By Ryan Bemis, DOM, NADA Registered Trainer. Copyright 2013 National Acupuncture Detoxification Association
|
|
- Reynard Turner
- 8 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Evidence for the NADA Ear Acupuncture Protocol: Summary of Research A Review of Literature By Ryan Bemis, DOM, NADA Registered Trainer Copyright 2013 National Acupuncture Detoxification Association Abstract The National Acupuncture Detoxification Association (NADA) ear acupuncture protocol, originally developed for addiction treatment, has been adopted as a complementary therapy within a variety of community health settings. This review first offers an introduction to the NADA protocol, including its origins, development and its adjunctive application as a comprehensive model of care. Second, a review of evidence is offered on the use of the NADA protocol within addictions, behavioral health and cancer care. Introduction The National Acupuncture Detoxification Association (NADA) ear acupuncture protocol utilizes up to five ear points- - shen men, sympathetic, kidney, liver, and lung. Based on acupuncture analgesia research in Hong Kong (Wen & Cheng, 1973), this protocol was developed in the mid 1970's at Lincoln Hospital in the South Bronx, NY by physicians including Omura, Taft and Smith (Mitchell, 1995). The NADA protocol has since been incorporated within a variety of health care and self- help settings around the world. The technique is variously referred to in existing literature as acupuncture detoxification, acu detox, NADA acupuncture, the three- point protocol, the five- point protocol, five- needle protocol, 5NP, the SMART protocol, and Auricular Acupuncture (abbreviated AA). It is also commonly referenced as community acupuncture, acupuncture and auriculotherapy. For the purposes of this summary it will be referred to as the
2 NADA protocol. The NADA protocol is ideally offered as a part of a comprehensive model of care. Developed at Lincoln Hospital, the approach is known as the NADA model (see p. 6), which includes several components that made it an effective and economical system of care (Smith, 2010). The model recognizes that not one single component of a comprehensive recovery or health program can be seen as a "cure" or "stand- alone" therapy for any condition. This assumption poses a challenge for researchers to isolate and determine the efficacy of the NADA protocol. As recent US Department of Justice and British Medical Journal publications have noted, the NADA protocol is best utilized as a component, not as an isolated function within community health programs (American University School of Public Affairs Justice Programs Office, 2011, Cowan, 2011). Future research should take this into consideration. The NADA US organization, established in 1985 to provide training and education in the technique, estimates today that over 25,000 providers worldwide have been trained in the procedure. Projects that offer the NADA protocol exist today in over 40 countries (National Acupuncture Detoxification Association, 2013). The settings in which the NADA model has been integrated include addictions, psychiatric/mental health, prisons, disaster relief, Native American reservations, refugee settings, pastoral care, humanitarian aid, sickle cell, cancer and HIV/ADS care. This summary covers three areas: addictions, behavioral health and immune/blood disorders. Review of literature on the NADA protocol for community health The following sections offer a review of current research, outcomes, prevalence
3 and pilot data on the use of the NADA protocol as a community health adjunctive therapy, including addictions treatment, behavioral health and cancer care. Addictions The prevalence and appropriateness of acupuncture for addictions is well established. The US federal government s Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (2007), the United Nations (2006), the State of New Mexico (Bigelow, 2008), as well as the US Department of Defense/Veteran s Affairs (2010) have each published best practice guidelines that address the value of acupuncture for chemical dependency. Federal statistics (SAMHSA, 2000) show that over 500 addictions programs in the US use some form of acupuncture. A more recent estimate by Reuben et al. (2005) determined that at least 1500 addictions programs worldwide use some form of acupuncture for addictions. In Denmark, the NADA protocol is one of the most prevalent forms of Complementary and Alternative Medicine modalities used within rehabilitation programs (Skovgaard, la Cour, & Kristensen 2012). The evidence base for the adjunctive use of the NADA protocol for addictions continues to grow. Studies published in peer- reviewed journals support the adjunctive use of the NADA protocol for heroin, alcohol and cocaine addictions treatment (Bergdahl et al., 2012 Santasiero & Neussle, 2007, Russell, Sharp and Gilbertson 2000, Avants, Margolin, Holford, & Kosten, 2000, Shwartz, Saitz, Mulvey & Brannigan, 1999, Washburn, et al., 1993, Bullock, Culliton, Olander, 1989, Bullock, Ulmen, Culliton, & Olander, 1987,) as well as nicotine addictions (White, Rampes, Liu, Stead, & Campbell, 2011, Bier, Wilson, Studt, Shakleton, 2002, Stuyt & Meeker, 2006, He, Medbe, & Hostmark, 2001, He, Berg, &
4 Hostmark, 1997). Recent studies by Chang, Sommers, & Hertz (2010), and Carter, Olshan- Perlmutter, Norton, & Smith (2011) demonstrate that the NADA protocol in addition to standard care is significantly better than standard addictions care alone. One observational study (Janssen, Demores & Whynot 2005) demonstrated the value of the NADA protocol for people with addictions problems within a harm reduction setting.community health The use of ear acupuncture within behavioral health/psychiatric care has expanded in recent years, particularly within US and Indian military units (Niemtzow, 2011, Smith, 2012), European and US prisons and psychiatric hospitals (Smith, Carter, Landgren, & Stuyt, 2011). A national survey in Sweden found that the NADA protocol is widely used in public psychiatric programs (Lindell & Ek, 2010). An estimated 130 prisons in Europe offer the NADA protocol for inmates, with treatments provided by over 500 NADA- trained correctional staff (Smith et al., 2011). Acupuncture continues to be accepted within mainstream psychiatric treatment in the US. Yale Medical School has established a NADA training program for psychiatric residents (Bruce, 2011). The Department of Veteran's Affairs (VA) and the Department of Defense Evidence Based Practice Guidelines (2010) assigns a "good quality" of evidence to support the use of acupuncture to treat post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), including symptoms of pain, insomnia, depression and addictions issues. Standardized ear protocols are applied for trauma and pain by mainstream military medics in the US (Niemtzow, Litscher, Burns, & Helms, 2009, Niemtzow et al., 2008, Niemtzow, 2011, Belard & Pock, 2011, Helms et al., 2011).
5 A number of studies support the adjunctive use of the NADA protocol for nonaddictions programs within psychiatric hospital, mental health, and prison settings (Lemaire & Gonzalez, 2011, Payer, Ots, Marktl, Pfeifer, & Lehofer, 2007, Berman, Lundberg, Krook, & Gyllenhammar, 2004, Nixon, Cheng, & Cloutier, 2003, Berman & Lundberg 2002). Carter et al. (2011), though conducted within an addictions recovery setting, demonstrated how the NADA protocol alleviates a number of different common health symptoms. Additionally, several published qualitative reports (Cole & Yarberry, 2011, Yarberry, 2010), program evaluations (DARE 2011), acupuncture field reports (Dolan & Menolascino, 2010, Sommers & Porter, 2011) and news stories (Kocherga 2012, Scudder, 2012) demonstrate the value of the NADA protocol as a disaster relief/humanitarian aid intervention for first responders as well as populations affected by violence and trauma. Preliminary reports on the Military Stress Recovery Project s numerous clinics around the US demonstrate that the NADA protocol can assist veterans with a variety of psychiatric symptoms (Duda Harris, 2012). Cancer/Blood disorders The NADA protocol has been used as an adjunctive care and self- help support modality for people with cancer and blood disorders, including sickle cell disease, AIDS/HIV, and cancer. Programs using the NADA protocol have been established in the Sickle Cell Support Group of Atlanta, Quest Center for Integrative Health s breast cancer and HIV programs in Portland, and the University of South Carolina Medical School. Two recent studies have demonstrated preliminary evidence for the use of the NADA protocol as part of cancer therapy (Valois, Young, Robinson, McCourt, & Maher, 2012, Harding, Harris, & Chadwich, 2008). Conclusion
6 The NADA protocol, developed as an addictions therapy, has been adapted into a variety of health care settings worldwide. The protocol is best integrated as a comprehensive model of care. This review of literature substantiates this modality s continued expansion within addictions and behavioral health treatment, including prisons, military medicine, and disaster relief/humanitarian aid, as well as its use to treat immune/blood disorders. Figure 1: Components of the NADA model Integration within other interventions: These may include a supportive non- confrontational approach to counseling and medical care; an emphasis on self help, peer mentoring and/or 12 step groups early in the recovery process. Barrier free: NADA treatments are offered as a "barrier free" treatment; lengthy assessments and intake are unnecessary to screen for "appropriate" patients. The NADA clinic serves as a "front end" to the other services, allowing the client the opportunity to experience "something significant" prior to committing to a treatment or medical plan. Regular treatments: Treatment is available without appointment throughout the week, ideally on a daily basis in early stages of treatment. Communal setting: NADA treatment is provided in a group setting for a duration of minutes. All clinical activities take place within a tolerant informal family- like atmosphere. Local personnel and/or cross- trained health providers offer the therapy: Service delivery of the NADA protocol should not be dependent on full body acupuncturists or physicians. To maximize the cost- effectiveness,
7 the accessibility of the treatments, and cultural competency, NADA protocol treatments are provided by NADA- trained health workers who already work within the existing community health program. Use of toxicologies to monitor progress: when in the context of addictions treatment or pharmaceutical medication detoxification/tapering, frequent toxicologies are emphasized to monitor progress. Collaboration with court- agencies: Clinicians have a willingness to work with court- related agencies, including drug court, mental health court and veteran s court. Acknowledgments: Many thanks to Elizabeth Stuyt, Sara Bursac, David Eisen, Mateo Bernal, Ruth Ackerman, Kimberly Culligan, Hermine Berenger and Andrea Weber for assistance with this paper.about the writer: Ryan Bemis works as a NADA trainer, ADS supervisor, and community acupuncturist in the US/Mexico border region. He is licensed by the state of New Mexico as a Doctor of Oriental Medicine. He is a contributing writer for Guidepoints and AcuTake. He received his education in acupuncture and the NADA protocol at the Oregon College of Oriental Medicine in Portland, OR and Lincoln Hospital in the Bronx, NY. References American University School of Public Affairs, Justice Programs Office. (2011). Frequently Asked Questions Series: Effectiveness of acupuncture as an adjunct to substance abuse treatment: Summary of recent research findings. BJA Drug Court Technical Assistance Project. May 24, Retrieved from Avants, S.K., Margolin, A., Holford, T.R., Kosten, T.R. (2000). A randomized
8 controlled trial of auricular acupuncture for cocaine dependence. Archives of Internal Medicine, 160(5), Belard, J.L. & Rock, A.R. (2011). Acupuncture and NATO. Medical Acupuncture. 23(4), Bergdahl, L., Berman, A.H., Haglund, K. (2012). Patients' experience of auricular acupuncture during protracted withdrawal. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing. Blackwell Publishing, 1-7. doi: /jpm Berman, A.H., Lundberg, U., Krook, A.L., Gyllenhammar, C. (2004). Treating drug using prison inmates with auricular acupuncture: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment. 26(2), Berman, A.H., Lundberg, U. (2002). Auricular acupuncture in prison psychiatric units: a pilot study. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica Supplementum. (412), Bier, I.D., Wilson, J., Studt, P., Shakleton, M. (2002). Auricular acupuncture, education and smoking cessation: A randomized, sham controlled trial. American Journal of Public Health. (92), Bigelow, J. (2008). Governor Richardson s Task Force On Prison Reform. Increasing public safety in New Mexico before, curing and after incarceration: New directions for reform in New Mexico corrections. State of New Mexico. Retrieved from D., Castenada, R. (2010). Ear acupuncture in addiction treatment: NADA protocol. Clinical Addiction Psychiatry. Cambridge: University Press, Bruce, L. (2011). Ear Acupuncture: A tool for recovery. Yale School of Medicine Department of Psychiatry Website. Contributed by Connecticut Mental Health Center.
9 Retrieved from from Bullock, M.L., Culliton, P.C., Olander, R.T. (1989). Controlled trial of acupuncture for severe recidivistic alcoholism. The Lancet. 1(8652), Bullock, M.L., Ulmen, A.J., Culliton, P.D., & Olander, R.T. (1987). Acupuncture treatment of alcohol recidivism. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experiential Research, 11(3), Carter, K.O., Olshan- Perlmutter, M., Norton, H.J. & Smith, M.O. (2011) NADA acupuncture prospective trial in patients with substance use disorders and seven common health symptoms. Medical Acupuncture. 23(3), doi: /acu Center for Substance Abuse Treatment. (2006). Detoxification and substance abuse treatment. Treatment Improvement Protocol (TIP) Series 45. (DHHS Publication No. SMA ). Rockville (MD): Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (US). Chang, B.H., Sommers, E., Hertz, L. (2010). Acupuncture and relaxation response for substance use disorder recovery. Journal of Substance Use. 15(6), Cole, B., Yarberry, M. (2011). NADA training provides PTSD relief in Haiti. Deutsche Zeitschrift für Akupunktur, 54, Cowan, D. (2010). Methodological issues in evaluating auricular acupuncture therapy for problems arising from the use of drugs and alcohol. Acupuncture Medicine. 29(3), doi: /aim DARE Network Staff. (2011). DARE Network 2011 Annual Report. Retrieved from
10 Department of Veterans Affairs and Department of Defense. (2010). Clinical practice guideline for management of post- traumatic stress. Washington, DC: US Department of Veterans Affairs. Retrieved from S.D. & Menolascino, S. (November 2010). The legacy of St. Vincent's Hospital for trauma recovery. Guidepoints. Laramie, WY: National Acupuncture Detoxification Association Literature Clearinghouse. Duda Harris, T. (2012). Finding Solace and Relief: Acupuncture for Veterans. Acupuncture Today. 14 (2). Retrieved from Harding, C., Harris, A., Chadwich, D. (2008). Auricular acupuncture: A novel treatment for vasomotor symptoms associated with luteinizing- hormone releasing agonist treatment for prostate cancer. BJU International. 103(2), He, D., Berg, J.E., Hostmark, A.T. (1997). Effects of acupuncture on smoking cessation or reduction for motivated smokers. Preventive Medicine. 26, He, D., Medbe, J.I., Hostmark, A.T. (2001). Effect of acupuncture on smoking cessation or reduction: an 8- month and 5- year follow- up study. Preventive Medicine. 33, Helms, J.M., Walkowski, S.A., Elkiss, M., Pittman, D., Kouchis, N.S., Lawrence, B. (2011). HMI auricular trauma protocol: An acupuncture approach for trauma spectrum symptoms. Medical Acupuncture. 23(4), Janssen, P.A., Demorest, L.C., Whynot, E.M. (2005). Acupuncture for substance abuse treatment in downtown eastside of Vancouver. Journal of Urban Health: Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, 82 (2),
11 Kocherga, A. (September 11, 2012). Residents in violent border city use acupuncture to cope with trauma. KVUE News. Austin: Border News Bureau. Retrieved from in- violent- border- city- useacupuncture- to- cope- with- trauma html Lemaire, J., Gonzalez, M., (2011). Auricular acupuncture pilot project: Final report. Addictions Foundation of Manitoba: Program Evaluation Department. Retrieved from pdf Lindell, L. & Ek, A.M. (2010). Komplementära metoder i psykiatriska verksamheter och brukares upplevelser och erfarenheter [Complementary Methods in Psychiatric Activities and Users Experiences]. Malmö, Sweden: Malmö University. Retrieved from quence=1 Mitchell, E.R. (1995). Fighting drug abuse with acupuncture. California, USA: Pacific View Press. National Acupuncture Detoxification Association. (2010). Acupuncture Detoxification Specialist Training and Resource Manual. Laramie, WY: NADA Literature Clearinghouse. National Acupuncture Detoxification Association. (2013). National Acupuncture Detoxification Association website. Retrieved from nada/12- faqs Niemtzow, R.C. (2011). Integrating acupuncture into military medicine: Strategies and challenges. Medical Acupuncture. 23(4), Niemtzow, R.C. Litscher, G., Burns, S.M., Helms, J.M. (2009). Battlefied
12 Acupuncture: Update. Medical Acupuncture. 21, 1-4. Niemtzow, R.C., Burns, S.M., Cooper, J. Libretto, S, Walter, J.A.G., Baxter. (2008). Acupuncture clinical pain trial in a military medical center: Outcomes. Medical Acupuncture. 20(4), doi: /acu Nixon, M.K., Cheng, M., Cloutier, P. (2003). An open trial of auricular acupuncture for the treatment of repetitive self- injury in depressed adolescents. Canadian Child Adolescent Psychiatric Review. 12(1), Payer, K., Ots, T., Marktl, G., Pfeifer, F., Lehofer, M. (2007). Patient satisfaction with the NADA protocol in a psychiatric ward: An observational study of practical application. Deutsche Zeitschrift für Akupunktur, 50, Reuben, C, Chen, T.J.H, Blum, S.H. Braverman, E., Waite, R., Miller, J., Sewall, S., Blum, K., Meshkin, K., Mengucci, J. (2005). Acupuncture & auriculotherapy: valuable natural treatment modalities for addiction. Townsend Letter for Doctors and Patients. 269 (81), 84. Russell, L.C., Sharp, B., Gilbertson, B. (2000). Acupuncture for addicted patients with chronic histories of arrest. A pilot study of the Consortium Treatment Center. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 19, SAMSHA: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2000). Uniform Facility Data Set (UFDS):1999 (DHHS Publication no. (SMA) ). Washington, DC: US Department of Health and Human Services. Santasiero, R. P. Neussle, G. (2007). Cost- effectiveness of auricular acupuncture for treating substance abuse In an HMO setting: A pilot study. Medical Acupuncture. 16 (3). Scudder, C. (August 11, 2012). Doctors, specialists use non- traditional medicine
13 to treat veterans. Kansas City Health Infozine. Retrieved from M., Saitz, R., Mulvey, K., Brannigan, P. (1999). The value of acupuncture detoxification programs in a substance abuse treatment system. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment. 17(4), Skovgaard, L, la Cour, S. Kristensen, M. (2012). Use of complementary and alternative medicine at Danish rehabilitation institutions and drug centres. Ugeskr Laeger. 174(1-2), Smith, M.O., Carter, K.O., Landgren, K., Stuyt, E.B. (2011). Ear acupuncture in addictions treatment. In Johnson, B.A. (Ed.), Addiction Medicine, Science and Practice: Volume ). Springer: New York. Smith, M.O. (2012). The use of acupuncture in addictions treatment programs. Huffington Post. Retrieved from michael- osmith/addiction- acupuncture_b_ html Sommers, B. & Porter, K. (2011). Public health initiatives bring acupuncture to natural disaster survivors. Acupuncture Today. 12 (11). Stuyt, E.B., Meeker, J.L. (2006). Benefits of auricular acupuncture in tobaccofree inpatient dual- diagnosis treatment. Journal of Dual Diagnosis, 2(4), United Nations: Office on Drugs and Crime. (2006). Drug dependence treatment: Interventions for drug users in prison. 38. Retrieved from from Valois, B., Young, T.E., Robinson, N., McCourt, C., Maher, E. (2012). NADA ear acupuncture for breast cancer treatment- related hot flashes and night sweats: An observational study. Medical Acupuncture. 24 (4), Washburn, A.M., Fullilove, R.E., Fullilove, M.T., Keenan, P.A., McGee, B., Morris, K.A., Sorensen, J.L., Clark, W.W. (1993). Acupuncture
14 heroin detoxification: A single blind clinical trial. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 10 (4), Wen, H.L., Cheng, S.Y.C. (1973). Treatment of drug addiction by acupuncture and electrical stimulation. Asian Journal of Medicine. 9, White, A.R., Rampes, H., Liu, J.P., Stead, L.F., Campbell, J. (2011). Acupuncture and related interventions for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 1(CD000009). doi: / CD pub3. Yarberry, M. (2010). The use of the NADA protocol for PTSD in Kenya. Deutsche Zeitschrift für Akupunktur. 53, 6-11.
EVIDENCE FOR THE NADA EAR ACUPUNCTURE PROTOCOL Summary of Research
EVIDENCE FOR THE NADA EAR ACUPUNCTURE PROTOCOL Summary of Research A REVIEW OF LITERATURE by Ryan Bemis DOM, NADA Registered Trainer Copyright 2013 National Acupuncture Detoxification Association Published
More informationSEVEN COMMON HEALTH SYMPTOMS
NADA ACUPUNCTURE PROSPECTIVE TRIAL IN PATIENTS WITH SUBSTANCE USE DISORDERS AND SEVEN COMMON HEALTH SYMPTOMS Kenneth O. Carter*, M.D., M.P.H., Dipl.Ac., Michelle Olshan- Perlmutter*, PMHCNS- BC, FNP- BC,
More informationTITLE: Acupuncture for Management of Addictions Withdrawal: Clinical Effectiveness
TITLE: Acupuncture for Management of Addictions Withdrawal: Clinical Effectiveness DATE: 09 October 2008 RESEARCH QUESTION: What is the clinical effectiveness of auricular acupuncture in the management
More informationAcupuncture: A Valuable Adjunct Therapy
Acupuncture: A Valuable Adjunct Therapy By Michael O. Smith, MD, DAc "Acu detox," a simple and low-cost technique derived from acupuncture, is now used by approximately 1,000 addiction treatment programs
More informationCourse outline. Acupuncture in Mental Health. History of Acupuncture and Psychiatry in HK
Course outline Acupuncture in Mental Health Simon HUI Senior Physiotherapist Kwai Chung Hospital Updated evidences for using acupuncture in Mental health A literature review Local experience for using
More informationThose of you who are interested in Acupuncture and Oriental Medicine Community response to Hurricane Katrina may be interested in the following:
Those of you who are interested in Acupuncture and Oriental Medicine Community response to Hurricane Katrina may be interested in the following: Acupuncturists Without Borders Hurricane Katrina Relief
More informationNADA Acupuncture Prospective Trial in Patients with Substance Use Disorders and Seven Common Health Symptoms
MEDICAL ACUPUNCfURE Volume 23, Number 3, 2011 Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. DOl: I 0.1 089/acu.20 I 0.0784 ORIGINAL ARTICLES NADA Acupuncture Prospective Trial in Patients with Substance Use Disorders and Seven
More informationAuricular Acupuncture Protocol In The Treatment of Chemical Dependency. (Outpatient Treatment) Copyright Fernando Bernall, AP
Auricular Acupuncture Protocol In The Treatment of Chemical Dependency. (Outpatient Treatment) Copyright Fernando Bernall, AP Acupuncture's Role In Detox and Rehabilitation Programs Acupuncture is best
More informationTIP Prospectus for Concept Clearance Substance Abuse Treatment and Trauma
TIP Prospectus for Concept Clearance Substance Abuse Treatment and Trauma Introduction The events of September 11, 2001, have reminded Americans that they are vulnerable to international terrorism and
More informationAlcohol and Chemical Dependency Inpatient Treatment Programs
Alcohol and Chemical Dependency Inpatient Treatment Programs Road to Recovery For the treatment of alcohol or chemical dependency, Marworth s specialized programs incorporate a person s unique lifestyle,
More informationBETSY J. DAVIS, Ph.D. 9426 Indian School Rd. NE., Ste. 1 Albuquerque, NM 87112 505-977-1766
BETSY J. DAVIS, Ph.D. 9426 Indian School Rd. NE., Ste. 1 Albuquerque, NM 87112 505-977-1766 EDUCATION Loyola University Chicago Degree: Ph.D. 2001 Major: Counseling Psychology Minor: Applied Psychological
More informationMichael Brennan, MA, LMHC Providence St. Peter Hospital Crisis Services
Michael Brennan, MA, LMHC Providence St. Peter Hospital Crisis Services Welcome to the E.R.: Emergency: noun Webster 1. a sudden, urgent, usually unexpected occurrence or occasion requiring immediate action.
More informationCURRICULUM VITAE. Veterans Administration Medical Center, Psychiatry Service 1984-1986 San Francisco, CA Fellow in Substance Use Disorders
CURRICULUM VITAE H. Westley Clark, M.D., J.D., M.P.H., CAS, FASAM Director, Center for Substance Abuse Treatment Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration Department of Health & Human Services
More informationADOLESCENT CO-OCCURRING DISORDERS: TREATMENT TRENDS AND GUIDELINES AMANDA ALKEMA, LCSW BECKY KING, LCSW ERIC TADEHARA, LCSW
ADOLESCENT CO-OCCURRING DISORDERS: TREATMENT TRENDS AND GUIDELINES AMANDA ALKEMA, LCSW BECKY KING, LCSW ERIC TADEHARA, LCSW INTRODUCTION OBJECTIVES National and Utah Statistics Best Practice Guidelines
More information2015 OPIOID TREATMENT PROGRAM DESCRIPTIONS
2015 OPIOID TREATMENT PROGRAM PROGRAM DESCRIPTIONS Contents Opioid T reatment Program Core Program Standards... 2 Court Treatment (CT)... 2 Detoxification... 2 Day Treatment... 3 Health Home (HH)... 3
More informationVeterans Health Administration (VHA): Mental Health Services. Briefing for Commission on Care October 19, 2015
Veterans Health Administration (VHA): Mental Health Services Briefing for Commission on Care October 19, 2015 Uniform Mental Health Services VHA is committed to providing a uniform package of mental health
More informationTable of Contents. Preface...xv. Part I: Introduction to Mental Health Disorders and Depression
Table of Contents Visit www.healthreferenceseries.com to view A Contents Guide to the Health Reference Series, a listing of more than 16,000 topics and the volumes in which they are covered. Preface...xv
More informationSuicide, PTSD, and Substance Use Among OEF/OIF Veterans Using VA Health Care: Facts and Figures
Suicide, PTSD, and Substance Use Among OEF/OIF Veterans Using VA Health Care: Facts and Figures Erin Bagalman Analyst in Health Policy July 18, 2011 Congressional Research Service CRS Report for Congress
More informationCASE STUDY: SPECIAL HEALTH RESOURCES OF EAST TEXAS Longview, Texas
CASE STUDY: SPECIAL HEALTH RESOURCES OF EAST TEXAS Longview, Texas This project was funded by a grant from the Health Resources and Services Administration, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services,
More informationGlenn Maynard, LPC 319 SW Washington, Suite 1015 Portland, OR 97204 (503) 916-8186 Fax: (503) 227-2561 E-mail: maynarg@comcast.net
Glenn Maynard, LPC 319 SW Washington, Suite 1015 97204 (503) 916-8186 Fax: (503) 227-2561 E-mail: maynarg@comcast.net EDUCATION: M.Ed. Counseling, Lewis & Clark College 1977 BS Sociology, Portland State
More informationAmerican Society of Addiction Medicine
American Society of Addiction Medicine Public Policy Statement on Treatment for Alcohol and Other Drug Addiction 1 I. General Definitions of Addiction Treatment Addiction Treatment is the use of any planned,
More informationPatients experience of auricular acupuncture during protracted withdrawal
Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 2014, 21, 163 169 Patients experience of auricular acupuncture during protracted withdrawal L. BERGDAHL 1 RN, A. H. BERMAN 3 P h D & K. HAGLUND 2 RN Ph
More informationStatistics on Women in the Justice System. January, 2014
Statistics on Women in the Justice System January, 2014 All material is available though the web site of the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS): http://www.bjs.gov/ unless otherwise cited. Note that correctional
More informationFRN Research Report January 2012: Treatment Outcomes for Opiate Addiction at La Paloma
FRN Research Report January 2012: Treatment Outcomes for Opiate Addiction at La Paloma Background A growing opiate abuse epidemic has highlighted the need for effective treatment options. This study documents
More informationA Drug Policy for the 21st Century. Office of National Drug Control Policy
A Drug Policy for the 21st Century October 18, 2014 International Nurses Society on Addictions Health Care Reform & Its Impact on Addictions Nursing: Navigating Change through the Rapids David K. Mineta,
More informationACUPUNCTURE IN ALCOHOLISM TREATMENT: A RANDOMIZED OUT-PATIENT STUDY
Alcohol & Alcoholism Vol. 34, No. 4, pp. 629 635, 1999 ACUPUNCTURE IN ALCOHOLISM TREATMENT: A RANDOMIZED OUT-PATIENT STUDY RICHARDT SAPIR-WEISE*, MATS BERGLUND, ARNE FRANK and HANS KRISTENSON Department
More informationCo-Occurring Substance Use and Mental Health Disorders. Joy Chudzynski, PsyD UCLA Integrated Substance Abuse Programs
Co-Occurring Substance Use and Mental Health Disorders Joy Chudzynski, PsyD UCLA Integrated Substance Abuse Programs Introduction Overview of the evolving field of Co-Occurring Disorders Addiction and
More informationToday s Topics. Session 2: Introduction to Drug Treatment. Treatment matching. Guidelines: where should a client go for treatment?
Session 2: Introduction to Drug Treatment Today s Topics Level of care determination How to know when treatment works What does treatment include Description of treatment modalities Naomi Weinstein, MPH
More informationTreatment Delivery Systems as a Public Health Approach to the Population Management of Substance Use Disorders
Treatment Delivery Systems as a Public Health Approach to the Population Management of Substance Use Disorders Thomas F. Babor, Ph.D., MPH Dept of Community Medicine & Health Care University of Connecticut
More informationVarious therapies are used in the
National Survey of Substance Abuse Treatment Services The N-SSATS Report January 28, 2010 Overview of Opioid Treatment Programs within the United States: 2008 In Brief In 2008, a total of 1,132 (8 of all
More informationTreatment of Alcoholism
Treatment of Alcoholism Why is it important Prevents further to body by getting people off alcohol. Can prevent death. Helps keep health insurance down. Provides assistance so alcoholics don t t have to
More informationStates In Brief. The National Survey on Drug Use and Health. texas. Prevalence of Illicit Substance 1 and Alcohol Use
texas States In Brief Substance Abuse and Mental Health Issues At-A-Glance a short Report from the Office of applied studies Prevalence of Illicit Substance 1 and Alcohol Use The National Survey on Drug
More informationCOMMUNITY MENTAL HEALTH RESOURCES
COMMUNITY MENTAL HEALTH RESOURCES (Adult Mental Health Initiative) Ramsey & Washington Information gathered by: MN. State Advisory Council on Mental Health 17-25 Year Old Committee Mental Health Services
More informationDrug Court as Diversion for Youthful Offenders
Drug Court as Diversion for Youthful Offenders Juvenile Drug Courts in Hawaii: A Policy Brief Introduction The problem of drug abuse among the general population in the United States began to escalate
More informationServices Provided for Polk County Residents
Providing Successful, Evidence-Based Substance Abuse and Mental Health Treatment to Men, Women and Adolescents in Polk, Highlands and Hardee Counties for over 39 years. 1 Services Provided for Polk County
More informationThe Cost of Pain and Economic Burden of Prescription Misuse, Abuse and Diversion. Angela Huskey, PharmD, CPE
The Cost of Pain and Economic Burden of Prescription Misuse, Abuse and Diversion Angela Huskey, PharmD, CPE Case Bill is a 47 year old man with a history of low back pain and spinal stenosis Not a real
More informationThere are several types of trauma that can occur when people experience difficult life changing
Trauma Informed Services Part 1 The Hidden Aspect of Addiction Many individuals struggling with addiction have personal and family histories of trauma including sexual, emotional, and/or physical abuse
More informationTreatment Approaches for Drug Addiction
Treatment Approaches for Drug Addiction NOTE: This is a fact sheet covering research findings on effective treatment approaches for drug abuse and addiction. If you are seeking treatment, please call 1-800-662-HELP(4357)
More informationHealthy Lifestyle, Tobacco Free and Recovery Lesson for Group or Individual Sessions
Healthy Lifestyle, Tobacco Free and Recovery Lesson for Group or Individual Sessions This lesson is part of an overall curriculum based program developed by the New York State Office of Alcoholism and
More informationAlcohol and Drug Counseling
108 Alcohol and Drug Counseling Alcohol and Drug Counseling Degrees, Certificates and Awards Associate in Arts: Alcohol and Drug Counseling Certificate of Achievement: Alcohol and Drug Counseling Certificate
More informationPatients are still addicted Buprenorphine is simply a substitute for heroin or
BUPRENORPHINE TREATMENT: A Training For Multidisciplinary Addiction Professionals Module VI: Myths About the Use of Medication in Recovery Patients are still addicted Buprenorphine is simply a substitute
More informationAddiction Psychiatry Fellowship Rotation Goals & Objectives
Addiction Psychiatry Fellowship Rotation Goals & Objectives Table of Contents University Neuropsychiatric Institute (UNI) Training Site 2 Inpatient addiction psychiatry rotation.....2 Outpatient addiction
More informationDrug Abuse and Addiction
Drug Abuse and Addiction Introduction A drug is a chemical substance that can change how your body and mind work. People may abuse drugs to get high or change how they feel. Addiction is when a drug user
More informationScreening, Brief Intervention, and Referral for Treatment: Evidence for Use in Clinical Settings: Reference List
Screening, Brief Intervention, and Referral for Treatment: Evidence for Use in Clinical Settings: Reference List Elinore F. McCance Katz, MD, PhD Professor of Psychiatry University of California San Francisco
More informationSubstance Abuse Treatment for Pregnant Women & Parents
Substance Abuse Treatment for Pregnant Women & Parents February 2005 A Report for the Walker Fund Advisory Committee of The Oregon Community Foundation Prepared by Lory Britain, PH.D. Overview Recovery
More information2011 State Profile California
20 State Profile California National Survey of Substance Abuse Treatment Services (N-SSATS) The National Survey of Substance Abuse Treatment Services (N-SSATS) is an annual survey of facilities providing
More informationUNM Pain Center: Addressing New Mexico s Public Health Crises of Pain, Addiction, and Unintentional Opioid Overdose Deaths
UNM Pain Center: Addressing New Mexico s Public Health Crises of Pain, Addiction, and Unintentional Opioid Overdose Deaths Joanna G Katzman, M.D., M.S.P.H Director, UNM Pain Center Associate Professor,
More information- UNDERSTANDING - Dual Diagnosis
- UNDERSTANDING - Dual Diagnosis TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction 3 The Link Between Mental Illness and Substance Abuse 4 Characteristics of an Effective Dual Diagnosis Treatment Plan 6 Dual Diagnosis Treatment
More informationThe CCB Science 2 Service Distance Learning Program
S2S 2055 DETOXIFICATION Module 1 Post-Test 1. A common use of a biochemical marker is. a. to support or refute other information that leads to proper diagnosis b. for forensic purposes c. in detecting
More informationEvidence Based Practice in the Treatment of Addiction Treatment of Addiction. Steve Hanson
Evidence Based Practice in the Treatment of Addiction Treatment of Addiction Steve Hanson History of Addiction Treatment Incarceration Medical Techniques Asylums What We Learned These didn t work Needed
More informationContents Opioid Treatment Program Core Program Standards... 2
2016 OPIOID TREATMENT PROGRAM PROGRAM DESCRIPTIONS Contents Opioid Treatment Program Core Program Standards... 2 Court Treatment (CT)... 2 Detoxification... 2 Day Treatment... 3 Health Home (HH)... 3 Integrated
More informationVAMC Durham Substance Abuse Overview: Greg Hughes, MSW, LICSW Chief, Social Work Services Population Served Approximately 50,000 unique patients served through Durham, Raleigh, Greenville and Morehead
More informationONDCP. Drug Policy Information Clearinghouse FACT SHEET John P. Walters, Director www.whitehousedrugpolicy.gov 1-800-666-3332
UNUM Executive Office of the President Office of National Drug Control Policy E PLURIBUS OFFICE OF NATIONAL POLICY D RUG CONTROL ONDCP March 2001 Drug Policy Information Clearinghouse FACT SHEET John P.
More informationRecovery Outcomes for Opiate Users. FRN Research Report November 2013
Recovery Outcomes for Opiate Users FRN Research Report November 2013 Introduction Opiate use in America is at epidemic levels. The latest surveys show 4.5 million Americans using prescription painkillers
More informationMANUEL DAVID TOBIAS, Ph.D. 9255 Town Centre Dr. Suite 875 San Diego, California 92121 Phone 858-362-8779 Fax-858-455-5556
MANUEL DAVID TOBIAS, Ph.D. 9255 Town Centre Dr. Suite 875 San Diego, California 92121 Phone 858-362-8779 Fax-858-455-5556 PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE Qualified Medical Examiner- State of California, Division
More informationClaudia A. Zsigmond, Psy.D. FL. License # PY7297
Claudia A. Zsigmond, Psy.D. FL. License # PY7297 EDUCATION 9/1989- State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 6/1993 Bachelor of Arts, Psychology, cum laude 9/1995- Illinois School of Professional
More informationPsychology Externship Program
Psychology Externship Program The Washington VA Medical Center (VAMC) is a state-of-the-art facility located in Washington, D.C., N.W., and is accredited by the Joint Commission on the Accreditation of
More informationJane Luanne Nichols, Ph.D., L.P.C. Southern Illinois University Rehabilitation Institute Carbondale, IL 62901. 618-453-8291 jlnichols@siu.
Jane Luanne Nichols, Ph.D., L.P.C. Southern Illinois University Rehabilitation Institute Carbondale, IL 62901. 618-453-8291 jlnichols@siu.edu EDUCATION 2007 Doctor of Philosophy, Rehabilitation Counselor
More informationImpact of Systematic Review on Health Services: The US Experience
Impact of Systematic Review on Health Services: The US Experience Walter Ling MD Integrated Substance Abuse Programs (ISAP) UCLA The effectiveness of interventions for addictions: The Drug and Alcohol
More informationCADC-CAS STUDY GUIDE. Studying for the Exam. Exam Content Outline
CADC-CAS STUDY GUIDE Studying for the Exam The exam covers the following topic areas. Candidates are encouraged to review these areas and the items listed below in preparation for the exam. All questions
More informationhttp://nurse practitioners and physician assistants.advanceweb.com/features/articles/alcohol Abuse.aspx
http://nurse practitioners and physician assistants.advanceweb.com/features/articles/alcohol Abuse.aspx Alcohol Abuse By Neva K.Gulsby, PA-C, and Bonnie A. Dadig, EdD, PA-C Posted on: April 18, 2013 Excessive
More informationAN OVERVIEW OF TREATMENT MODELS
AN OVERVIEW OF TREATMENT MODELS The 12-step Programs: Self-led groups that focus on the individual s achievement of sobriety. These groups are independent, self-supported, and are not aligned with any
More informationPositive Outcome Data Boosts NADA
News from September 2011 Positive Outcome Data Boosts NADA Advocates in Ohio by Sara Bursac Photo courtesy of Ryan Bemis Trainees from the U.S./Mexico border region create an image of one acupuncture point,
More informationMOVING TOWARD EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE FOR ADDICTION TREATMENT
MOVING TOWARD EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE FOR ADDICTION TREATMENT June, 2014 Dean L. Babcock, LCAC, LCSW Associate Vice President Eskenazi Health Midtown Community Mental Health Centers Why is Evidence-Based
More informationNew Haven/Fairfield Counties Ryan White Part A Program Substance Abuse Service Standard SUBSTANCE ABUSE
I. DEFINITION OF SERVICE New Haven/Fairfield Counties Ryan White Part A Program Substance Abuse Service Standard SUBSTANCE ABUSE CORE MEDICAL SERVICE Support for Substance Abuse Treatment Services-Outpatient,
More informationMinimum Insurance Benefits for Patients with Opioid Use Disorder The Opioid Use Disorder Epidemic: The Evidence for Opioid Treatment:
Minimum Insurance Benefits for Patients with Opioid Use Disorder By David Kan, MD and Tauheed Zaman, MD Adopted by the California Society of Addiction Medicine Committee on Opioids and the California Society
More informationVENTURA COUNTY ALCOHOL & DRUG PROGRAMS
VENTURA COUNTY ALCOHOL & DRUG PROGRAMS women s services Helping women recover (805) 981-9200 1911 Williams Drive, Oxnard, CA 93036 www.venturacountylimits.org recovery VCBH ALCOHOL & DRUG PROGRAMS WOMEN
More informationA Partnership to Establish Tobacco free Mental Health and Substance Abuse Treatment Centers
A Partnership to Establish Tobacco free Mental Health and Substance Abuse Treatment Centers in Utah Claudia Bohner, MPH Tobacco Prevention and Control Program (TPCP) Utah Department of Health Background:
More informationArmon TERESA C. ARMON 30 Sharon Lane East Schodack NY 12063 (518) 428-5355 (C) (518) 402-4182 (W) Email: Teresa.Armon@omh.ny.gov
TERESA C. ARMON 30 Sharon Lane East Schodack NY 12063 (518) 428-5355 (C) (518) 402-4182 (W) Email: Teresa.Armon@omh.ny.gov EDUCATION: Post Masters Certificate Nurse Practitioner in Psychiatry, 2010 Sage
More informationTraumatic Stress. and Substance Use Problems
Traumatic Stress and Substance Use Problems The relation between substance use and trauma Research demonstrates a strong link between exposure to traumatic events and substance use problems. Many people
More informationBEHAVIORAL HEALTH AND DETOXIFICATION - MEETING DEMAND FOR SERVICES UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH MEDICAL CENTER MERCY HOSPITAL Publication Year: 2013
BEHAVIORAL HEALTH AND DETOXIFICATION - MEETING DEMAND FOR SERVICES UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH MEDICAL CENTER MERCY HOSPITAL Publication Year: 2013 Summary: The development of separate intake area for behavioral
More informationTreatment for Co occurring Disorders
Wisconsin Public Psychiatry Network Teleconference (WPPNT) This teleconference is brought to you by the Wisconsin Department of Health Services (DHS) Bureau of Prevention, Treatment, and Recovery and the
More informationCURRICULUM VITAE. Professional Experience
Patrick D. Caffrey, Ph.D. Caffrey Comprehensive Services 8301 State Line Road, Suite 200 Kansas City, MO 64114 816-363-5600 ext. 4 pdcaffrey@aol.com www.caffreycs.com CURRICULUM VITAE Summary: Nearly 30
More informationTitle: Opening Plenary Session Challenges and Opportunities to Impact the Opioid Dependence Crisis
The American Association for the Treatment of Opioid Dependence, provider #1044, is approved as a provider for social work continuing education by the Association of Social Work Boards (ASWB) www.aswb.org,
More informationFEDERAL PAIN PORTFOLIO PREVIEW
FEDERAL PAIN PORTFOLIO PREVIEW Federal Agencies: AHRQ, CDC, DoD, FDA, NIH, VA Interagency Pain Research Coordinating Committee March 27, 2012 IPRCC Charge I. Develop a summary of advances in pain care
More informationStates In Brief Substance Abuse and Mental Health Issues At-A-Glance
kentucky States In Brief Substance Abuse and Mental Health Issues At-A-Glance A Short Report from the Office of Applied Studies Prevalence of Illicit Substance 1 and Alcohol Use The National Survey on
More informationCurrent Models of Recovery Support Services: Where We Have Data and Where We Don t
Current Models of Recovery Support Services: Where We Have Data and Where We Don t Richard Rawson, Ph.D. Integrated Substance Abuse Programs University of California, Los Angeles 1. Define recovery Talk
More informationAn Abbreviated History of Addiction Treatment. Benjamin Rush, M.D. The 19 th Century. A Brief Addiction History Of Addiction Treatment
An Abbreviated History of Addiction Treatment Medical Director Talbott Recovery Campus Atlanta, Georgia USA Benjamin Rush, M.D. Asserted that alcohol was the causal agent in alcoholism. Loss of control
More informationStates In Brief Substance Abuse and Mental Health Issues At-A-Glance
virginia States In Brief Substance Abuse and Mental Health Issues At-A-Glance a Short report from the Office of applied Studies Prevalence of Illicit Substance 1 and Alcohol Use The National Survey on
More information1. To create a comprehensive Benchmark plan that will assure maximum tobacco cessation coverage to all populations in Rhode Island:
POSTION STATEMENT Submitted to the Rhode Island Health Benefits Exchange Submitted By the Public Policy Workgroup of the Statewide Tobacco Cessation Committee on Tobacco Cessation Treatment Benchmarks
More informationHow. HOLiSTIC REHAB. Benefits You
How HOLiSTIC REHAB Benefits You Table of Content Holistic Rehab Centers are More Popular than Ever The Need for Drug & Alcohol Rehabilitation Programs Alcohol Abuse and Addiction These Issues Need Treatment
More informationAlcoholism and Substance Abuse
State of Illinois Department of Human Services Division of Alcoholism and Substance Abuse OVERVIEW The Illinois Department of Human Services, Division of Alcoholism and Substance Abuse (IDHS/DASA) is the
More informationIntegrated Dual Disorder Treatment (IDDT)
Integrated Dual Disorder Treatment (IDDT) Jeff Stenseth Assistant Regional Director Southeast Human Service Center Department of Human Services Commission on Alternatives to Incarceration 9-13-2012 *Source:
More informationRates of Trauma-Informed Counseling at Substance Abuse Treatment Facilities: Reports From Over 10,000 Programs
Rates of Trauma-Informed Counseling at Substance Abuse Treatment Facilities: Reports From Over 10,000 Programs Nicole M. Capezza, Ph.D. Lisa M. Najavits, Ph.D. Objective: Trauma-informed treatment increasingly
More informationFree Additional Resources
Free Additional Resources Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration Treatment Improvement Protocols The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) offers free Treatment
More informationAmerican Society of Addiction Medicine
American Society of Addiction Medicine Public Policy Statement on Parity in Benefit Coverage: A Joint Statement by ASAM and AMBHA The American Managed Behavioral Healthcare Association (AMBHA) and the
More informationTREATMENT MODALITIES. May, 2013
TREATMENT MODALITIES May, 2013 Treatment Modalities New York State Office of Alcoholism and Substance Abuse Services (NYS OASAS) regulates the addiction treatment modalities offered in New York State.
More informationTreatment Approaches for Drug Addiction
Treatment Approaches for Drug Addiction [NOTE: This is a fact sheet covering research findings on effective treatment approaches for drug abuse and addiction. If you are seeking treatment, please call
More informationPROVIDING COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPY FOR VETERANS: A GRANT PROPOSAL ROGELIO BECERRA CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, LONG BEACH MAY 2014
PROVIDING COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPY FOR VETERANS: A GRANT PROPOSAL ROGELIO BECERRA CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, LONG BEACH MAY 2014 Introduction The Institute of Medicine (IOM) released a report, entitled
More informationseeking the certification education requirements as an Addiction Counselor through either the
180-Hour Training Series: Addiction Counselor Program The Addiction Certification Program is designed to provide the coursework necessary for those Evidence-Based & Best Practices seeking the certification
More informationA Resource for Public Defenders Representing U.S. Veteran Clients
A Resource for Public Defenders Representing U.S. Veteran Clients Information generously provided to the Louisiana Public Defender Board by the Louisiana Department of Veterans Affairs (November 2010)
More informationTRENDS IN HEROIN USE IN THE UNITED STATES: 2002 TO 2013
2013 to 2002 States: United the in Use Heroin in Trends National Survey on Drug Use and Health Short Report April 23, 2015 TRENDS IN HEROIN USE IN THE UNITED STATES: 2002 TO 2013 AUTHORS Rachel N. Lipari,
More informationNeurobiology and Treatment of Opioid Dependence. Nebraska MAT Training September 29, 2011
Neurobiology and Treatment of Opioid Dependence Nebraska MAT Training September 29, 2011 Top 5 primary illegal drugs for persons age 18 29 entering treatment, % 30 25 20 15 10 Heroin or Prescription Opioids
More informationOutline. Drug and Alcohol Counseling 1 Module 1 Basics of Abuse & Addiction
Outline Drug and Alcohol Counseling 1 Module 1 Basics of Abuse & Addiction About Substance Abuse The Cost of Chemical Abuse/Addiction Society's Response The Continuum of Chemical Use Definitions of Terms
More informationSubstance Abuse Treatment Admissions for Abuse of Benzodiazepines
Treatment Episode Data Set The TEDS Report June 2, 2011 Substance Abuse Treatment Admissions for Abuse of Benzodiazepines Benzodiazepines are a class of central nervous system depressant drugs that are
More informationCare Management Council submission date: August 2013. Contact Information
Clinical Practice Approval Form Clinical Practice Title: Acute use of Buprenorphine for the Treatment of Opioid Dependence and Detoxification Type of Review: New Clinical Practice Revisions of Existing
More informationCo-Occurring Disorder-Related Quick Facts: ELDERLY
Co-Occurring Disorder-Related Quick Facts: ELDERLY Elderly: In 2004, persons over the age of 65 reached a total of 36.3 million in the United States, an increase of approximately nine percent over the
More informationOVERVIEW WHAT IS POLyDRUG USE? Different examples of polydrug use
Petrol, paint and other Polydrug inhalants use 237 11 Polydrug use Overview What is polydrug use? Reasons for polydrug use What are the harms of polydrug use? How to assess a person who uses several drugs
More information