A Crossplatform ECG Compression Library for Mobile HealthCare Services
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1 A Crossplatform ECG Compresson Lbrary for Moble HealthCare Servces Alexander Borodn, Yulya Zavyalova Department of Computer Scence Petrozavodsk State Unversty Petrozavodsk, Russa {aborod, Abstract Contnuous montorng of heart functon can consderably decrease the percent of the sudden deaths caused by heart dseases snce n ths case there are a good chances that the help s rendered n tme. Snce n long-term heart examnaton huge amounts of data are generated a tool of effectve data compresson s needed. Recently several algorthms of bosgnal compresson were proposed by researchers. In ths paper the results of adaptng the algorthms based on wavelet transform to the constrants of moble devces are presented. The crossplatform lbrary mplementng the ECG compresson functons was constructed. Index Terms: ECG, compresson, mhealth. I. INTRODUCTION It s known that cardovascular and schemc heart dseases are the leadng cause of death n the developed countres. Long-term contnuous montorng of heart functon provdes a way to dscover the problem early and take tmely measures to prevent sudden heart attack. A varety of wearable devces are avalable n the market wth the feature of electrocardogram montorng. These devces can be connected wth smartphones and provde data for applcatons. Accordng to forecasts of experts the smartphone applcatons wll become the mportant part of mhealth solutons n the near future. The archtecture of typcal cardomontorng system based on smartphone use s presented n [1]. Nevertheless, long-term contnuous montorng leads to a problem of storng and transmttng huge amounts of electrocardogram data. Recently a number of effcent compresson algorthms have been developed for ECG sgnal processng. These algorthms need to be adapted for usng n moble applcatons. Ths paper summarzes the project of compresson lbrary constructon, whch s sutable for electrocardogram recordngs encodng and at the same tme convenent for use n moble healthcare servces. II. ECG COMPRESSION BASED ON WAVELET TRANSFORM Applcaton of wavelet transform n compresson algorthms of 1D and 2D sgnals has acqured a reputaton for a good advantage, e. g. n JPEG 2000 [2] standard and n Drac vdeo codec [3]. Actually wavelet transform of a vector of values has the same sze as the orgnal one. But the dstrbuton of values for the wavelet coeffcents s usually centered close to zero and there are very few large coeffcents. Consequently almost all the nformaton s concentrated n a small fracton of the coeffcents and can be effcently compressed wth an entropy coder
2 Desgnng a computng algorthm for a small moble devce such as a smartphone we meet the followng addtonal constrants. 1) An effcent mplementaton of the algorthm should be provded snce huge and tmeconsumng computatons can quckly dscharge the battery. 2) Real arthmetcs should be avoded f possble due to the lack of floatng pont unt on some devces. The lftng scheme was proposed n [4] as an smple and effcent computaton procedure for obtanng the wavelet coeffcents. In short, the followngs steps are mplemented. 1) Splttng step: the orgnal sgnal x = {x } s spltted nto two (odd and even) subsequences. s (0) = {x 2 } d (0) (1) = {x 2+1 } 2) Several repeats of lftng step: the odd and even subsequences are fltered by the predcton and update flters, P n (x) and U n (x). d ( j) = d ( j 1) P j {s ( j 1) } s ( j) = s ( j 1) +U j {d ( j) } Dagram llustratng a lftng step s gven n Fg. 1. (2) d (0) + d (1) x Splt -P U s (0) + s (1) Fg. 1. Dagram of a lftng step Denote the length of a vector as k. Then the flter have the followng general form: F n {x} = k f n (k)x (3) =1 3) Normalzaton step: at last the coeffcents are normalzed. Denote the number of lftng steps as N. Then the normalzaton step can be expressed n the followng form, where M 0 and M 1 are constant values: d (N) = M 0 d (N) s (N) = M 1 s (N) (4) Snce the ECG recordng values are consdered as ntegers then the wavelet transform that maps ntegers to ntegers s used. The nteger lftng algorthm can be descrbed wth the followng formulae: d ( j) = d ( j 1) P j {s ( j 1) } s ( j) = s ( j 1) + U j {d ( j) (5) } Despte a roundng, algorthm remans reversble
3 Nevertheless ths algorthm s stll usng floatng pont processng n P and Q operators computaton. In order to completely mplement a lftng scheme wth nteger arthmetc only the FIAWT algorthm proposed n [5] for mage compresson n nuclear physcs applcatons s adopted. In ths approach each constant ratonal multpler s represented by bt vector. Each multplcaton s emboded wth a seres of bt shfts and addtons. One should notce that besdes refusal of floatng pont computatons, ths algorthm also s extremely fast. Thereby both addtonal requrements are satsfed. The popular Le Gall 5/3 [6] and Daubeches 9/7 [4] flter pars used n JPEG 2000 compresson are chosen to be mplemented by the lbrary core. Lftng scheme for Le Gall 5/3 DWT s smple: s = d (1) = d (0) d = s (1) = s (0) 1 2 (s0) + s (0) +1 ) (d1) + d (1) 1 ) = 1 8 s(0) d0) s(0) d(0) 8 1s(0) +1 It s necessary to note that Le Gall 5/3 flter coeffcents are ratonals, moreover they are represented as bnary numbers of fnte length. Recall lftng scheme for Daubeches 9/7 DWT: d (1) = d (0) + α(s 0) + s (0) +1 ) s (1) = s (0) + β(d 1) + d (1) 1 ) d (2) = d (1) + γ(s 1) + s (1) +1 ) s (2) = s (1) + δ(d 2) + d (2) s = ζ s (2) d = ζ 1 d (2) Daubeches 9/7 flter coeffcents α, β, γ, δ, ζ are rratonal numbers, therefore n mplementaton quantzed values of the coeffcents proposed n [7] are used: 1 ) TABLE I QUANTIZED VALUES OF DAUB 9/7 DWT (6) (7) Coeffcent Irratonal Quantzed ratonal α β γ δ ζ The actual compresson s done by predctve arthmetc coder based on Markov chan [8]. The nput s predcted one bt a tme. The predcted bt s then coded usng arthmetc codng. Ths algorthm s known to have a good compresson rato. Nevertheless, t has mddlng speed and also requres a lot of memory. Hence ths algorthm wll be replaced n future releases. III. LIBRARY ARCHITECTURE AND OVERVIEW The CardoZp lbrary mplements the ECG compresson algorthms descrbed above. The lbrary s represented by the set of classes wrtten n C++. The structure of the lbrary s shown on Fg
4 Applcaton CardoZp lbrary Qt wrapper classes (optonal) Input format drvers Drect compresson API Core compresson classes Fg. 2. CardoZp lbrary archtecture At the bottom level core compresson algorthms are presented. Implementatons wll probably be changed n next releases, hence they are not accessble drectly from applcaton. The set of wrapper classes for publc drect API s located above. It s not stable yet, but hopefully wll be stablzed n release. Snce the lbrary supports raw data channels wth 1, 2 or 4 byte sgned nteger samples hence a set of nput format converters are developed. Currently Alve stream data format produced by Alve Heart Montor and some WFDB-compatble formats used n PhysoBank [?] archve of ECG recordngs are supported. Custom nput format converters can be mplemented usng drect API. Qt wrapper classes are on top level of lbrary archtecture. They form an optonal hghlevel API that can be used when Qt s supported. Ths API makes possble organzng the nteracton between applcaton and lbrary n Qt style manner, e. g. usng sgnals and slots concept. IV. COMPRESSED FILE FORMAT Despte consderable nterest to a problem of compresson of bosgnals, attenton of researchers t s gven exclusvely to algorthms and ther prototype mplementatons. At the same tme the ssues of software soluton desgn, constructed on the based of these algorthms wll be left n the basket. For the purposes of storng and further processng compressed ECG recordngs CardoZp fle format s developed. It was desgned to be easly extendable for possble mplementaton of new features. Fle produced by CardoZp lbrary conssts of a set of headers and compressed ecg recordngs secton. Fle start wth a four byte zero header, contanng a fle sgnature CZF n ASCII and a one byte unsgned representng a number of bytes used to store a sze of some memory block or an offset further referred to as asze. All numbers whch are more than one byte long are wrtten n lttle endan byte order. Next 2 asze bytes are allocated to a fle header. Ths header stores two numbers: the sze of the current fle and the offset from the begnnng of the fle to the coded electrocardogram data. In other words the second number represents the sze of all headers. The fle header s followed by nformaton header, contanng techncal detals: number and types of channels, sample rate, bts per sample, algorthms used. Note, that data channels are not lmted by ECG recordngs only and a support of other knds of bosgnals can be added n the future. The nformaton header starts wth asze bytes feld, contanng the length of header tself
5 All other headers are optonal. If present the header starts wth four byte sgnature CZF plus header letter. The sgnature feld s followed by asze bytes length of current header. Currently supported headers are lsted n table II n appearance order. TABLE II OPTIONAL HEADERS OF CARDIOZIP FORMAT Letter Header Comments I Integrty Error correctng method and data, e. g. CRC S Securty Securty related data, e. g. encrypton method P Patent Patent personal data, e. g. recordng date and duraton A Algorthms Algotthms related data, e. g. Huffman coder table Patent and algorthms header can be encrypted along wth ECG recordngs, the partcular behavor s defned by securty header. V. CONCLUSION The CardoZp lbrary that can be used for the purposes of ECG sgnal compresson on the base of wavelet compresson s constructed. The lbrary s aware of the constrants of moble computng. Three levels of object-orented API are avaable: raw stream compresson classes, common fle format nterfaces and QObject-based hgh-level nterface. Currently the project s n the testng phase. The lbrary s released under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Publc Lcense 2.0 (LGPL 2.0). ACKNOWLEDGMENT The authors would lke to thank Maxm Yatskovsky and Prof. Oleg Medvedev from Moscow State Unversty for problem statement and helpful comments. We also would lke to thank all members of FRUCT Moble Healthcare WG for frutful dscusson. REFERENCES [1] Q. Fang, F. Suf and I. Cosc, A Moble Devce Based ECG Analyss System, Data Mnng n Medcal and Bologcal Research, 2008, pp [2] M. Unser and T. Blu, Mathematcal Propertes of the JPEG2000 Wavelet Flters, IEEE Transactons on Image Processng, Vol. 12, No. 9, 2003, pp [3] Drac Specfcaton, [4] I. Daubeches and W. Sweldens, Factorng Wavelet Transforms nto Lftng Steps, IEEE Internatonal Conference on Acoustcs, Speech and Sgnal Processng, [5] W. Polchlopek, W. Maj and W. Padee Fast Integer Arthmetc Wavelet Transform Propertes and Applcaton n FPGA/DSP System, Proceedngs of EUSIPCO [6] D. Le Gall, A. Tabataba, Sub-band Codng of Dgtal Images Usng Symmetrc Short Kernel Flters and Arthmetc Codng Technque, IEEE Internatonal Conference n Acoustc, Speech and Sgnal Processng, 1988, pp [7] S. Barua et. al., Optmal Quantzed Lftng Coeffcents for the 9/7 Wavelet, Journal of Fourer Analyss and Applcatons, Vol. 4, 1998, pp [8] G. V. Cormack and R. N. S. Horspool Data Compresson Usng Dynamc Markov Modellng, The Computer Journal, Vol. 30, No.6, [9] PhysoBank archve of ECG recordngs,
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