only with new Government. Explain the meaning of this
More informationCredit-by-Exam Review - US History A
separation of powers checks and balances individual rights popular sovereignty federalism separation of powers Mayflower Compact Thomas Paine's Common Sense abolitionists What was the difference in the
More informationChapter 8 Notes Rise to World Power. Some Americans supported a foreign policy of isolationism, or noninvolvement, in world affairs.
Chapter 8 Notes Rise to World Power Section 1: Expanding Horizons American Foreign Policy The influence of the United States began to extend to other world regions. Some Americans supported a foreign policy
More informationStandards Addressed by The Choices Program
Standards Addressed by The Choices Program National Standards for the Social Studies National Standards for Social Studies are available online at cnets.iste.org/currstands. Strand I: Culture and Cultural
More informationChapter 9: The Policies of Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson
Chapter 9: The Policies of Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson Department of State, Department of Treasury, Department of War, Attorney General, Postmaster General : 5 government departments established
More informationName: Date: Hour: Allies (Russia in this instance) over the Germans. Allies (British and American forces defeated German forces in Northern Africa)
Name: Date: Hour: World War II Use your textbook and other sources to complete the chart below regarding the significant events that took place during World War II. Answer the questions that follow in
More informationDear Delegates, It is a pleasure to welcome you to the 2014 Montessori Model United Nations Conference.
Dear Delegates, It is a pleasure to welcome you to the 2014 Montessori Model United Nations Conference. The following pages intend to guide you in the research of the topics that will be debated at MMUN
More informationA Bill to Promote More Funding to Women s Health Research to Achieve Women s Rights
A Bill to Promote More Funding to Women s Health Research to Achieve Women s Rights 0 BE IT ENACTED BY THIS UIL CONGRESS HERE ASSEMBLED THAT: Section. Grants more funding to women s health research in
More informationInternational Relations. Simulation: The Treaty of Versailles This activity accompanies slide 15 of The Treaty of Versailles (part 1).
Name: Simulation: The Treaty of Versailles This activity accompanies slide 15 of The Treaty of Versailles (part 1).ppt Instructions You are going to take part in a simulation of the Versailles negotiations.
More informationMacArthur Memorial Education Programs
MacArthur Memorial Education Programs World War II Primary Resources Flag Raising on Iwo Jima, February 23, 1945 Background President Woodrow Wilson described World War I as the war to end all wars. In
More informationWhy did the US want to claim small islands in the Pacific Ocean such as Midway Island and Wake Island?
US History & Government Imperialism Why did the US create an empire in the late 19 th Century? Social: Economic: Political: Religious: Military: China Why did the US want to claim small islands in the
More information1914-1918: WORLD WAR I CFE 3201V
1914-1918: WORLD WAR I CFE 3201V OPEN CAPTIONED NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY 1992 Grade Levels: 10-13+ 25 minutes 1 Instructional Graphic Enclosed DESCRIPTION The forces of nationalism, imperialism, and
More informationEU COOPERATION. The Madrid bombings have provided additional impetus for action. In an 18-page declaration on counter terrorism on
TESTIMONY BY AMBASSADOR J. COFER BLACK COORDINATOR FOR COUNTERTERRORISM DEPARTMENT OF STATE BEFORE THE SENATE FOREIGN RELATIONS SUBCOMMITTEE ON EUROPE MARCH 31, 2004 Thank you Mr. Chairman and members
More informationLesson # Overview Title /Standards. Big Question for lesson (from teaching thesis) Specific lesson Objectives (transfer from above).
Lesson # Overview Title /Standards Big Question for lesson (from teaching thesis) Specific lesson Objectives (transfer from above). Content focused/action verbs Assessment of Objective(s) (you do not need
More informationTHE GREAT WAR and the Shaping of the 20th Century
THE GREAT WAR and the Shaping of the 20th Century Lesson Plan Seven: The Failed Peace Overview With the November, 1918, signing of the Armistice ending hostilities in World War I, an even greater task
More informationThe Foreign Policy of Ukraine
The Foreign Policy of Ukraine One Year After the Orange Revolution PONARS Policy Memo No. 372 Volodymyr Dubovyk Odessa National University December 2005 It has been a year since the Orange Revolution in
More informationNationalism and U.S. Expansion
Chapter 21: American Expansion and International Politics: 1870-1914 Nationalism and U.S. Expansion Diplomatic relations is a relationship between government officials of different nations with frequent
More informationWhite Paper: Cyber Hawk or Digital Dove
White Paper: Cyber Hawk or Digital Dove Published By: SkillBridge, LLC September 18, 2013 Today s Modern Warfare With the recent debate over whether or not the United States should take military action
More informationThe Double Democratic Deficit Parliamentary Accountability and the Use of Force under International Auspices
The Double Democratic Deficit Parliamentary Accountability and the Use of Force under International Auspices Hans Born, Senior Fellow, DCAF Geneva Brussels, 29 April 2004 Presentation given at the Book
More informationChapter 2 Strengthening of the Japan-U.S. Alliance
Chapter 2 Strengthening of the Japan-U.S. Alliance Based on the Japan U.S. Security Treaty, the Japan-U.S. Security Arrangements, together with Japan s own efforts, constitute the cornerstone for Japan
More informationFinal. Mark Scheme. General Certificate of Education June 2013. A2 History 2041 HIS3N Unit 3N. Aspects of International Relations, 1945 2004
Version 1.0: 0613 General Certificate of Education June 2013 A2 History 2041 HIS3N Unit 3N Aspects of International Relations, 1945 2004 Final Mark Scheme Mark schemes are prepared by the Principal Examiner
More informationUNIT #7 Hot & Cold: World War II & Its Aftermath
The following instructional plan is part of a GaDOE collection of Unit Frameworks, Performance Tasks, examples of Student Work, and Teacher Commentary for Fifth Grade Social Studies. UNIT #7 Hot & Cold:
More informationThe Nuclear Weapons Debate
Scottish CND - Education Pack The Nuclear Weapons Debate Scottish CND s educational resource Nuclear Weapons: Yes or No is aimed at late primary to early secondary school pupils. It has 4 units: The Nuclear
More informationHome Security: Russia s Challenges
Home Security: Russia s Challenges A Russian Perspective Andrei Fedorov * Home security: Russia s challenges Home security and the struggle against terrorism is one of the most crucial issues for the Russian
More informationThe Korean War Veteran. Respect and Appreciation grows for Canada s Military
The Korean War Veteran Internet Journal - November 9, 2011 (Filed from Korea) Respect and Appreciation grows for Canada s Military By Peter Worthington grown across the country. Lieutenant Peter Worthington
More informationImperialism. The Spanish American War. And. Page1
Imperialism And he Spanish American War Page1 SOL Standard USII.5a Reasons for the Spanish American War Protection of American Business interests in Cuba American support of Cuban rebels to gain independence
More informationWho Governs? CHAPTER 22 REVIEWING THE CHAPTER CHAPTER FOCUS STUDY OUTLINE
CHAPTER 22 Who Governs? REVIEWING THE CHAPTER CHAPTER FOCUS This chapter provides an overview of American politics and central themes of the text, namely, Who Governs? To What Ends? A broad perspective
More informationTrends in US foreign policy before 1900
Trends in US foreign policy before 1900 Instances of the Use of U.S. Armed forces the 19 th and 20th Centuries Scope N.A. C-L.A. AF ME-CA Asia Europe Pac Total 1801-1900 2 7 3 0 4 1 6 23 1901-2000 1 8
More informationHow To Study Political Science At Pcj.Edu
Political Science Courses-1 American Politics POL 110/American Government Examines the strengths and weaknesses, problems and promise of representative democracy in the United States. Surveys the relationships
More informationPrepared for Members and Committees of Congress
Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress Œ œ Ÿ Iran has an active interest in developing, acquiring, and deploying a broad range of ballistic missiles, as well as developing a space launch capability.
More informationINTERVIEW WITH ANDERS FOGH RASMUSSEN *
INTERVIEW WITH ANDERS FOGH RASMUSSEN * In this exclusive interview with TPQ, the Honorable Secretary General provides an overview of the major developments of the past two years in Turkey s neighborhood,
More informationThe History of Tinker AFB
The History of Tinker AFB 70+ Years in the Heartland of America Tinker AFB History In October 1940, as German troops rolled through Europe and Japan expanded its empire, a dozen Oklahoma City businessmen
More informationHow successful was the Civil Rights campaign in achieving its aims between 1950 and 1965? I have a dream...
How successful was the Civil Rights campaign in achieving its aims between 1950 and 1965? I have a dream... Civil Rights Aims Desegregation Voting Rights Civil Rights End to Discrimination Methods Legal
More informationPros and Cons Evenly Matched on Constitutional Revision
Pros and Cons Evenly Matched on Constitutional Revision From the Attitude Survey on the Constitution of Japan 1 January 2016 ARAMAKI Hiroshi MASAKI Miki Public Opinion Research Division NHK Broadcasting
More informationThe Roaring Twenties Great Depression
The Roaring Twenties Great Depression Standard 7-4.3 Explain the causes and effects of the worldwide depression that took place in the 1930s, including the effects of the economic crash of 1929. What is
More informationThe National Counterintelligence Strategy of the United States
The National Counterintelligence Strategy of the United States Office of the National Counterintelligence Executive March 2005 National Counterintelligence Strategy of the United States PREFACE The Counterintelligence
More informationStatement of James Costos. Ambassador Designate to Spain. Senate Foreign Relations Committee. July 25, 2013
Statement of James Costos Ambassador Designate to Spain Senate Foreign Relations Committee July 25, 2013 Chairman Murphy, Ranking Member Johnson, Members of the Committee, Thank you for the opportunity
More informationWhy China s Rise Will Not Be Peaceful
Can China Rise Peacefully John Mearsheimer September 17, 2004 Why China s Rise Will Not Be Peaceful The question at hand is simple and profound: can China rise peacefully? My answer is no. If China continues
More informationThe Meaning of Russia s Campaign in Syria
Defense and Intelligence The Meaning of Russia s Campaign in Syria By S.R. Covington Foreword by Kevin Ryan December 2015 Defense and Intelligence The Meaning of Russia s Campaign in Syria By S.R. Covington
More informationDoes NATO s Article V Genuinely Protect Its Members?
Does NATO s Article V Genuinely Protect Its Members? NATO has been the most successful alliance of history. We repeat this truth quite frequently, especially now that we celebrate 60 years of its successful
More informationAFRICAN-AMERICAN CONTRIBUTIONS SERIES presented by BlueCross BlueShield of Tennessee THE COLOR OF BLOOD TIME LINE OF MILITARY INTEGRATION
AFRICAN-AMERICAN CONTRIBUTIONS SERIES presented by BlueCross BlueShield of Tennessee THE COLOR OF BLOOD TIME LINE OF MILITARY INTEGRATION 1639 The Virginia House of Burgesses passed the first legislation
More informationGOOD SECURITY IS A GROUP EFFORT
THE OFFICE OF SECURITY Operations Security (OPSEC) GOOD SECURITY IS A GROUP EFFORT Operations Security (OPSEC) "Even minutiae should have a place in our collection, for things of a seemingly trifling nature,
More informationUNDERSTANDING NATO THE ORIGINS OF THE ALLIANCE
UNDERSTANDING NATO THE ORIGINS OF THE ALLIANCE In the aftermath of the Second World War, East and West Europe found themselves separated by the ideological and political divisions of the Cold War. Eastern
More informationThreat Intelligence: Friend of the Enterprise
SECURELY ENABLING BUSINESS Threat Intelligence: Friend of the Enterprise Danny Pickens Principal Intelligence Analyst MSS FishNet Security DANNY PICKENS Principal Intelligence Analyst, FishNet Security
More informationTimeline of the Cold War
Timeline of the Cold War 1945 Defeat of Germany and Japan February 4-11: May 8: July: August 6: August 8: August 9: August 14 : August 15: 1946 February 9: March 5 : March 10: July 1: July 25: Yalta Conference
More informationFUNDING FOR DEFENSE, MILITARY OPERATIONS, HOMELAND SECURITY, AND RELATED ACTIVITIES SINCE
FUNDING FOR DEFENSE, MILITARY OPERATIONS, HOMELAND SECURITY, AND RELATED ACTIVITIES SINCE 9/11 Steven Kosiak, Director of Budget Studies, Center for Strategic & Budgetary Assessments Since the terrorist
More informationMA PROGRAM IN MILITARY STRATEGIC STUDIES INTRODUCTION
MA PROGRAM IN MILITARY STRATEGIC STUDIES INTRODUCTION WHAT IS MSS The interdisciplinary Military Strategic Studies program is concerned with understanding, analyzing and explaining the military dimension
More informationCOLD WAR-MEANING, CAUESE, HISTORY AND IMPACT
COLD WAR-MEANING, CAUESE, HISTORY AND IMPACT INTRODUCTION After Second World War the period of International Relations from 1945 to 1990 is known as the period of Cold war. In fact, after the war, the
More informationPEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA. (New York, May 4, 2010) Please Check Against Delivery MISSION TO THE UNITED NATIONS
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA MISSION TO THE UNITED NATIONS 350 EAST 35TH STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10016 Please Check Against Delivery Statement by H.E. Ambassador Li Baodong Head of the Chinese Delegation at
More informationAdolf Hitler. The man that did the unthinkable
Adolf Hitler The man that did the unthinkable Hitler s Childhood Born on April 20 th 1889 His hometown is the Austrian town of Braunau His Mother was a housemaid while his father was an Austrian Custom
More informationHistory (Specification B)
General Certificate of Secondary Education Specimen for June 2015 examinations History (Specification B) Unit 1 91451 International Relations: Conflict and Peace in the Twentieth Century Specimen for June
More information