Oracle Database. Performance Tuning Guide 11g Release 1 (11.1) B

Transcription

1 Oracle Database Performance Tuning Guide 11g Release 1 (11.1) B July 2008

2 Oracle Database Performance Tuning Guide, 11g Release 1 (11.1) B Copyright 2000, 2008, Oracle. All rights reserved. Primary Author: Immanuel Chan Contributors: Aditya Agrawal, Lance Ashdown, Hermann Baer, James Barlow, Vladimir Barriere, Mehul Bastawala, Ruth Baylis, Eric Belden, Pete Belknap, Supiti Buranawatanachoke, Qiang Cao, Sunil Chakkappen, Sumanta Chatterjee, Maria Colgan, Alvaro Corena, Benoit Dageville, Dinesh Das, Karl Dias, Vinayagam Djegaradjane, Harvey Eneman, Bjorn Engsig, Mike Feng, Leonidas Galanis, Cecilia Gervasio, Bhaskar Ghosh, Ray Glasstone, Leslie Gloyd, Prabhaker Gongloor, Kiran Goyal, Connie Dialeris Green, Russell Green, Joan Gregoire, Lester Gutierrez, Lex de Haan, Karl Haas, Brian Hirano, Lilian Hobbs, William Hodak, Andrew Holdsworth, Mamdouh Ibrahim, Hakan Jacobsson, Christopher Jones, Srinivas Kareenhalli, Feroz Khan, Stella Kister, Sergey Koltakov, Vivekanada Kolla, Paul Lane, Sue K. Lee, Herve Lejeune, Yunrui Li, Juan Loaiza, Diana Lorentz, George Lumpkin, Joe McDonald, Bill McKenna, Mughees Minhas, Valarie Moore, Sujatha Muthulingam, Gary Ngai, Michael Orlowski, Kant C. Patel, Richard Powell, Mark Ramacher, Shankar Raman, Yair Sarig, Uri Shaft, Vishwanath Sreeraman, Vinay Srihari, Sankar Subramanian, Margaret Susairaj, Hal Takahara, Nick Taylor, Misha Tyulenev, Randy Urbano, Amir Valiani, Mark Van de Wiel, Venkateshwaran Venkataramani, Nitin Vengurlekar, Stephen Vivian, Yujun Wang, Simon Watt, Andrew Witkowski, Keith Wong, Graham Wood, Khaled Yagoub, Mohamed Zait The Programs (which include both the software and documentation) contain proprietary information; they are provided under a license agreement containing restrictions on use and disclosure and are also protected by copyright, patent, and other intellectual and industrial property laws. Reverse engineering, disassembly, or decompilation of the Programs, except to the extent required to obtain interoperability with other independently created software or as specified by law, is prohibited. The information contained in this document is subject to change without notice. If you find any problems in the documentation, please report them to us in writing. This document is not warranted to be error-free. Except as may be expressly permitted in your license agreement for these Programs, no part of these Programs may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, for any purpose. If the Programs are delivered to the United States Government or anyone licensing or using the Programs on behalf of the United States Government, the following notice is applicable: U.S. GOVERNMENT RIGHTS Programs, software, databases, and related documentation and technical data delivered to U.S. Government customers are "commercial computer software" or "commercial technical data" pursuant to the applicable Federal Acquisition Regulation and agency-specific supplemental regulations. As such, use, duplication, disclosure, modification, and adaptation of the Programs, including documentation and technical data, shall be subject to the licensing restrictions set forth in the applicable Oracle license agreement, and, to the extent applicable, the additional rights set forth in FAR , Commercial Computer Software--Restricted Rights (June 1987). Oracle USA, Inc., 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood City, CA The Programs are not intended for use in any nuclear, aviation, mass transit, medical, or other inherently dangerous applications. It shall be the licensee's responsibility to take all appropriate fail-safe, backup, redundancy and other measures to ensure the safe use of such applications if the Programs are used for such purposes, and we disclaim liability for any damages caused by such use of the Programs. Oracle, JD Edwards, PeopleSoft, and Siebel are registered trademarks of Oracle Corporation and/or its affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective owners. The Programs may provide links to Web sites and access to content, products, and services from third parties. Oracle is not responsible for the availability of, or any content provided on, third-party Web sites. You bear all risks associated with the use of such content. If you choose to purchase any products or services from a third party, the relationship is directly between you and the third party. Oracle is not responsible for: (a) the quality of third-party products or services; or (b) fulfilling any of the terms of the agreement with the third party, including delivery of products or services and warranty obligations related to purchased products or services. Oracle is not responsible for any loss or damage of any sort that you may incur from dealing with any third party.

3 Contents Preface... xxi Audience... Documentation Accessibility... Related Documents... Conventions... xxi xxi xxii xxii What's New in Oracle Performance?... xxiii Part I Performance Tuning 1 Performance Tuning Overview Introduction to Performance Tuning Performance Planning Instance Tuning Performance Principles Baselines The Symptoms and the Problems When to Tune SQL Tuning Query Optimizer and Execution Plans Introduction to Performance Tuning Features and Tools Automatic Performance Tuning Features Additional Oracle Tools V$ Performance Views Part II Performance Planning 2 Designing and Developing for Performance Oracle Methodology Understanding Investment Options Understanding Scalability What is Scalability? System Scalability Factors Preventing Scalability System Architecture iii

4 Hardware and Software Components Hardware Components Software Components Configuring the Right System Architecture for Your Requirements Application Design Principles Simplicity In Application Design Data Modeling Table and Index Design Appending Columns to an Index or Using Index-Organized Tables Using a Different Index Type Finding the Cost of an Index Serializing within Indexes Ordering Columns in an Index Using Views SQL Execution Efficiency Implementing the Application Trends in Application Development Workload Testing, Modeling, and Implementation Sizing Data Estimating Workloads Extrapolating From a Similar System Benchmarking Application Modeling Testing, Debugging, and Validating a Design Deploying New Applications Rollout Strategies Performance Checklist Performance Improvement Methods The Oracle Performance Improvement Method Steps in The Oracle Performance Improvement Method A Sample Decision Process for Performance Conceptual Modeling Top Ten Mistakes Found in Oracle Systems Emergency Performance Methods Steps in the Emergency Performance Method Part III Optimizing Instance Performance 4 Configuring a Database for Performance Performance Considerations for Initial Instance Configuration Initialization Parameters Configuring Undo Space Sizing Redo Log Files Creating Subsequent Tablespaces Creating Permanent Tablespaces - Automatic Segment-Space Management Creating Temporary Tablespaces iv

5 Creating and Maintaining Tables for Optimal Performance Table Compression Estimating the Compression factor Tuning to Achieve a Better Compression Ratio Reclaiming Unused Space Indexing Data Specifying Memory for Sorting Data Performance Considerations for Shared Servers Identifying Contention Using the Dispatcher-Specific Views Reducing Contention for Dispatcher Processes Identifying Contention for Shared Servers Automatic Performance Statistics Overview of Data Gathering Database Statistics Wait Events Time Model Statistics Active Session History System and Session Statistics Operating System Statistics CPU Statistics Virtual Memory Statistics Disk I/O Statistics Network Statistics Operating System Data Gathering Tools Interpreting Statistics Overview of the Automatic Workload Repository Snapshots Baselines Fixed Baselines Moving Window Baseline Baseline Templates Adaptive Thresholds Space Consumption Managing the Automatic Workload Repository Managing Snapshots Creating Snapshots Dropping Snapshots Modifying Snapshot Settings Managing Baselines Creating a Baseline Dropping a Baseline Renaming a Baseline Displaying Baseline Metrics Modifying the Window Size of the Default Moving Window Baseline Managing Baseline Templates Creating a Single Baseline Template v

6 Creating a Repeating Baseline Template Dropping a Baseline Template Transporting Automatic Workload Repository Data Extracting AWR Data Loading AWR Data Using Automatic Workload Repository Views Generating Automatic Workload Repository Reports Generating an AWR Report for a Snapshot Range Generating an AWR Report for a Snapshot Range on a Specified Database Instance Generating an AWR Report for a SQL Statement Generating an AWR Report for a SQL Statement on a Specified Database Instance Generating Automatic Workload Repository Compare Periods Reports Generating an AWR Compare Periods Report Generating an AWR Compare Periods Report on a Specified Database Instance Generating Active Session History Reports Generating an ASH Report Generating an ASH Report on a Specified Database Instance Using Active Session History Reports Top Events Load Profile Top SQL Top PL/SQL Top Java Top Sessions Top Objects/Files/Latches Activity Over Time Automatic Performance Diagnostics Overview of the Automatic Database Diagnostic Monitor ADDM Analysis Using ADDM with Oracle Real Application Clusters ADDM Analysis Results Reviewing ADDM Analysis Results: Example Setting Up ADDM Diagnosing Database Performance Problems with ADDM Running ADDM in Database Mode Running ADDM in Instance Mode Running ADDM in Partial Mode Displaying an ADDM Report Views with ADDM Information Memory Configuration and Use Understanding Memory Allocation Issues Oracle Memory Caches Automatic Memory Management Automatic Shared Memory Management Dynamically Changing Cache Sizes vi

7 Viewing Information About Dynamic Resize Operations Application Considerations Operating System Memory Use Reduce paging Fit the SGA into main memory Allow adequate memory to individual users Iteration During Configuration Configuring and Using the Buffer Cache Using the Buffer Cache Effectively Sizing the Buffer Cache Buffer Cache Advisory Statistics Using V$DB_CACHE_ADVICE Calculating the Buffer Cache Hit Ratio Interpreting and Using the Buffer Cache Advisory Statistics Increasing Memory Allocated to the Buffer Cache Reducing Memory Allocated to the Buffer Cache Considering Multiple Buffer Pools Random Access to Large Segments Oracle Real Application Cluster Instances Using Multiple Buffer Pools Buffer Pool Data in V$DB_CACHE_ADVICE Buffer Pool Hit Ratios Determining Which Segments Have Many Buffers in the Pool KEEP Pool RECYCLE Pool Configuring and Using the Shared Pool and Large Pool Shared Pool Concepts Dictionary Cache Concepts Library Cache Concepts SQL Sharing Criteria Result Cache Concepts Using the Shared Pool Effectively Shared Cursors Single-User Logon and Qualified Table Reference Use of PL/SQL Avoid Performing DDL Cache Sequence Numbers Cursor Access and Management Use of Result Cache Sizing the Shared Pool Shared Pool: Library Cache Statistics V$LIBRARYCACHE Shared Pool Advisory Statistics Shared Pool: Dictionary Cache Statistics Shared Pool: Result Cache Statistics Interpreting Shared Pool Statistics Increasing Memory Allocation vii

8 Reducing Memory Allocation Using the Large Pool Tuning the Large Pool and Shared Pool for the Shared Server Architecture Using CURSOR_SPACE_FOR_TIME Caching Session Cursors Configuring the Reserved Pool Using SHARED_POOL_RESERVED_SIZE When SHARED_POOL_RESERVED_SIZE Is Too Small When SHARED_POOL_RESERVED_SIZE Is Too Large When SHARED_POOL_SIZE is Too Small Keeping Large Objects to Prevent Aging CURSOR_SHARING for Existing Applications Similar SQL Statements CURSOR_SHARING When to use CURSOR_SHARING Maintaining Connections Configuring and Using the Redo Log Buffer Sizing the Log Buffer Log Buffer Statistics PGA Memory Management Configuring Automatic PGA Memory Setting PGA_AGGREGATE_TARGET Initially Monitoring the Performance of the Automatic PGA Memory Management Tuning PGA_AGGREGATE_TARGET V$SYSSTAT and V$SESSTAT Configuring OLAP_PAGE_POOL_SIZE Using the Client Query Result Cache Using the Result Cache Mode Managing the Query Result Cache Accessing Information in the Query Result Cache I/O Configuration and Design About I/O I/O Calibration Prerequisites for I/O Calibration Running I/O Calibration I/O Configuration Lay Out the Files Using Operating System or Hardware Striping Requested I/O Size Concurrency of I/O Requests Alignment of Physical Stripe Boundaries with Block Size Boundaries Manageability of the Proposed System Manually Distributing I/O When to Separate Files Tables, Indexes, and TEMP Tablespaces Redo Log Files Archived Redo Logs viii

9 Three Sample Configurations Stripe Everything Across Every Disk Move Archive Logs to Different Disks Move Redo Logs to Separate Disks Oracle-Managed Files Choosing Data Block Size Reads Writes Block Size Advantages and Disadvantages Understanding Operating System Resources Understanding Operating System Performance Issues Using Operating System Caches Asynchronous I/O FILESYSTEMIO_OPTIONS Initialization Parameter Memory Usage Buffer Cache Limits Parameters Affecting Memory Usage Using Operating System Resource Managers Solving Operating System Problems Performance Hints on UNIX-Based Systems Performance Hints on Windows Systems Performance Hints on HP OpenVMS Systems Understanding CPU Finding System CPU Utilization Checking Memory Management Paging and Swapping Oversize Page Tables Checking I/O Management Checking Network Management Checking Process Management Scheduling and Switching Context Switching Starting New Operating System Processes Instance Tuning Using Performance Views Instance Tuning Steps Define the Problem Examine the Host System CPU Usage Identifying I/O Problems Identifying Network Issues Examine the Oracle Statistics Setting the Level of Statistics Collection Wait Events Dynamic Performance Views Containing Wait Event Statistics ix

10 x System Statistics Segment-Level Statistics Implement and Measure Change Interpreting Oracle Statistics Examine Load Changing Load High Rates of Activity Using Wait Event Statistics to Drill Down to Bottlenecks Table of Wait Events and Potential Causes Additional Statistics Redo Log Space Requests Statistic Read Consistency Table Fetch by Continued Row Parse-Related Statistics Wait Events Statistics buffer busy waits Causes Actions db file scattered read Actions Managing Excessive I/O Inadequate I/O Distribution Finding the SQL Statement executed by Sessions Waiting for I/O Finding the Object Requiring I/O db file sequential read Actions direct path read and direct path read temp Causes Actions direct path write and direct path write temp Causes Actions enqueue (enq:) waits Finding Locks and Lock Holders Actions events in wait class other free buffer waits Causes Actions Consider Multiple Database Writer (DBWR) Processes or I/O Slaves Idle Wait Events latch events Actions Example: Find Latches Currently Waited For Shared Pool and Library Cache Latch Contention log file parallel write library cache pin

11 library cache lock log buffer space log file switch Actions log file sync rdbms ipc reply SQL*Net Events SQL*Net message from client SQL*Net message from dblink SQL*Net more data to client Real-Time SQL Monitoring SQL Plan Monitoring Parallel Execution Monitoring Generating the SQL Monitor Report Enabling and Disabling SQL Monitoring Tuning Instance Recovery Performance: Fast-Start Fault Recovery About Instance Recovery Cache Recovery (Rolling Forward) Transaction Recovery (Rolling Back) Checkpoints and Cache Recovery Configuring the Duration of Cache Recovery: FAST_START_MTTR_TARGET Practical Values for FAST_START_MTTR_TARGET Reducing Checkpoint Frequency to Optimize Runtime Performance Monitoring Cache Recovery with V$INSTANCE_RECOVERY Tuning FAST_START_MTTR_TARGET and Using MTTR Advisor Calibrate the FAST_START_MTTR_TARGET Determine the Practical Range for FAST_START_MTTR_TARGET Evaluate Different Target Values with MTTR Advisor Determine Optimal Size for Redo Logs Part IV Optimizing SQL Statements 11 The Query Optimizer Optimizer Operations Choosing an Optimizer Goal OPTIMIZER_MODE Initialization Parameter Optimizer SQL Hints for Changing the Query Optimizer Goal Query Optimizer Statistics in the Data Dictionary Enabling and Controlling Query Optimizer Features Enabling Query Optimizer Features Controlling the Behavior of the Query Optimizer Understanding the Query Optimizer Components of the Query Optimizer Transforming Queries Peeking of User-Defined Bind Variables Estimating xi

12 xii Generating Plans Reading and Understanding Execution Plans Overview of EXPLAIN PLAN Steps in the Execution Plan Understanding Access Paths for the Query Optimizer Full Table Scans Why a Full Table Scan Is Faster for Accessing Large Amounts of Data When the Optimizer Uses Full Table Scans Full Table Scan Hints Parallel Query Execution Rowid Scans When the Optimizer Uses Rowids Index Scans Assessing I/O for Blocks, not Rows Index Unique Scans Index Range Scans Index Range Scans Descending Index Skip Scans Full Scans Fast Full Index Scans Index Joins Bitmap Indexes Cluster Access Hash Access Sample Table Scans How the Query Optimizer Chooses an Access Path Understanding Joins How the Query Optimizer Executes Join Statements How the Query Optimizer Chooses Execution Plans for Joins Nested Loop Joins Original and New Implementation for Nested Loop Joins When the Optimizer Uses Nested Loop Joins Nested Loop Join Hints Nesting Nested Loops Hash Joins When the Optimizer Uses Hash Joins Hash Join Hints Sort Merge Joins When the Optimizer Uses Sort Merge Joins Sort Merge Join Hints Cartesian Joins When the Optimizer Uses Cartesian Joins Cartesian Join Hints Outer Joins Nested Loop Outer Joins Hash Join Outer Joins Sort Merge Outer Joins

13 Full Outer Joins Using EXPLAIN PLAN Understanding EXPLAIN PLAN How Execution Plans Can Change Different Schemas Different Costs Minimizing Throw-Away Looking Beyond Execution Plans Using V$SQL_PLAN Views EXPLAIN PLAN Restrictions The PLAN_TABLE Output Table Running EXPLAIN PLAN Identifying Statements for EXPLAIN PLAN Specifying Different Tables for EXPLAIN PLAN Displaying PLAN_TABLE Output Customizing PLAN_TABLE Output Reading EXPLAIN PLAN Output Viewing Parallel Execution with EXPLAIN PLAN Viewing Parallel Queries with EXPLAIN PLAN Viewing Bitmap Indexes with EXPLAIN PLAN Viewing Result Cache with EXPLAIN PLAN Viewing Partitioned Objects with EXPLAIN PLAN Examples of Displaying Range and Hash Partitioning with EXPLAIN PLAN Plans for Hash Partitioning Examples of Pruning Information with Composite Partitioned Objects Examples of Partial Partition-wise Joins Examples of Full Partition-wise Joins Examples of INLIST ITERATOR and EXPLAIN PLAN When the IN-List Column is an Index Column When the IN-List Column is an Index and a Partition Column When the IN-List Column is a Partition Column Example of Domain Indexes and EXPLAIN PLAN PLAN_TABLE Columns Managing Optimizer Statistics Understanding Statistics Automatic Optimizer Statistics Collection Enabling Automatic Optimizer Statistics Collection Considerations When Gathering Statistics When to Use Manual Statistics Restoring Previous Versions of Statistics Locking Statistics Manual Statistics Gathering Gathering Statistics with DBMS_STATS Procedures Statistics Gathering Using Sampling xiii

14 Parallel Statistics Gathering Statistics on Partitioned Objects Column Statistics and Histograms Extended Statistics MultiColumn Statistics Expression Statistics Determining Stale Statistics User-Defined Statistics When to Gather Statistics Comparing Statistics with DBMS_STATS Functions System Statistics Workload Statistics Gathering Workload Statistics Multiblock Read Count Noworkload Statistics Gathering Noworkload Statistics Managing Statistics Pending Statistics Restoring Previous Versions of Statistics Exporting and Importing Statistics Restoring Statistics Versus Importing or Exporting Statistics Locking Statistics for a Table or Schema Setting Statistics Estimating Statistics with Dynamic Sampling How Dynamic Sampling Works When to Use Dynamic Sampling How to Use Dynamic Sampling to Improve Performance Dynamic Sampling Levels Handling Missing Statistics Viewing Statistics Statistics on Tables, Indexes and Columns Viewing Histograms Height-Balanced Histograms Frequency Histograms Using Indexes and Clusters Understanding Index Performance Tuning the Logical Structure Index Tuning using the SQLAccess Advisor Choosing Columns and Expressions to Index Choosing Composite Indexes Choosing Keys for Composite Indexes Ordering Keys for Composite Indexes Writing Statements That Use Indexes Writing Statements That Avoid Using Indexes Re-creating Indexes Compacting Indexes xiv

15 Using Nonunique Indexes to Enforce Uniqueness Using Enabled Novalidated Constraints Using Function-based Indexes for Performance Using Partitioned Indexes for Performance Using Index-Organized Tables for Performance Using Bitmap Indexes for Performance Using Bitmap Join Indexes for Performance Using Domain Indexes for Performance Using Clusters for Performance Using Hash Clusters for Performance Using SQL Plan Management Managing SQL Plan Baselines Capturing SQL Plan Baselines Automatic Plan Capture Manual Plan Loading Selecting SQL Plan Baselines Evolving SQL Plan Baselines Evolving Plans With Manual Plan Loading Evolving Plans With DBMS_SPM.EVOLVE_SQL_PLAN_BASELINE Using SQL Plan Baselines with the SQL Tuning Advisor Using Fixed SQL Plan Baselines Displaying SQL Plan Baselines SQL Management Base Disk Space Usage Purging Policy SQL Management Base Configuration Parameters Importing and Exporting SQL Plan Baselines SQL Tuning Overview Introduction to SQL Tuning Goals for Tuning Reduce the Workload Balance the Workload Parallelize the Workload Identifying High-Load SQL Identifying Resource-Intensive SQL Tuning a Specific Program Tuning an Application / Reducing Load Gathering Data on the SQL Identified Information to Gather During Tuning Automatic SQL Tuning Features ADDM SQL Tuning Advisor SQL Tuning Sets SQL Access Advisor xv

16 Developing Efficient SQL Statements Verifying Optimizer Statistics Reviewing the Execution Plan Restructuring the SQL Statements Compose Predicates Using AND and = Avoid Transformed Columns in the WHERE Clause Write Separate SQL Statements for Specific Tasks Controlling the Access Path and Join Order with Hints Use Caution When Managing Views Store Intermediate Results Restructuring the Indexes Modifying or Disabling Triggers and Constraints Restructuring the Data Maintaining Execution Plans Over Time Visiting Data as Few Times as Possible Combine Multiples Scans with CASE Statements Use DML with RETURNING Clause Modify All the Data Needed in One Statement Building SQL Test Cases Creating a Test Case Accessing SQL Test Case Builder from the Enterprise Manager Accessing SQL Test Case Builder Using DBMS_SQLDIAG Automatic SQL Tuning Automatic Tuning Optimizer Statistics Analysis SQL Profiling Access Path Analysis SQL Structure Analysis SQL Tuning Advisor Automatic SQL Tuning Advisor Enabling and Disabling Automatic SQL Tuning Configuring Automatic SQL Tuning Viewing Automatic SQL Tuning Reports Reactive Tuning Using the SQL Tuning Advisor Input Sources Tuning Options Advisor Output Running the SQL Tuning Advisor Creating a SQL Tuning Task Configuring a SQL Tuning Task Executing a SQL Tuning Task Checking the Status of a SQL Tuning Task Checking the Progress of the SQL Tuning Advisor Displaying the Results of a SQL Tuning Task Additional Operations on a SQL Tuning Task SQL Tuning Sets xvi

17 Creating a SQL Tuning Set Loading a SQL Tuning Set Displaying the Contents of a SQL Tuning Set Modifying a SQL Tuning Set Transporting a SQL Tuning Set Dropping a SQL Tuning Set Additional Operations on SQL Tuning Sets SQL Profiles Accepting a SQL Profile Altering a SQL Profile Dropping a SQL Profile SQL Tuning Information Views SQL Access Advisor Overview of the SQL Access Advisor Overview of Using the SQL Access Advisor SQL Access Advisor Repository Using the SQL Access Advisor Steps for Using the SQL Access Advisor Privileges Needed to Use the SQL Access Advisor Setting Up Tasks and Templates Creating Tasks Using Templates Creating Templates SQL Access Advisor Workloads SQL Tuning Set Workloads Using SQL Tuning Sets Linking Tasks and Workloads Working with Recommendations Recommendations and Actions Recommendation Options Evaluation Mode View Intermediate Results During Recommendation Analysis Generating Recommendations Viewing Recommendations Stopping the Recommendation Process Marking Recommendations Modifying Recommendations Generating SQL Scripts Special Considerations when Script Includes Partitioning Recommendations When Recommendations are no Longer Required Performing a Quick Tune Managing Tasks Updating Task Attributes Deleting Tasks Setting the DAYS_TO_EXPIRE Parameter Using SQL Access Advisor Constants xvii

18 Examples of Using the SQL Access Advisor Recommendations From a User-Defined Workload Generate Recommendations Using a Task Template Evaluate Current Usage of Indexes and Materialized Views Tuning Materialized Views for Fast Refresh and Query Rewrite DBMS_ADVISOR.TUNE_MVIEW Procedure TUNE_MVIEW Syntax and Operations Accessing TUNE_MVIEW Output Results Fast Refreshable with Optimized Sub-Materialized View Using Optimizer Hints Understanding Optimizer Hints Types of Hints Hints by Category Hints for Optimization Approaches and Goals Hints for Access Paths Hints for Query Transformations Hints for Join Orders Hints for Join Operations Hints for Parallel Execution Additional Hints Specifying Hints Specifying a Full Set of Hints Specifying a Query Block in a Hint Specifying Global Table Hints Specifying Complex Index Hints Using Hints with Views Hints and Complex Views Hints and Mergeable Views Hints and Nonmergeable Views Using Plan Stability Using Plan Stability to Preserve Execution Plans Using Hints with Plan Stability How Outlines Use Hints Storing Outlines Enabling Plan Stability Using Supplied Packages to Manage Stored Outlines Creating Outlines Using Category Names for Stored Outlines Using Stored Outlines Viewing Outline Data Moving Outline Tables Using Plan Stability with Query Optimizer Upgrades Moving from RBO to the Query Optimizer Moving to a New Oracle Release under the Query Optimizer Upgrading with a Test System xviii

19 21 Using Application Tracing Tools End to End Application Tracing Enabling and Disabling Statistic Gathering for End to End Tracing Statistic Gathering for Client Identifier Statistic Gathering for Service, Module, and Action Viewing Gathered Statistics for End to End Application Tracing Enabling and Disabling for End-to-End Tracing Tracing for Client Identifier Tracing for Service, Module, and Action Tracing for Session Tracing for Entire Instance or Database Viewing Enabled Traces for End to End Tracing Using the trcsess Utility Syntax for trcsess Sample Output of trcsess Understanding SQL Trace and TKPROF Understanding the SQL Trace Facility Understanding TKPROF Using the SQL Trace Facility and TKPROF Step 1: Setting Initialization Parameters for Trace File Management Step 2: Enabling the SQL Trace Facility Step 3: Formatting Trace Files with TKPROF Sample TKPROF Output Syntax of TKPROF Examples of TKPROF Statement Step 4: Interpreting TKPROF Output Tabular Statistics in TKPROF Row Source Operations Wait Event Information Interpreting the Resolution of Statistics Understanding Recursive Calls Library Cache Misses in TKPROF Statement Truncation in SQL Trace Identification of User Issuing the SQL Statement in TKPROF Execution Plan in TKPROF Deciding Which Statements to Tune Step 5: Storing SQL Trace Facility Statistics Generating the TKPROF Output SQL Script Editing the TKPROF Output SQL Script Querying the Output Table Avoiding Pitfalls in TKPROF Interpretation Avoiding the Argument Trap Avoiding the Read Consistency Trap Avoiding the Schema Trap Avoiding the Time Trap Avoiding the Trigger Trap Sample TKPROF Output xix

20 Glossary Index Sample TKPROF Header Sample TKPROF Body Sample TKPROF Summary xx