Safe Transport of Radioactive Material

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1 Safe Transport of Radioactive Material Fourth Edition 1 TRAINING COURSE SERIES IENNA VIENNA,

2 IAEA SAFETY RELATED PUBLICATIONS IAEA SAFETY STANDARDS Under the terms of Article III of its Statute, the IAEA is authorized to establish or adopt standards of safety for protection of health and minimization of danger to life and property, and to provide for the application of these standards. The publications by means of which the IAEA establishes standards are issued in the IAEA Safety Standards Series. This series covers nuclear safety, radiation safety, transport safety and waste safety, and also general safety (i.e. all these areas of safety). The publication categories in the series are Safety Fundamentals, Safety Requirements and Safety Guides. Safety standards are coded according to their coverage: nuclear safety (NS), radiation safety (RS), transport safety (TS), waste safety (WS) and general safety (GS). Information on the IAEA s safety standards programme is available at the IAEA Internet site The site provides the texts in English of published and draft safety standards. The texts of safety standards issued in Arabic, Chinese, French, Russian and Spanish, the IAEA Safety Glossary and a status report for safety standards under development are also available. For further information, please contact the IAEA at P.O. Box 100, A-1400 Vienna, Austria. All users of IAEA safety standards are invited to inform the IAEA of experience in their use (e.g. as a basis for national regulations, for safety reviews and for training courses) for the purpose of ensuring that they continue to meet users needs. Information may be provided via the IAEA Internet site or by post, as above, or by to Official.Mail@iaea.org. OTHER SAFETY RELATED PUBLICATIONS The IAEA provides for the application of the standards and, under the terms of Articles III and VIII.C of its Statute, makes available and fosters the exchange of information relating to peaceful nuclear activities and serves as an intermediary among its Member States for this purpose. Reports on safety and protection in nuclear activities are issued in other publications series, in particular the Safety Reports Series. Safety Reports provide practical examples and detailed methods that can be used in support of the safety standards. Other IAEA series of safety related publications are the Provision for the Application of Safety Standards Series, the Radiological Assessment Reports Series and the International Nuclear Safety Group s INSAG Series. The IAEA also issues reports on radiological accidents and other special publications. Safety related publications are also issued in the Technical Reports Series, the IAEA-TECDOC Series, the Training Course Series and the IAEA Services Series, and as Practical Radiation Safety Manuals and Practical Radiation Technical Manuals. Security related publications are issued in the IAEA Nuclear Security Series.

3 TRAINING COURSE SERIES No. 1 Safe Transport of Radioactive Material Fourth Edition INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, VIENNA, 2006

4 The originating Section of this publication in the IAEA was: Radiation Safety Section International Atomic Energy Agency Wagramer Strasse 5 P.O. Box 100 A-1400 Vienna, Austria SAFE TRANSPORT OF RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL IAEA, VIENNA, 2006 IAEA-TCS-01/04 ISSN IAEA, 2006 Printed by the IAEA in Austria August 2006

5 FOREWORD Since 1957, the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) has exerted efforts towards developing and maintaining its Regulations for the Safe Transport of Radioactive Material. The IAEA s Transport Regulations are used worldwide as the basis for the safety requirements of relevant international organizations (including the United Nations Economic and Social Council, International Civil Aviation Organization, International Maritime Organization, UN Economic Commission for Europe, Universal Postal Union, and MERCOSUR/MERCOSUL) as well as the national transport regulations of many IAEA Member States. Indeed, Member States recognized at the IAEA General Conference in 1998 that compliance with regulations which take account of the Agency s Transport Regulations is providing a high level of safety during the transport of radioactive materials. Meeting its statutory obligation to foster the exchange and training of scientists and experts in the field of peaceful uses of atomic energy, the IAEA has developed a standardized approach to transport safety training as a means of helping Member States to implement the Transport Regulations. Under this approach, and compatible with a train-the-trainer concept, the IAEA provides training at the international level on the full requirements of its Transport Regulations to Member States competent authorities responsible for regulating the safe transport of radioactive material in their respective countries. In turn, those that have been trained by the IAEA are expected to disseminate their knowledge at a national level on applicable aspects of the Transport Regulations. This training manual is an anchor of the standardized approach to training: it contains all the topics presented in the sequential order recommended by the IAEA for the student to gain a thorough understanding of the body of knowledge that is needed to ensure that radioactive material ranked as Class 7 in the United Nations nomenclature for dangerous goods is transported safely. The explanations in the text refer, where needed, to the appropriate requirements in the IAEA s Transport Regulations; additional useful information is also provided. Thus, this training manual in addition to the Transport Regulations and their supporting documents is used by the IAEA as the basis for delivering all of its training courses on the safe transport of radioactive material. Enclosed with the training manual is a CD-ROM that contains the text of the manual as well as the visual aids that are used at the IAEA s training courses. The visual aids are presented in modules that are keyed to the chapters of the training manual. IAEA training courses are mainly intended for national competent authorities for radioactive material, and address the full requirements of the Transport Regulations. However, training is also needed at courses not usually organized by the IAEA: for regulatory staff needing only certain aspects of the Transport Regulations (e.g. non-nuclear fuel cycle requirements) or for non-regulatory personnel (e.g. consignors and carriers, emergency first responders and drivers); visual aids for such courses are also available on the CD-ROM. Training courses for Member States national purposes may be based on these other sets of visual aids, the contents of which need only be expanded to address applicable national requirements. This edition of the training manual is based on the IAEA s Regulations for the Safe Transport of Radioactive Material (TS-R-1, 2005 Edition). It includes the updated training manual for the comprehensive training programme (duration 2 weeks), and two annexes one relating to a new training manual for a short training programme for public authorities other

6 than competent authorities (duration half day) and the other, a new training manual for a short training programme for cargo personnel including cargo handlers and vehicle crew (duration half day). This edition features exercises that have been included at the end of every chapter to help students gauge their own understanding of the topics addressed in each chapter. Prepared answers can be obtained by training course administrators from the IAEA on request. The Secretariat wishes to express its gratitude to all experts who have contributed to the preparation of this manual. from: Information about the IAEA s transport safety training programme may be obtained M.E. Wangler, Head, Safety of Transport of Radioactive Material Unit, Div. of Radiation Transport and Waste Safety, IAEA, P.O. Box 100, A-1400 Vienna, Austria Tel.: (+43 1) 2600 Ext Fax.: (+43 1) M.E.Wangler@iaea.org EDITORIAL NOTE The use of particular designations of countries or territories does not imply any judgement by the publisher, the IAEA, as to the legal status of such countries or territories, of their authorities and institutions or of the delimitation of their boundaries. The mention of names of specific companies or products (whether or not indicated as registered) does not imply any intention to infringe proprietary rights, nor should it be construed as an endorsement or recommendation on the part of the IAEA.

7 CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION Objectives Course overview The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Statute Mission and functions Roles and responsibilities Services and information Uses of radioactive material Food irradiation Health care product and consumer product irradiation Insect control Nuclear applications in medicine Nuclear applications in industry Nuclear reactors The IAEA s transport safety programme Organization Missions and functions Roles and responsibilities Interfaces with transport safety regulatory organizations IAEA Regulations for the safe transport of radioactive material History and development Basic philosophy Scope Units Documents supporting the regulations Overview of competent authority responsibilities Interfaces between transport and other aspects of radioactive material Interfaces with waste management programmes and with facilities Interfaces with other materials Interfaces with safeguards and physical protection functions REFERENCES FOR CHAPTER EXERCISES FOR CHAPTER REVIEW OF RADIOACTIVITY AND RADIATION Basic atomic and nuclear structure Atoms and nuclei Elements Isotopes Notation Prefixes Radioactivity Chart of the nuclides Radioactive decay and half-life Quantities and units... 36

8 2.3. Radiation Ionization Alpha radiation Beta radiation Gamma radiation Neutron radiation Fission Criticality EXERCISES FOR CHAPTER REVIEW OF RADIATION PROTECTION PRINCIPLES Some quantities and units Absorbed dose Radiation weighting factors and equivalent dose Tissue weighting factors and effective dose Committed equivalent dose Committed effective dose Collective equivalent dose and collective effective dose Collective effective dose commitment Radiation level Background radiation levels Natural background radiation Man-made background radiation Biological effects Short term biological effects Long term biological effects The system of radiation protection Principles Justification Dose limits Optimization Dose constraints Control of the radiation hazard Time Distance Shielding Control of the contamination hazard Containment External and internal personal contamination Protective clothing Fixed and removable contamination Controlled areas Radiation protection programmes Non-compliance Basics of Q system REFERENCES FOR CHAPTER EXERCISES FOR CHAPTER

9 4. REGULATORY TERMINOLOGY SPECIAL FORM A 1 and A Specific activity Exemptions Excepted material Low specific activity material LSA-I LSA-II LSA-III Surface contaminated objects Fissile material Fissile excepted Consignment, consignor, consignee, carrier and conveyance Exclusive use Packaging, containment and confinement Excepted packages Industrial packages Type A packages Type B packages Type C packages Fissile packages Overpacks, freight containers, intermediate bulk containers and tanks Low dispersible radioactive material Transport index Criticality safety index Special arrangement Competent authority Quality assurance and compliance assurance REFERENCE FOR CHAPTER EXERCISES FOR CHAPTER BASIC SAFETY CONCEPTS: MATERIALS AND PACKAGES Basic safety concepts Inherent safety Passive safety Active safety Summary of objectives of Transport Regulations Radioactive material Packages Optimization EXERCISES FOR CHAPTER ACTIVITY LIMITS AND MATERIAL RESTRICTIONS Derivation of A 1 /A 2 limits Background... 83

10 Basis of the Q-system Dosimetric models and assumptions Alpha emitters Neutron emitters Bremsstrahlung radiation Tritium and its compounds Radon and its progeny Assessment of low specific activity material having unlimited A 1 or A 2 values Tabulation of Q values and selection of A 1 and A 2 limits Consideration of physical and chemical properties Multiple exposure pathways Summary of Q-system development for TS-R-1 A 1 and A 2 values A 1 /A 2 ratios, mixtures, and unlisted radionuclides A 1 /A 2 values for mixtures, unknown quantities and unlisted radionuclides Mixtures of radionuclides Known radionuclides, but unknown individual activities Unlisted radionuclides Material types Exempt quantities for material and consignments Use of A 2 values for LSA material Low dispersible material REFERENCES FOR CHAPTER EXERCISES FOR CHAPTER SELECTION OF OPTIMAL PACKAGE TYPE Introduction Excepted packages Contents limits Types of contents Industrial packages Type 1 (Type IP-1) Contents limits Types of contents Industrial packages Type 2 (Type IP-2) Contents limits Types of contents Industrial packages Type 3 (Type IP-3) Contents limits Types of contents Type A packages Contents limits Types of contents Type B(U) and B(M) packages Contents limits Types of contents Lightweight Type B(U) and B(M) packages

11 Type B(U) packages containing very large quantities of activity Type C packages Contents limits Types of contents Packages containing uranium hexafluoride Content limits REFERENCE FOR CHAPTER EXERCISES FOR CHAPTER TEST PROCEDURES: MATERIAL AND PACKAGES Material LSA-III Material Special form radioactive material Low dispersible radioactive material Excepted packages Requirements Design considerations Examples Industrial packages Type 1 (Type IP-1) Requirements Design considerations Examples Industrial packages Type 2 (Type IP-2) Requirements Design considerations Examples Industrial packages Type 3 (Type IP-3) Requirements Design considerations Examples Type A packages general Requirements Design considerations Examples Type A packages liquids or gases Requirements Design considerations Examples Type B(U) and B(M) packages Requirements for Type B(U) packages Requirements for Type B(M) packages Design considerations Examples Approvals Lightweight/low density Type B(U) and B(M) packages Requirements Design considerations and approvals

12 Examples Type B packages containing high quantities of radioactivity Requirements Design considerations and approvals Example Type C packages Requirements Design considerations Approvals Examples Packages containing uranium hexafluoride Requirements Design considerations Approvals Examples Introduction to test procedures Overall procedure Material tests Test for LSA-III material Tests for special form radioactive material Impact test Leaching tests for LSA-III material and low dispersible radioactive material Tests for normal conditions of transport Acceptance criteria Water spray test Free drop tests Stacking test Penetration test Additional tests for Type A packages containing liquids or gases Tests for accident conditions of transport Overview and basis Pass criteria Mechanical test Thermal test Immersion test Enhanced water immersion test Type C tests Puncture/tearing test Enhanced thermal test Impact test Test facilities Facilities for testing normal conditions of transport Facilities for testing accident conditions of transport Facilities for the Type C impact test Model testing Reasons for model testing Replication, scalability and validity REFERENCES FOR CHAPTER

13 EXERCISES FOR CHAPTER REQUIREMENTS FOR TRANSPORT (CONSIGNOR S RESPONSIBILITIES) Controls Radiation exposure controls Contamination limit controls The Criticality Safety Index (CSI) Activity limit controls Exclusive use shipments Separation and segregation Communications Markings Labelling of packages and overpacks Placarding of freight containers, tanks, and rail and road vehicles Communication documents Notifications EXERCISES FOR CHAPTER CONTROL OF MATERIAL IN TRANSPORT (CONSIGNOR S AND CARRIER S RESPONSIBILITIES) Consignor s responsibilities Material definition and package selection Use of the Schedules Other administrative responsibilities Carrier s responsibilities Regulatory responsibilities Practical responsibilities Stowage General provisions Transport Index Limits (TI) and Criticality Safety Index (CSI) Segregation Maximum radiation levels Storage in transit Customs Undeliverable packages Physical protection Use of agents REFERENCE FOR CHAPTER EXERCISES FOR CHAPTER CLASSIFICATION OF LSA MATERIAL AND SCO LSA and SCO Classification of LSA Material into I, II and III LSA-I LSA-II LSA-III

14 11.3 Classification of SCO-I and II LSA or SCO? Common LSA materials Contaminated LSA Collection of small, contaminated objects Activated metals or radioactive material solidified or absorbed Major considerations REFERENCES FOR CHAPTER EXERCISES FOR CHAPTER QUALITY ASSURANCE Introduction to quality assurance Development of a quality assurance programme General Minimum requirements for a Quality Assurance Programme Quality Assurance and the different phases of transport Documentation and Quality Assurance Quality assurance standards Elements of a Quality Assurance Programme Graded approach Conclusions REFERENCES FOR CHAPTER EXERCISE FOR CHAPTER FISSILE MATERIAL: REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS AND OPERATIONAL ASPECTS Introduction Criticality Definitions for fissile material Examples of consignments of fissile material Requirements for packages containing fissile material General principles Exceptions from the requirements for packages containing fissile material Methods of criticality safety assessment Special package design and test requirements Assessment of an individual package in isolation Assessment of package arrays Controls in transport and storage in transit Pre-shipment checks Determination of Criticality Safety Index (CSI) Categories of packages, marking, labels and placards Transport documents Limits on CSI during transport and storage in transit Approvals and administrative requirements Competent Authority approval

15 Information on approval certificates Physical protection and safeguards Physical protection Safeguards REFERENCE FOR CHAPTER EXERCISES FOR CHAPTER NATIONAL COMPETENT AUTHORITY The role of the national competent authority Need for the Competent Authority Identity of the Competent Authority Duties of the Competent Authority Technical resources Regulations National regulations International regulations Implementation Compliance Assurance Approvals Quality Assurance Emergency planning Radiation protection Administration Issuance of certificates ID marking Receipt of notifications Recording of incidents Information Regulatory guidance Policy guidance to government and response to public concerns Training Co-ordination of research Physical protection and safeguards Third party liability Addressing delay / denial of shipments REFERENCES FOR CHAPTER EXERCISES FOR CHAPTER ADDITIONAL REGULATORY CONSTRAINTS FOR TRANSPORT Introduction United Nations Economic and Social Council Committee of Experts on the Transport of Dangerous Goods (UN-ECOSOC) Transport by sea International Maritime Organization (IMO) Introduction IMO regulations concerning the transport of dangerous cargoes Technical assistance Transport by air

16 International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Transport by post - Universal Postal Union (UPU) European regional agreements for inland transport International Regulations Concerning the Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Rail (RID) European Agreement Concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road (ADR) European Provision concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Inland Waterways (ADN and ADNR) Regional agreements in South America The South American Common Market MERCOSUR/MERCOSUL Agreement of Partial Reach to Facilitate the Transport of Dangerous Goods REFERENCES FOR CHAPTER EXERCISE FOR CHAPTER INTERNATIONAL LIABILITY AND INSURANCE Introduction Background Paris and Vienna Conventions Liability Scope of application Nuclear material/substances Financial limits Insurance Time limits Territorial scope Jurisdiction Exoneration Liability during transport Liability during storage in transit Liability during carriage of nuclear material/substances belonging to more than one operator Damage to the means of transport Certificates Other International Agreements Linking the Paris and the Vienna Conventions Brussels Convention Revision of the Vienna Convention Protocol to Amend the Vienna Convention Convention on Supplementary Compensation REFERENCES FOR CHAPTER EXERCISE FOR CHAPTER EMERGENCY PLANNING AND PREPAREDNESS

17 17.1 Introduction Overview of Safety Guide TS-G Emergency response planning Need for emergency response planning Type of emergency response planning Basis of emergency response planning Creation of national emergency response network Consequences of transport accidents Response to transport accidents Initial phase Accident control phase Post-emergency phase Transport modes other than road Responsibilities for emergency planning and preparedness Training, drills, exercises and plan review Public information International notification and assistance Introduction Convention on Early Notification of a Nuclear Accident Convention on Assistance in the Case of a Nuclear Accident or Radiological Emergency A review of selected nuclear transport event case histories Introduction Case history No. 1 - Boston, Massachusetts, 23 February 1968 [7] Case history No. 2 Buenos Aires, Argentina, 24 June 1975 [11] Case history No. 3 Houston, Texas, 27 January Case history No. 4 Toronto, Ontario, Canada, 26 March Case history No. 5 Montreal, Quebec, Canada, 23 May 1989 [12] Case history No. 6 Springfield, Massachusetts, 16 December 1991 [13] Case history No. 7 - Propane truck collision with bridge column and fire white plains, New York, 27 July, REFERENCES FOR CHAPTER EXERCISE FOR CHAPTER TRAINING IAEA Training policy Introduction Competence Training requirements Training system Preparing a training programme Analysis Design

18 Development Implementation Evaluation Training programmes General Training for supervisory personnel Training for emergencies Continuing training Experience requirements General Managers Practitioners and hands-on persons Authorization General Basis for authorization Re-authorization Records Assistance available from the IAEA Areas of responsibility Training programme aims and objectives for policy makers and senior managers Training programme aims and objectives for managers and responsible persons Training programme aims and objectives for drivers of road vehicles Training courses available REFERENCES FOR CHAPTER EXERCISE FOR CHAPTER SERVICES PROVIDED BY THE IAEA Data collection Regulations development and maintenance Implementation of the Regulations Training and public information IAEA Training Training material for national training programmes Public information Transport Safety Appraisal Service (TranSAS) Computer tools REFERENCES FOR CHAPTER EXERCISE FOR CHAPTER TYPICAL PROGRAMME FOR A COMPREHENSIVE TRAINING COURSE ON THE SAFE TRANSPORT OF RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL ANNEX A

19 TRAINING MANUAL FOR PUBLIC AUTHORITIES A1. BASICS OF RADIOACTIVITY AND THE SIGNIFICANCE OF TRANSPORTING RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL A1.1. Basic atomic and nuclear structure A Atoms and nuclei A Protons and neutrons A Isotopes A1.2. Radioactivity A Radioactive decay and half-life A1.3. Radiation A Ionization A Alpha radiation A Beta radiation A Gamma radiation A1.4 Some units of relevance to radiation protection A1.4.1 Activity A1.4.2 Dose A1.5 Background radiation levels A1.6. Uses of radioactive material A Health care product and consumer product irradiation A Nuclear applications in medicine A Food irradiation A Insect control A Nuclear applications in industry A Nuclear reactors A Importance of effective and efficient transport REFERENCES FOR CHAPTER A EXERCISE FOR CHAPTER A A2. SAFETY OF TRANSPORT OF RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL A2.1. Control of the radiation hazard A Time A Distance A Shielding A2.2. Explanation of Terms used in the Regulations A Radioactive material A Special form radioactive material A Consignment, consignor, consignee, carrier and conveyance A Exclusive use A Packaging and package A Transport index A Competent authority A Quality assurance and compliance assurance A Control of the contamination hazard A Radiation protection programmes A2.3. Types of Packages used for transport of radioactive material A Unpackaged consignment

20 A Excepted packages A Industrial packages Types 1,2 and 3 (Type IP-1, IP-2 and 3) A Type A packages A Type B(U) and B(M) packages A2.4. Test requirements REFERENCES FOR CHAPTER A EXERCISE FOR CHAPTER A A3. REGULATIONS FOR THE SAFE TRANSPORT OF RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL A3.1. National regulations A3.2. Interfaces with transport safety regulatory organizations A International Commission on Radiation Protection (ICRP) and the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) A International Maritime Organization (IMO) A International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) A International Air Transport Association (IATA) A Universal Postal Union (UPU) A Regional agreements for modal transport A3.3. Design safety and administrative measures A3.4. Role of regulatory authorities A3.5. Emergency situations A3.6. Safe and unhindered transport of radioactive material A3.7. Conclusion EXERCISES FOR CHAPTER A TYPICAL TRAINING PROGRAMME SCHEDULE: SAFETY OF TRANSPORT OF RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL FOR PUBLIC AUTHORITIES ANNEX B TRAINING MANUAL FOR CARGO PERSONNEL B1. THE SIGNIFICANCE OF TRANSPORTING RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL B1.1. Uses of radioactive material B Health care product and consumer product irradiation B Nuclear applications in medicine B1.1.3 Food irradiation B Insect control B1.1.5 Nuclear applications in industry B1.2. Nuclear reactors B1.3. Importance of effective and efficient transport REFERENCES FOR CHAPTER B EXERCISE FOR CHAPTER B

21 B2. THE BASIC PRINCIPLES OF RADIATION PROTECTION AND QUANTITIES AND UNITS FOR ACTIVITY AND DOSE B2.1. Basic atomic and nuclear structure B Atoms and nuclei B Protons and neutrons B Isotopes B2.2. Radioactivity B Radioactive decay and half-life B2.3. Radiation B Ionization B Alpha radiation B Beta radiation B Gamma radiation B2.4. Some units of relevance to radiation protection B Activity B Dose B2.5. Background radiation levels B2.6. Control of the radiation hazard B Time B Distance B Shielding B2.7. Control of the contamination hazard B2.8. Controlled areas B2.9. Radiation protection programmes B2.10. Non-compliance REFERENCES FOR CHAPTER EXERCISE FOR CHAPTER B3. REGULATION OF TRANSPORT OF RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL B3.1. National Regulations B3.2. Worldwide transport of radioactive material B International Commission on Radiation Protection (ICRP) and the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) B International Maritime Organization (IMO) B International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) B International Air Transport Association (IATA) B Universal Postal Union (UPU) B Regional agreements for modal transport B3.3. Safe transport of radioactive material B3.4. Measurement of radiation level B3.5. Emergency situations B3.6. Conclusion EXERCISE FOR CHAPTER B TYPICAL TRAINING PROGRAMME SCHEDULE: SAFETY OF TRANSPORT OF RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL FOR CARGO PERSONNEL CONTRIBUTORS TO DRAFTING AND REVIEW

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23 1. INTRODUCTION The transport of radioactive material embraces the carriage of radioisotopes for industrial, medical, and research uses, as well as the shipment of radioactive waste, and consignments of nuclear fuel cycle material. It has been estimated that, throughout the world, between eighteen and thirty-eight million package shipments of radioactive material take place each year [1]. The United Nations (UN) approved the statutes of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) in October 1956, and these statutes entered into force on 29 July 1957 [2]. The mandate given to the IAEA at its creation was to promote peaceful applications of atomic energy worldwide for humanity s benefit while, simultaneously, guarding against the spread of its destructive use [3]. One of the first tasks undertaken by the IAEA following its creation was the development of regulatory standards for ensuring the safe packaging and transport of radioactive material. Work on the safe transport of radioactive material was initiated at the IAEA in July 1959 when the United Nations Economic and Social Council requested that the IAEA be entrusted with the drafting of recommendations on the transport of radioactive substances [4]. The result of this effort was the publication of the IAEA s Regulations for the Safe Transport of Radioactive Materials 1, 1961 Edition, Safety Series No. 6 [5]. This first edition of the Regulations established basic prescriptions in terms of packaging standards and package make-up for the containment of radioactive material and for the prevention of criticality when the material is fissile [4]. Since the Regulations were first issued, the IAEA has diligently worked with its Member States and relevant international organizations to update the Regulations, taking advantage of experience in the application of the Regulations and of advances in technology and knowledge. Consequently, the IAEA has issued the following revisions to the Regulations: Edition Edition Edition Edition (As Amended 1979) Edition (Supplemented 1986, 1888) Edition (As Amended 1990) [6] Edition Edition (As Revised 2000) Edition (As Amended 2003) Edition Throughout this document, when the IAEA s Regulations for the Safe Transport of Radioactive Material is being referred to, it is denoted by capitalizing the first letter in the word Regulations. This is to distinguish the IAEA Regulations from other national and international requirements, regulations and codes. 1 In issuing the 1985 Edition, the title of the Regulations was modified, changing the word to the singular material rather than the plural materials which had been used in previous editions. It was decided, during the 1985 review, to use the singular for radioactive material both in the title of the Regulations and throughout the regulatory provisions. Therefore, that practice is continued here. 1

24 The 1996 Edition of the Regulations was issued with a new nomenclature. It was identified as IAEA Safety Standards Series, Requirements, No. ST-1, [7] rather than Safety Series No. 6. In 2000 a revised edition of ST-1 was issued. This 2000 edition was identified as IAEA Safety Standards Series, Requirements, No. TS-R-1 (ST-1 Revised), It was revised in 2003 and again in Henceforth in this training manual, unless otherwise noted, the Regulations meansts-r-1 [8]. In approving the first revision to the Regulations in 1964, the IAEA s Board of Governors authorized the Director General to apply the Regulations to IAEA operations. Member States and other relevant organizations were encouraged to use the Regulations as a basis for their respective national regulations for domestic and international transport [9]. As a result, the Regulations have been adopted worldwide by Member States and international regulatory bodies as the basis for relevant national and international regulations. As one means of promoting safety in transport, as well as encouraging harmony in regulatory control, the IAEA has from time to time organized training courses with the cooperation of Member State Governments and organizations. These have been aimed at individuals from developing countries with appropriate responsibilities in the area of the transport regulations and their implementation. The programme started with individual training courses to specific Member States in the early 1980s and a regional training course for the sub-andean countries in Beginning in 1987 (with a course held at Bristol, United Kingdom), formal regional and inter-regional training courses have been held about once per year. Thus far they have been held in Argentina, Australia, Belarus, Belgium, France, Germany, Lebanon, Lithuania, Syria, the United Kingdom, and the United States. In order to encourage further training, the IAEA found it desirable to develop a basic course text on the safe transport of radioactive material. It was therefore decided that the lecture notes from the 1987 course held at Bristol would form the basis of this text, and that it would be focussed on the 1985 Edition of the Regulations [9]. The result was the IAEA s Training Course Series No. 1 on the Safe Transport of Radioactive Material, which was updated to a second edition in 1991 [10]. To facilitate training, a Supplement to Training Course Series No. 1 on the Safe Transport of Radioactive Material was developed and issued in 1996 [11]. The current text is a further update of the training manual to make it consistent with the latest TS-R-1 Regulations [8], and to encompass the IAEA s desire to structure its training courses in a modular format Objectives The purpose of an IAEA regional or inter-regional training course is to provide guidance to regulatory and key industrial personnel on the Regulations and practices for the safe transport of radioactive material. The participants at such a course may be officials of national authorities or managers and technical staff from organizations undertaking or involved in the transport of radioactive material. In order to ensure proper regulatory and quality compliance, it is most appropriate if these persons have suitable background knowledge of the scientific principles that underlie the control of radiation hazards. The objective of each IAEA training course is to ensure that the student thoroughly understands the philosophy, principles, and application of the provisions of the transport Regulations. Some practical reinforcement of this knowledge is afforded by means of exercises in appropriate chapters of this Training Course Series manual. In addition, during 2

25 any course in which this material is used, efforts will be made by course organizers to further reinforce the training by arranging visits to the premises of suitable consignor and carrier organizations, as well as to package design and testing facilities. The purpose of this training manual is to provide a rational method for convening a training course and to foster high quality training. This manual serves as a tool for instructors to use in presenting subjects pertaining to the Regulations in a logical and understandable manner. It also allows training course participants to become knowledgeable about the Regulations and how they should be applied. The document further provides a reference for students to use after the course to ensure their understanding of the requirements in the Regulations and how the regulatory requirements may be practically applied beyond the training course Course overview The subject matter of the course focuses primarily on the transport Regulations of the International Atomic Energy Agency [8] and interweaves other requirements, supporting guides, and technical documents as necessary. Particular attention is accorded to: (1) The Basic Safety Standards for Radiation Protection [12], and (2) The advisory material for the Regulations [13]. Recognizing that the Regulations specify what is to be accomplished for a given requirement, the guidance document [13] presents the basics both on why the individual regulatory provisions exist, and on how to apply them. As such, it serves as a primary supplement to the Regulations. Normally, the subject matter provided in this publication will be divided up and taught by expert specialists in each topical area. The lecturers will be drawn from the International Regulatory Community, National Competent Authorities, and from national organizations experienced in international and national transport. The lecturers may not necessarily teach directly from this text, but will use it to enhance their presentations and as a reference text book. The exercises provided in this training course manual will usually be used during the course to enhance communication and understanding and to evaluate progress in learning. Other exercises may also be used if it is determined that they are more suitable for the specific participants. Practical exercises will be used as much as possible throughout the course to enhance the learning process. Other practical inputs during the course will include visits to appropriate consignor and carrier organizations, or other transport-related facilities. These visits will be structured to include talks by staff, conducted tours of operational areas, and practical demonstrations of methods. This training manual has three parts. Part I, comprising Chapters 1 to 4, serves as a comprehensive introduction for the training course. Chapter 1 The remainder of this chapter discusses the structure of the IAEA and introduces some common uses of radioactive material. The IAEA s programme on the safe transport of radioactive material is then described, before the overview of the history, basic philosophy, and scope of the Transport Regulations are presented. Finally, Competent Authority 3

26 responsibilities are introduced together with some of the IAEA s transport interfaces. Chapters 2 & 3 Chapter 4 These two chapters provide reviews of radioactivity and radiation, and radiation protection principles. Good comprehension of both of these topics is essential to the course. An entire chapter is devoted to a general introduction of the terminology used in the Regulations. This provides the course participant with some of the basic language of the subject. Ultimately, a complete understanding of terminology is essential to the proper use, and application of the Regulations. To obtain this complete understanding, the student should refer to Section II of TS-R-1. Part II, comprising Chapters 5 to 15, provides a detailed discussion of the Regulations. The different chapters address topics vital to the proper implementation of the Regulations. These topics include: Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Basic safety concepts: This chapter provides a general overview of the safety concepts associated with materials and packages, which are the core of the regulatory philosophy. Activity limits and material restrictions: These parameters are the basis for the correct selection of package type and material classification. Selection of optimal package types for a given radioactive content: This chapter provides the details and distinctions of each package type including their limits and typical contents. Design and testing requirements and procedures for materials and packages: Material and package test procedures: The detailed requirements for each of the different types of material and package are covered along with a discussion of the design considerations. Examples of different packages are given. Each of the performance tests is presented along with some discussion of the facilities required to conduct them. Consignors responsibilities relating to the proper preparation of packages for shipment. Attention is paid to such items as radiation controls, marking and labelling, preparation of shipping documents, and contamination controls. Controls and communications: The focus of this chapter is on those actions that are required primarily of a consignor but also of the carrier. These ensure that hazards are properly controlled during transport and communicated during all phases of the shipment operations. Attention is paid to such items as radiation controls, placarding of conveyances, shipping documents, and contamination controls. Classification of LSA and SCO: This chapter helps the reader to classify LSA materials and SCOs appropriately. The user will be able to determine the correct package specifications and transport control requirements applicable to LSA materials and SCOs. 4

27 Chapter 12 Chapter 13 Chapter 14 Chapter 15 Fissile material: The requirements which are imposed on packages and shipments of fissile material are presented here, noting that special care has been taken in the Regulations to ensure criticality safety for this material. Quality Assurance: The emphasis in this chapter is on those requirements which must be satisfied in terms of developing a Quality Assurance (QA) programme, and implementing that programme in a graded fashion. National Competent Authority: Chapter 13 focuses on the vital roles of the National Regulatory Body (or bodies). They are the organizations in each Member State responsible for promulgating, implementing, and administering the Regulations and/or providing necessary information to ensure that adequate guidance and training is available. Deals with additional regulatory constraints imposed by international modal organizations and agreements: The various modes (i.e., road, rail, water and air; as well as post) are discussed in detail, and the roles, responsibilities and agreements of the international organizations are covered. Part III, comprising Chapters 16 to 19, deals with other relevant information. This material is not directly sequential and may be taught in more or less any order. Topics in this part include: Chapter 16 Chapter 17 Chapter 18 Chapter 19 International liability and insurance: The complex issues related to liability and insurance of radioactive material transport are summarized in this chapter. In particular, the distinctions between material that is covered by each protocol, and that which is not, are emphasized. Emergency planning and preparedness: Although the application of the Regulations leads to a high level of confidence in safe transport, accidents do occur. It is therefore necessary for all involved in these activities to have adequate emergency plans and to be properly prepared. Training: It has long been recognized that training of involved personnel is a keystone to both the successful implementation of the Regulations and good compliance with them. Therefore, training policies, programmes, requirements and records are discussed in this chapter. IAEA information services: The IAEA s vital role in providing information on the safe transport of radioactive material to Member States and international organizations is summarized here The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Various events and activities, beginning in 1946, led to the creation of the IAEA by the UN in 1956, with the IAEA s programmes officially beginning in 1957 [2]. The key to the formation and subsequent functioning of the IAEA has been its Statute Statute The development of the Statute [14] was undertaken during 1955 and 1956 by twelve of the future Member States of the IAEA. It was approved on 23 October 1956, during the 5

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