2004 Edition of the Drinking Water Standards and Health Advisories

Transcription

1 2004 Edition of the rinking Water Standards and Health Advisories

2 2004 Edition of the rinking Water Standards and Health Advisories EPA 822R04005 Office of Water U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Washington, Winter 2004 Recycled/Recyclable Printed on paper that contains at least 50% recycled fiber.

3 The rinking Water Standards and Health Advisories tables are revised periodically by EPA s Office of Water on an as needed basis. The following information should be kept in mind when using the Tables: Reference dose (Rf) values are updated to reflect the values in the Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS), and the rinking Water Equivalent Level (WEL) has been calculated accordingly. Thus, both the Rf and WEL in the Tables differ from the values in the Health Advisory document if the IRIS Rf is more recent than the Health Advisory document value. Rf values from IRIS that differ from the values in the Health Advisory documents are presented in BOL type. or unregulated chemicals with a new IRIS Rf, the lifetime Health Advisory was calculated from the WEL using the relative source contribution value published in the Health Advisory. or regulated chemicals, where the revised lifetime value differed from the Maximum ontaminant Level Goal (MLG), no lifetime value was provided in the Table. or regulated chemicals, the cancer group designation and 10 4 cancer risk reflect the status at the time of regulation. or unregulated chemicals, the cancer group designation or cancer classification and 10 4 cancer risk reflect the values presently on IRIS. New IRIS cancer designations and 10 4 cancer risk values are presented in BOL type. Several pesticides listed in IRIS have been reevaluated by the Office of Pesticide Programs (OPP) resulting in an Rf other than that in IRIS. or these pesticides, the IRIS value is listed in the Table, and the newer OPP value is given in a footnote. In some cases there is a Health Advisory value for a contaminant but there is no reference to a Health Advisory document. These Health Advisory values can be found in the rinking Water riteria ocument for the contaminant. With a few exceptions, the Health Advisory values have been rounded to one significant figure. The rinking Water Standards and Health Advisories tables may be reached from the Water Science home page at The tables are accessed under the Health Advisories heading. (i)

4 opies may be ordered free of charge from SAE RINKING WATER HOTLINE Monday thru riday, 9:00 AM to 5:30 PM EST opies of the supporting technical documentation for the health advisories can be ordered for a fee on the Internet at or from Educational Resources Information enter (ERI) 1929 Kenny Road olumbus, OH Telephone number ; AX ERISE@osu.edu Payment by Purchase Order/heck/Visa or Mastercard or further information regarding the rinking Water Standards and Health Advisories, call the Safe rinking Water Hotline at or (ii)

5 EINITIONS The following definitions for terms used in the Tables are not allencompassing, and should not be construed to be official definitions. They are intended to assist the user in understanding terms found on the following pages. Action Level: The concentration of a contaminant which, if exceeded, triggers treatment or other requirements which a water system must follow. It is the level of lead or copper which, if exceeded in over 10% of the homes tested, triggers treatment. ancer lassification: A descriptive weightofevidence judgment as to the likelihood that an agent is a human carcinogen and the conditions under which the carcinogenic effects may be expressed. Under the 1999 EPA Proposed Guidelines for arcinogen Risk Assessment, descriptive terms for carcinogenicity replace the earlier alpha numeric ancer Group designations (US EPA 1986 guidelines). The suggested descriptive terms are as follows: arcinogenic to humans Likely to be carcinogenic to humans Suggestive evidence of carcinogenic potential Inadequate information to assess carcinogenic potential Not likely to be carcinogenic to humans ancer Group: A qualitative weightofevidence judgement as to the likelihood that a chemical may be a carcinogen for humans. Each chemical is placed into one of the following five categories (US EPA 1986 guidelines): Group A B E ategory Human carcinogen Probable human carcinogen: B1 indicates limited human evidence indicates sufficient evidence in animals and inadequate or no evidence in humans Possible human carcinogen Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity Evidence of noncarcinogenicity for humans This categorization is based on EPA s 1986 Guidelines for arcinogen Risk Assessment. The Proposed Guidelines for arcinogen Risk Assessment, which were published in 1999, have replaced the 1986 cancer guidelines on an interim basis for new assessments. (iii)

6 10 4 ancer Risk: The concentration of a chemical in drinking water corresponding to an excess estimated lifetime cancer risk of 1 in 10,000. rinking Water Advisory: A nonregulatory concentration of a contaminant in water that is likely to be without adverse effects on both health and aesthetics. WEL: rinking Water Equivalent Level. A lifetime exposure concentration protective of adverse, noncancer health effects, that assumes all of the exposure to a contaminant is from drinking water. HA: Health Advisory. An estimate of acceptable drinking water levels for a chemical substance based on health effects information; a Health Advisory is not a legally enforceable ederal standard, but serves as technical guidance to assist ederal, State, and local officials. Oneay HA: The concentration of a chemical in drinking water that is not expected to cause any adverse noncarcinogenic effects for up to one day of exposure. The Oneay HA is normally designed to protect a 10kg child consuming 1 liter of water per day. Tenay HA: The concentration of a chemical in drinking water that is not expected to cause any adverse noncarcinogenic effects for up to ten days of exposure. The Tenay HA is also normally designed to protect a 10kg child consuming 1 liter of water per day. Lifetime HA: The concentration of a chemical in drinking water that is not expected to cause any adverse noncarcinogenic effects for a lifetime of exposure. The Lifetime HA is based on exposure of a 70kg adult consuming 2 liters of water per day. The Lifetime HA for Group carcinogens includes an adjustment for possible carcinogenicity. LE 10 : Lower Limit on Effective ose 10. The 95% lower confidence limit of the dose of a chemical needed to produce an adverse effect in 10% of those exposed to the chemical, relative to the control. MLG: Maximum ontaminant Level Goal. A nonenforceable health goal which is set at a level at which no known or anticipated adverse effect on the health of persons occurs and which allows an adequate margin of safety. ML: Maximum ontaminant Level. The highest level of a contaminant that is allowed in drinking water. MLs are set as close to the MLG as feasible using the best available analytical and treatment technologies and taking cost into consideration. MLs are enforceable standards. (iv)

7 Rf: Reference ose. An estimate (with uncertainty spanning perhaps an order of magnitude) of a daily oral exposure to the human population (including sensitive subgroups) that is likely to be without an appreciable risk of deleterious effects during a lifetime. SWR: Secondary rinking Water Regulations. Nonenforceable ederal guidelines regarding cosmetic effects (such as tooth or skin discoloration) or aesthetic effects (such as taste, odor, or color) of drinking water. TT: Treatment Technique. A required process intended to reduce the level of a contaminant in drinking water. (v)

8 ABBREVIATIONS NA NOAEL OPP P Reg TT raft inal Not Applicable NoObservedAdverseEffect Level Office of Pesticide Programs Proposed Regulation Treatment Technique (vi)

9 rinking Water Standards and Health Advisories Winter 2004 Page 1 Standards Health Advisories 10kg hild hemicals ASRN Number Reg. MLG ML HA ocument Oneday Tenday Rf (mg/kg/day) WEL Lifetime mg/l at 10 4 ancer Risk ancer Group ORGANIS Acenaphthene Acifluorfen (sodium) Acrylamide Acrylonitrile Alachlor Aldicarb 3 Aldicarb sulfone 3 Aldicarb sulfoxide 3 Aldrin Ametryn Ammonium sulfamate Anthracene (PAH) 5 Atrazine 6 Baygon Bentazon Benz[a]anthracene (PAH) Benzene Benzo[a]pyrene (PAH) Benzo[b]fluoranthene (PAH) Benzo[g,h,i]perylene (PAH) Benzo[k]fluoranthene (PAH) bis2hloroisopropyl ether Bromacil Bromobenzene zero TT 1 zero zero zero B1 E A 1 When acrylamide is used in drinking water systems, the combination (or product) of dose and monomer level shall not exceed that equivalent to a polyacrylamide polymer containing 0.05% monomer dosed at 1 mg/l. 2 etermined not to be carcinogenic at low doses by OPP. 3 The ML value for any combination of two or more of these three chemicals should not exceed mg/l because of similar mode of action. 4 Administrative stay of the effective date. 5 PAH = Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon. 6 Under review.

10 rinking Water Standards and Health Advisories Winter 2004 Page 2 Standards Health Advisories 10kg hild hemicals ASRN Number Reg. MLG ML HA ocument Oneday Tenday Rf (mg/kg/day) WEL Lifetime mg/l at 10 4 ancer Risk ancer Group Bromochloromethane Bromodichloromethane (THM) Bromoform (THM) Bromomethane Butyl benzyl phthalate (PAE) 3 Butylate arbaryl arbofuran 1 arbon tetrachloride arboxin hloramben hlordane hloroform (THM) hloromethane hlorophenol (2) hlorothalonil hlorotoluene o hlorotoluene p hlorpyrifos 5 hrysene (PAH) P zero P zero zero zero P E 4 yanazine Under review inal Rule for isinfectants and isinfection Byproducts: The total for trihalomethanes is 0.08 mg/l. 3 Likely to be carcinogenic to humans by all routes of exposure. 4 By the 1999 raft Guidelines for arcinogen Risk Assessment, chloroform is likely to be carcinogenic to humans by all routes of exposure under highdose conditions that lead to cytotoxicity and regenerative hyperplasia in susceptible tissues. hloroform is not likely to be carcinogenic to humans by all routes of exposures at a dose level that does not cause cytotoxicity and cell regeneration 5 New OPP Rf = mg/kg/day.

11 rinking Water Standards and Health Advisories Winter 2004 Page 3 Standards Health Advisories 10kg hild hemicals ASRN Number Reg. MLG ML HA ocument Oneday Tenday Rf (mg/kg/ day) WEL Lifetime mg/l at 10 4 ancer Risk ancer Group yanogen chloride 1 2,4 (2,4 dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) PA (acthal) alapon (sodium salt) i(2ethylhexyl)adipate i(2ethylhexyl)phthalate iazinon 2 ibromochloromethane (THM) ibromochloropropane (BP) ibutyl phthalate icamba ichloroacetic acid ichlorobenzene o ichlorobenzene m 7 ichlorobenzene p ichlorodifluoromethane ichloroethane (1,2) ichloroethylene (1,1) ichloroethylene (cis1,2) ichloroethylene (trans1,2) ichloromethane ichlorophenol (2,4) ichloropropane (1,2) ichloropropene (1,3) ieldrin iethyl phthalate zero P zero P zero zero zero zero E 4 6 E 1 Under review. 2 New OPP Rf = mg/kg/day (pesticides) inal Rule for isinfectants and isinfection Byproducts: The total for trihalomethanes is 0.08 mg/l. 4 Suggestive evidence of carcinogenicity but not sufficient to assess human carcinogenic potential inal Rule for isinfectants and isinfection Byproducts: The total for five haloacetic acids is 0.06 mg/l. 6 Likely to be a carcinogen to humans. 7 The values for mdichlorobenzene are based on data for odichlorobenzene.

12 rinking Water Standards and Health Advisories Winter 2004 Page 4 Standards Health Advisories 10kg hild hemicals ASRN Number Reg. MLG ML HA ocument Oneday Tenday Rf (mg/kg/day) WEL Lifetime mg/l at 10 4 ancer Risk ancer Group iisopropyl methylphosphonate imethrin imethyl methylphosphonate imethyl phthalate initrobenzene (1,3) initrotoluene (2,4) initrotoluene (2,6) initrotoluene (2,6 & 2,4) 1 inoseb ioxane p iphenamid iquat isulfoton ithiane (1,4) iuron Endothall Endrin Epichlorohydrin Ethylbenzene Ethylene dibromide (EB) 6 Ethylene glycol Ethylene Thiourea (ETU) enamiphos zero TT zero E 7 1 Technical grade. 2 New OPP Rf = mg/kg/day. 3 New OPP Rf = mg/kg/day. 4 New OPP Rf = mg/kg/day. 5 When epichlorohydrin is used in drinking water systems, the combination (or product) of dose and monomer level shall not exceed that equivalent to an epichlorohydrinbased polymer containing 0.01% monomer dosed at 20 mg/l. 6 1,2dibromoethane. 7 New OPP Rf = mg/kg/day; New OPP cancer group E.

13 rinking Water Standards and Health Advisories Winter 2004 Page 5 Standards Health Advisories 10kg hild hemicals AS Number Reg. MLG ML HA Standards Oneday Tenday Rf (mg/kg/day) WEL Lifetime mg/l at 10 4 ancer Risk ancer Group luometuron luorene (PAH) onofos ormaldehyde Glyphosate Heptachlor Heptachlor epoxide Hexachlorobenzene Hexachlorobutadiene 3 Hexachlorocyclopentadiene Hexachloroethane Hexane (n) Hexazinone HMX 6 Indeno[1,2,3,c,d]pyrene (PAH) Isophorone Isopropyl methylphosphonate Isopropylbenzene (cumene) Lindane 7 Malathion Maleic hydrazide MPA 10 Methomyl Methoxychlor Methyl ethyl ketone Methyl parathion zero zero zero B1 1 E 9 E 1 arcinogenicity based on inhalation exposure. 2 New OPP Rf = 2 mg/kg/day. 3 Under review. 4 raft Ambient Water Quality riteria for the protection of human health (EPA 822R98004) 5 The Health Advisory is based on a new OPP Rf rather than the IRIS Rf. 6 HMX = octahydro1,3,5,7tetranitro1,3,5,7tetrazocine. 7 Lindane = γ hexachlorocyclohexane. 8 New OPP Rf = mg/kg/day; ood Quality Protection Act (QPA) factor = 3. 9 OPP cancer classification suggestive evidence of carcinogenicity but not sufficient to assess human carcinogenicity potential. 10 MPA = 4(chloro2methoxyphenoxy)acetic acid. 11 New OPP Rf = mg/kg/day.

14 rinking Water Standards and Health Advisories Winter 2004 Page 6 Standards Health Advisories 10kg hild hemicals ASRN Number Reg. MLG ML HA ocument Oneday Tenday Rf (mg/kg/day) WEL Lifetime mg/l at 10 4 ancer Risk ancer Group 4 E Metolachlor Metribuzin Monochloroacetic acid Monochlorobenzene Naphthalene Nitrocellulose 5 Nitroguanidine Nitrophenol p Oxamyl (Vydate) Paraquat Pentachlorophenol Phenanthrene (PAH) Phenol Picloram Polychlorinated biphenyls (PBs) Prometon Pronamide Propachlor Propazine Propham Pyrene (PAH) RX 8 Simazine Styrene 2,4,5T (Trichlorophenoxyacetic acid) P zero zero New OPP Rf = 0.1 mg/kg/day. 2 New OPP Rf = mg/kg/day inal Rule for isinfectants and isinfection Byproducts: the total for five haloacetic acids is 0.06mg/L. 4 Inadequate for assessment of human carcinogenic potential. 5 The Health Advisory ocument for nitrocellulose does not include HA values and describes this compounds as relatively nontoxic. 6 New OPP Rf = mg/kg/day. 7 New OPP Rf = 0.2 mg/kg/day. 8 RX = hexahydro 1,3,5trinitro1,3,5triazine.

15 rinking Water Standards and Health Advisories Winter 2004 Page 7 Standards Health Advisories hemicals ASRN Number Reg. MLG ML HA ocument Oneday 10kg hild Tenday Rf (mg/kg/day) WEL Lifetime mg/l at 10 4 ancer Risk ancer Group 2,3,7,8T (ioxin) zero 3E E06 1E07 1E09 4E08 2E08 Tebuthiuron Terbacil Terbufos Tetrachloroethane (1,1,1,2) Tetrachloroethane (1,1,2,2) Tetrachloroethylene Trichlorofluoromethane Toluene Toxaphene 2,4,5TP (Silvex) Trichloroacetic acid Trichlorobenzene (1,2,4) Trichlorobenzene (1,3,5) Trichloroethane (1,1,1) Trichloroethane (1,1,2) Trichloroethylene 2 Trichlorophenol (2,4,6) Trichloropropane (1,2,3) Trifluralin Trimethylbenzene (1,2,4) Trimethylbenzene (1,3,5) Trinitroglycerol Trinitrotoluene (2,4,6) Vinyl chloride Xylenes zero zero P zero zero E 4 A 1 New OPP Rf = Under review inal Rule for isinfectants and isinfection Byproducts: The total for five haloacetic acids is 0.06 mg/l. 4 Suggestive evidence of carcinogenicity. 5 New OPP Rf = mg/kg/day.

16 rinking Water Standards and Health Advisories Winter 2004 Page 8 Standards Health Advisories hemicals ASRN Number Reg. MLG ML HA ocument Oneday 10kg hild Tenday Rf (mg/kg/day) WEL Lifetime mg/l at 10 4 ancer Risk ancer Group INORGANIS Ammonia Antimony Arsenic Asbestos (fibers/l >10µm length) Barium Beryllium Boron 3 Bromate admium hloramine 4 hlorine hlorine dioxide hlorite hromium (total) opper (at tap) yanide 3 luoride 3 Lead (at tap) Manganese Mercury (inorganic) Molybdenum Nickel zero ML 1 7 ML zero TT zero TT ML A A 2 1 ML = million fibers per liter. 2 arcinogenicity based on inhalation exposure. 3 Under review. 4 Monochloramine; measured as free chlorine inal Rule for isinfectants and isinfection Byproducts: MRLG=Maximum Residual isinfection Level Goal; and MRL=Maximum Residual isinfection Level. 6 IRIS value for chromium VI. 7 opper action level 1.3 mg/l; lead action level mg/l. 8 This Rf is for hydrogen cyanide. 9 Based on dental fluorosis in children, a cosmetic effect. MLG based on skeletal fluorosis. 10 ietary manganese. The lifetime health advisory includes a 3 fold modifying factor to account for increased bioavailability from drinking water.

17 rinking Water Standards and Health Advisories Winter 2004 Page 9 Standards Health Advisories 10kg hild hemicals ASRN Number Reg. MLG ML HA ocument Oneday Tenday Rf (mg/kg/day) WEL Lifetime mg/l at 10 4 ancer Risk ancer Group Nitrate (as N) Nitrite (as N) Nitrate + Nitrite (both as N) Selenium Silver Strontium Thallium White phosphorous Zinc RAIONULIES Beta particle and photon activity (formerly manmade radionuclides) Gross alpha particle activity ombined Radium 226 & 228 Radon Uranium mrem/ yr zero zero 15 pi/l zero 5 pi/l P zero 300 pi/l AML pi/l zero 30 µg/l 4 mrem/yr 15 pi/l 150 pi/l A A A A A 1 These values are calculated for a 4kg infant and are protective for all age groups. 2 Based on a cosmetic effect. 3 AML = Alternative Maximum ontaminant Level 4 Soluble uranium salts.

18 Secondary rinking Water Regulations Winter 2004 Page 10 hemicals AS Number SWR Aluminum to 0.2 mg/l hloride mg/l olor NA 15 color units opper mg/l orrosivity NA noncorrosive luoride mg/l oaming agents NA 0.5 mg/l Iron mg/l Manganese mg/l Odor NA 3 threshold odor numbers ph NA Silver mg/l Sulfate mg/l Total dissolved solids (TS) NA 500 mg/l Zinc mg/l

19 Microbiology Winter 2004 Page 11 Reg. HA ocument MLG ML Treatment Technique ryptosporidium 01 TT Systems that filter must remove 99% of ryptosporidium Giardia lamblia 98 TT 99.9% killed/inactivated Legionella 1 01 zero TT No limit; EPA believes that if Giardia and viruses are inactivated, Legionella will also be controlled Heterotrophic Plate ount (HP) 1 NA TT No more than 500 bacterial colonies per milliliter. Mycobacteria 99 Total oliforms zero 5% No more than 5.0% samples total coliformpositive in a month. Every sample that has total coliforms must be analyzed for fecal coliforms; no fecal coliforms are allowed. Turbidity NA TT At no time can turbidity go above 5 NTU (nephelometric turbidity units) Viruses 1 zero TT 99.99% killed/inactivated 1 inal for systems using surface water; also being considered for regulation under groundwater disinfection rule.

20 rinking Water Advisory Table Winter 2004 Page 12 hemicals Healthbased Value Taste Threshold Odor Threshold Ammonia 92 Not Available 30 mg/l Methyl tertiary butyl ether (MtBE) 98 Not Available 40 µg/l µ 20 µg/l µ Sodium mg/l (for individuals on a 500 mg/day restricted sodium diet) mg/l Sulfate mg/l 250 mg/l Taste Threshold: oncentration at which the majority of consumers do not notice an adverse taste in drinking water; it is recognized that some sensitive individuals may detect a chemical at levels below this threshold. Odor Threshold: oncentration at which the majority of consumers do not notice an adverse odor in drinking water; it is recognized that some sensitive individuals may detect a chemical at levels below this threshold.