CMPE 80N: Introduction to Networking and the Internet
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1 CMPE 80N: Introduction to Networking and the Internet Katia Obraczka Computer Engineering UCSC Baskin Engineering Lecture 11 CMPE 80N Spring'10 1
2 Announcements Guest lecture on intellectual property and the Internet on No office hours today. CMPE 80N Spring'10 2
3 Last class The Web and HTTP. CMPE 80N Spring'10 3
4 Today DNS. CMPE 80N Spring'10 4
5 DNS: Domain Name System CMPE 80N Spring'10 5
6 DNS: Domain Name System People: many identifiers: SSN, name, passport # Internet hosts, routers: IP address (32 bit) - used for addressing. name, e.g., ww.yahoo.com - used by humans. Q: map between IP addresses and name? Domain Name System: distributed database implemented in hierarchy of many name servers. CMPE 80N Spring'10 6
7 DNS services hostname to IP address translation. DNS Why not centralize DNS? single point of failure traffic volume maintenance doesn t scale! CMPE 80N Spring'10 7
8 Distributed, Hierarchical Database Root DNS Servers com DNS servers org DNS servers edu DNS servers yahoo.com DNS servers amazon.com DNS servers pbs.org DNS servers poly.edu umass.edu DNS servers DNS servers Client wants IP for 1 st approx: client queries a root server to find com DNS server client queries com DNS server to get amazon.com DNS server client queries amazon.com DNS server to get IP address for CMPE 80N Spring'10 8
9 DNS: Root name servers contacted by local name server that can not resolve name root name server: contacts authoritative name server if name mapping not known gets mapping returns mapping to local name server CMPE 80N Spring'10 9
10 DNS: Root name servers e NASA Mt View, CA f Internet Software C. Palo Alto, CA (and 36 other locations) a Verisign, Dulles, VA c Cogent, Herndon, VA (also LA) d U Maryland College Park, MD g US DoD Vienna, VA h ARL Aberdeen, MD j Verisign, ( 21 locations) k RIPE London (also 16 other locations) i Autonomica, Stockholm (plus 28 other locations) m WIDE Tokyo (also Seoul, Paris, SF) b USC-ISI Marina del Rey, CA l ICANN Los Angeles, CA 13 root name servers worldwide (labeled a-m). CMPE 80N Spring'10 10
11 TLD and Authoritative Servers Top-level domain (TLD) servers: responsible for com, org, net, edu, etc, and all top-level country domains uk, fr, ca, jp. Network Solutions maintains servers for com TLD Educause for edu TLD Authoritative DNS servers: organization s DNS servers, providing authoritative hostname to IP mappings for organization s servers (e.g., Web, mail). can be maintained by organization or service provider CMPE 80N Spring'10 11
12 Local Name Server does not strictly belong to hierarchy each ISP (residential ISP, company, university) has one. also called default name server when host makes DNS query, query is sent to its local DNS server acts as proxy, forwards query into hierarchy CMPE 80N Spring' : Application Layer 12
13 DNS name root DNS server resolution example Host at cis.poly.edu wants IP address for gaia.cs.umass.edu iterated query: contacted server replies with name of server to contact I don t know this name, but ask this server local DNS server dns.poly.edu requesting host cis.poly.edu TLD DNS server 6 authoritative DNS server dns.cs.umass.edu gaia.cs.umass.edu CMPE 80N Spring'10 13
14 DNS name resolution example root DNS server recursive query: puts burden of name resolution on contacted name server heavy load? 2 local DNS server dns.poly.edu TLD DNS server 1 8 requesting host cis.poly.edu authoritative DNS server dns.cs.umass.edu gaia.cs.umass.edu CMPE 80N Spring'10 14
15 DNS: caching and updating records Once (any) name server learns mapping, it caches mapping cache entries timeout (disappear) after some time TLD servers typically cached in local name servers Thus root name servers not often visited CMPE 80N Spring'10 15
16 DNS records DNS: distributed db storing resource records (RR) Type=A RR format: (name, value, type, ttl) name is hostname value is IP address Type=NS name is domain (e.g. foo.com) value is hostname of authoritative name server for this domain Type=CNAME name is alias name for some canonical (the real) name is really servereast.backup2.ibm.com value is canonical name Type=MX value is name of mailserver associated with name CMPE 80N Spring'10 16
17 DNS protocol, messages DNS protocol : query and reply messages, both with same message format msg header identification: 16 bit # for query, reply to query uses same # flags: query or reply recursion desired recursion available reply is authoritative CMPE 80N Spring'10 17
CMPE 80N: Introduction to Networking and the Internet
CMPE 80N: Introduction to Networking and the Internet Katia Obraczka Computer Engineering UCSC Baskin Engineering Lecture 10 CMPE 80N Fall'10 1 Announcements Forum assignment #2 posted. Due Nov. 5 th.
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