Nausea and vomiting. Definition. Causes. Original Article: By Mayo Clinic staff

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1 Nausea and vomiting By Mayo Clinic staff Original Article: Definition Nausea and vomiting are very common symptoms that can be caused by a wide variety of conditions. Nausea and vomiting most often are due to viral gastroenteritis often mistakenly termed "stomach flu" or the morning sickness of early pregnancy. Many medications can cause nausea and vomiting, as can general anesthesia for surgery. Rarely, nausea and vomiting may indicate a serious or even life-threatening problem. Causes Nausea and vomiting may occur separately or together. Common causes include: Chemotherapy Gastroparesis (poor functioning of stomach muscles) General anesthesia Migraine Motion sickness: First aid Overdose of alcohol, illicit substances or toxic substances Rotavirus Vertigo (false sense of motion or spinning) Viral gastroenteritis (stomach flu) Other possible causes of nausea and vomiting include:

2 Addison's disease Alcoholic hepatitis Anaphylaxis Anorexia nervosa Appendicitis Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) Brain AVM (arteriovenous malformation) Brain hemorrhage Brain infarction Brain tumor Bulimia nervosa Chronic kidney failure Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (condition that limits adrenal function) Crohn's disease Cyclic vomiting syndrome Depression (major depression) Diabetic ketoacidosis Dizziness Ear infection (middle ear) Food poisoning Frontal lobe seizures Gallstones Generalized anxiety disorder GERD Head injury Heart attack Heart failure Hirschsprung's disease

3 Hydrocephalus Hyperparathyroidism (overactive parathyroid) Hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid) Hypoparathyroidism (underactive parathyroid) Intestinal ischemia Intestinal obstruction Intracranial hematoma Intussusception (in children) Irritable bowel syndrome Liver cancer Liver failure Meniere's disease Meningitis Milk allergy (in infants and children) Nonulcer stomach pain Pancreatic cancer Pancreatitis Peptic ulcer Porphyria Pseudotumor cerebri Pyloric stenosis (in infants) Radiation therapy Retroperitoneal fibrosis Social anxiety disorder (social phobia) Stomach obstruction Strep throat (in children) Temporal lobe seizure Traumatic brain injury

4 When to see a doctor Call 911 or emergency medical assistance Seek prompt medical attention if nausea and vomiting are accompanied by other warning signs: Chest pain Severe abdominal pain or cramping Blurred vision Fainting Confusion Cold, clammy, pale skin High fever and stiff neck Fecal material or fecal odor in the vomit Seek immediate medical attention Ask someone to drive you to urgent care or the emergency room if: Nausea and vomiting are accompanied by pain or a severe headache, especially if you haven't had this type of headache before You're unable to eat or drink anything for 12 hours or your child hasn't been able to keep liquids down for eight hours You have signs or symptoms of dehydration excessive thirst, dry mouth, infrequent urination, dark-colored urine and weakness, dizziness or lightheadedness upon standing Your vomit contains blood, resembles coffee grounds or is green Schedule a doctor's visit Make an appointment with your doctor if: Vomiting lasts more than two days for adults, 24 hours for children under age 2 or 12 hours for infants You've had bouts of nausea and vomiting for longer than one month You've experienced unexplained weight loss along with nausea and vomiting Take self-care measures while you wait for your appointment with your doctor:

5 Take it easy. Too much activity and not getting enough rest might make nausea worse. Stay hydrated. Take small sips of cold, clear, carbonated or sour drinks, such as ginger ale, lemonade and water. Mint tea also may help. Avoid strong odors and other triggers. Food and cooking smells, perfume, smoke, stuffy rooms, heat, humidity, flickering lights, and driving are among the possible triggers of nausea and vomiting. Eat bland foods. Start with easily digested foods such as gelatin, crackers and toast. When you can keep these down, try cereal, rice, fruit, and salty or highprotein, high-carbohydrate foods. Avoid fatty or spicy foods. Wait to eat solid foods until about six hours after the last time you vomited. Use over-the-counter (OTC) motion sickness medicines. If you're planning a trip, OTC motion sickness drugs, such as Dramamine or Rugby Travel Sickness, may help calm your queasy stomach. For longer journeys, such as a cruise, ask your doctor about prescription motion sickness adhesive patches, such as scopolamine (Transderm-Scop). If your queasiness stems from pregnancy, try nibbling on some crackers before you get out of bed in the morning. References May 14, 2011 MY Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research (MFMER). All rights reserved. A single copy of these materials may be reprinted for noncommercial personal use only. "Mayo," "Mayo Clinic," "MayoClinic.com," "EmbodyHealth," "Enhance your life," and the triple-shield Mayo Clinic logo are trademarks of Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research.

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