ICT IP Project. Deliverable D6.5. Assessment and demonstration from the Passenger-friendly airport use case.

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1 R ICT IP Project Deliverable D6.5 Assessment and demonstration from the Passenger-friendly airport use case template v12

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3 Project Number : Project Title : CHOReOS Large Scale Choreographies for the Future Internet Deliverable Number : D6.5 Title of Deliverable : Assessment and demonstration from the Passengerfriendly airport use case Nature of Deliverable : Report Dissemination level : Public Licence : Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License Version : A.0 Contractual Delivery Date : M36 Contributing WP : WP6 Editor(s) : C.GATTI (THALES) Author(s) : C.GATTI (THALES) Reviewer(s) : T.PARATHYRAS (VTRIP) Abstract This document aims at reporting the assessment of CHOReOS tools and middleware, focusing on the exploitation of the results in the Airport Transportation domain, and giving an overview of the socio-technical factors evaluation. Keyword list Assessment, Use-case, Demonstration, Results, Exploitation, Evaluation, Socio-technical, Factors CHOReOS i

4 Document History Version Changes Author(s) 0.1 Draft version C.Gatti (THALES) 0.2 Add more explanations about integration and C.Gatti (THALES) assessment 0.3 Checkstyle C.Gatti (THALES) 0.4 Update of socio-technical factors part C.Gatti (THALES) 0.5 Update of requirements part C.Gatti (THALES) 0.6 Cross-referencing of the WP4/Use-case C.Gatti (THALES) activities 1.0 Editing and review for QA C.Gatti (THALES) 1.1 QA remarks T. Parathyras (VTRIP) A.0 Final release C.Gatti (THALES) Document Review Review Date Ver. Reviewers Comments Draft 16/09/ C.Gatti (THALES) QA 14/10/ Thanassys Parathyras External work package review PTC 21/10/2013 A.0 PTC / CHOReOS ii

5 Table of Contents 1. Introduction Document Purpose Acronyms Reference / Applicable documents Passenger-Friendly Airport use case prototype Reminder about the «Passenger-Friendly Airport» use case Reminder about CHOReOS process From requirements to BPMN From BPMN to CLTS and CoorDels Java Enabling V&V activities at run-time From Services and CoorDels to Cloud Presentation of the enactment engine Deployment and Enactment Sociotechnical assessment Technology acceptance and sustainability research Acceptance evaluation Sustainability assessment Conclusions References CHOReOS iii

6 Table of Figures Figure 1: CHOReOS process... 4 Figure 2: From bpmn to clts and coordels... 8 Figure 3: Clts generation required plugins... 9 Figure 4: Initial BPMN specification... 9 Figure 5: Refined BPMN specification Figure 6: Checking BPMN2 correctness Figure 7: BPMN2 OK check window Figure 8: Transforming BPMN2 to CLTS Figure 9: Notification CLTS generation successful Figure 10: First part of generated CLTS Figure 11: Second part of generated CLTS Figure 12: Projecting CLTS to Roles Figure 13: CLTS-Roles selection Figure 14: CLTS output directory Figure 15: Projection successful notification Figure 16: CLTS generation Figure 17: CLTS simulation selection window Figure 18: CLTS simulation simulator selection Figure 19: CLTS simulation Figure 20: CLTS simulation notification Figure 21: CLTS to Coord Models Figure 22: CLTS to Coord Models directory selection Figure 23: CLTS to Coord Models successful Figure 24: Sample of generated coordination model Figure 25: Sample of generated coordination model Figure 26: Sample of generated coordination model Figure 27: From services to coordels Figure 28: Choreography deployment Figure 29: Enactment Engine components CHOReOS iv

7 1. Introduction 1.1. Document Purpose This document aims at reporting the assessment of CHOReOS tools and middleware, focusing on the exploitation of the results in the Airport Transportation domain, and giving an overview of the socio-technical factors evaluation. First of all the results will be submitted considering the current prototype with reference to all the choreography and services implemented, indicating each integrated component in the use-case. In order to assess in detail all the work done to develop the Use Case prototype, it will be made a focus on the IDRE components integrated to better understanding of how the Use Case implemented the CHOReOS infrastructure. Each component is then evaluated taking into account positive aspects and problems faced during the application to the UC. This evaluation was generated from questionnaires drawn up during the project and compiled by the developers responsible for each component that has been integrated into the Use Case. An overall evaluation of Passenger Friendly Airport Use Case prototype in relation to the requirements will follow, analyzing also socio-technical aspect and market. In the end suggestions and recommendation for future development about the Use Case or in a more extent related to the Airport domain context will be provided Acronyms Item CA DL DOW IAC MST OSS PL PMC PO PTC SL WP WPL SoaML BPMN SOAP Description Consortium Agreement Deliverable Leader Description of Work Industrial Advisory Committee Management Support Team Open Source Software Project Leader Project Management Committee Project Officer Project Technical Committee Scientific Leader Work Package Work Package Leader Service oriented architecture Modeling Language Business Process Model and Notation Simple Object Access Protocol CHOReOS 1

8 Item Description ATFM Air Traffic Flow Management ATC Air Traffic Control MID Mobile Internet Device WS-* Web Service - * REST REpresentational State Transfer ESB Entreprise Service Bus CHOReOS 2

9 1.3. Reference / Applicable documents Item D1.4 D6.4 D4.4.2 Description Final CHOReOS Architectural Style and its Relation with the CHOReOS Development Process and IDRE Passenger-Friendly Airport use case prototype, testing, verification and validation V&V tools and infrastructure strategies, architecture and implementation D5.6 Final version and assessment of the CHOReOS IDRE CHOReOS 3

10 2. Passenger-Friendly Airport use case prototype The following part describes the integration of CHOReOS components that led to the use case prototype. Before going deep into the integration, we will recall briefly the context that is to say the CHOReOS process itself Reminder about the «Passenger-Friendly Airport» use case This use case takes place in the context of air transportation, which is becoming a major activity in our everyday life either for business or leisure. Air transportation has indeed proven to be particularly safe and reliable, which will remain the primary objective for all actors of a flight. However, improvements in the services provided by air transportation are much needed, especially when one considers capabilities brought by the networking of the various services provided by the multiple stakeholders involved. One can consider that there are two main directions for improvements: (i) to continue optimisation of air traffic to (in particular) reduce delays, and (ii) to better serve passengers. We propose to focus this use case in the latter direction where the choreography approach will prove to be an efficient means for improving services provided to passengers. Thus, it aims to demonstrate and assess the exploitation of choreographies in day-today large-scale coordination of air transportation stakeholders (air traffic control authorities, airports, airlines ), associated logistics partners (ground transportation, hotels, ) and a large number of Things. The prototype involves the Scenario 2 of the use case. This scenario describes the various consequences that arise from rerouting airplanes due to bad weather at their destination airport. In that case, a reroute request is emitted for every flight currently reaching this airport and multiple well-known steps must be followed in order to find an alternative destination airport, keep passengers informed, as well as prepare for their unexpected arrival at the new airport Reminder about CHOReOS process Figure 1: CHOReOS process CHOReOS 4

11 The CHOReOS process stands for: Specifying a BPMN model relative to the use case to put in place, Synthetizing the coordination delegates relative to the use case from the BPMN specification, Generating web services skeletons or communicating with legacy services, Deploy the choreographies of services and enact it, Monitor the use case capabilities (services contracts, agreements and scalability mainly) From requirements to BPMN In this section we report updated results from applying the CHOReOS Requirements Tool to the passenger-friendly airport use case. While deliverable D6.4 detailed our overall approach for transforming requirements into choreography specifications, some extensions and refinements to the tool support have since been implemented. To recapitulate, the first part of the CHOReOS development process concerns the design of the choreography specification. This involves the transformation of the requirements from the use case into BPMN choreography diagrams, as highlighted in Figure 1. Figure 1: From requirements to BPMN The choreography specification process begins with the domain expert specifying requirements on services and choreographies for the use case. In addition to the process described in D6.4, the domain expert can add one or more quality qualifiers to any given requirement that they are specifying. The CHOReOS project selected four qualities that are considered important for service choreographies: accuracy, reliability, performance and security. The Requirements Tool automatically matches the requirement description written by the domain expert to keywords and synonyms to infer which of the four qualities, if any, might be associated with the described requirement. Note that if no quality is selected, the requirement is saved as a functional requirement. The domain expert can then simply indicate the quality rating on a Likert scale of 1 (very low) to 5 (very high), with the tool ensuring that only one main quality can be specified. Each response on the scale for each quality type has been associated with a predefined range of measures using Q4BPMN to determine satisfaction with the requirement (see deliverables D2.3 and D4.4 for details on mapping quality requirements to Q4BPMN). Figure 2 shows the CHOReOS Requirements Tool and some of the non-functional requirements and their qualities specified for this use case. The selected requirement (NFR0015) in this example has the security quality type, with an importance score of 4 out of 5. CHOReOS 5

12 Figure 2: CHOReOS Requirements Tool, showing requirements from the passenger-friendly airport use case The requirements specified for the whole use case then need to be grouped in a meaningful way in order to define boundaries for the different choreographies and search spaces for the services. The process and tool support remains the same as described in D6.4. Figure 4 shows the Arrival Handling requirements cluster being created. As before, the completed cluster is used to retrieve relevant user task models to help inform the choreography design. Figure 3: CHOReOS Requirements Tool, showing the requirements cluster for Arrival Handling In addition to the details described in D6.4, we can now import the quality scores associated with the requirements into MagicDraw. As Q4BPMN is specified in the MagicDraw environment, the choreography designer needs these quality scores to help specify the non-functional properties on the choreography. Figure 4 shows two non-functional requirements (REQ1 and REQ2) and their attributes in the MagicDraw table. For simplicity, we attached the quality ratings to the requirements text to utilise the existing functionality in MagicDraw. CHOReOS 6

13 Figure 4: MagicDraw, showing part of a requirements table Furthermore, we can also import the service classes from the CTT models into MagicDraw. The low-level application tasks in the CTT models are related to the kinds of software services that may need to be invoked in the tasks. For example, in Figure 5, the application task Retrieve ETA is associated with ATC data service and the optional application task Retrieve other data suggests the service classes Weather service and Wind sensor data. Figure 5: Book baggage handling CTT model showing its associated service classes Once imported into MagicDraw, the service class information forms part of the documentation provided in the generated choreography tasks, as shown in Figure 6. CHOReOS 7

14 Figure 6: MagicDraw, showing the service classes documented for two of the generated choreography tasks As mentioned in D6.4, the choreography designer needs to review and enrich the automatically generated choreography diagram. For example, they need to add participant names, as it is not possible to derive this information from the generic user task models. They can also apply nonfunctional properties to the choreography diagram using Q4BPMN. The MagicDraw requirements matrix which maps requirements to the choreography tasks, as shown in Figure 7, supports this task. Details on the application of Q4BPMN can be found in deliverables D2.3 and D4.4. Figure 7: MagicDraw, showing a Requirements-choreography task dependency matrix 2.4. From BPMN to CLTS and CoorDels Java Figure 2: From bpmn to clts and coordels In order to generate the coordination delegates in java form, the following prerequisites are required: Eclipse Modeling Tools Version: Indigo Service Release 2 JARS of CHOReOS CLTS tool into Eclipse plugins directory: CHOReOS 8

15 o Figure 3: Clts generation required plugins The first part consists in checking the BPMN correctness. The following figures present first, the BPMN specification as specified in the previous deliverables of the use case, and the refined version of the BPMN specification. Both correspond to the Scenario 2 of the use case. The main difference is that the initial specification contains loop and duplicates of functions names that are not supported by the CLTS tool. Figure 4: Initial BPMN specification CHOReOS 9

16 Figure 5: Refined BPMN specification The introduction done, we can check the BPMN correctness. The action consists in launching the tool, right-clicking on the BPMN specification, and selecting the option Check BPMN2 correctness in the drop-down menu. Figure 6: Checking BPMN2 correctness CHOReOS 10

17 If the model is correct, the following window should appear to notify the user: Figure 7: BPMN2 OK check window The next point is to generate the CLTS from the BPMN2 model. There also is a specific option to do so: Figure 8: Transforming BPMN2 to CLTS The following window appears to notify the user that the CLTS have been successfully generated: Figure 9: Notification CLTS generation successful CHOReOS 11

18 An editor is provided by the tool in order to visualize the CLTS. It opens automatically: Figure 10: First part of generated CLTS Figure 11: Second part of generated CLTS We can notice that the coordination logic respects the BPMN2 choreography specification in terms of services exchanges and contracts. CHOReOS 12

19 The remaining parts are: Projecting CLTS to a set of Roles Generating the Coordination Delegates in java. Figure 12: Projecting CLTS to Roles By choosing the selected option as shown, a window appears and proposes to select roles that have been defined for the model: Figure 13: CLTS-Roles selection CHOReOS 13

20 The user is prompted for the output directory: Figure 14: CLTS output directory And notify the projection has been realized successfully: Figure 15: Projection successful notification Now we have realized the projection, we have to check the CLTS can be simulated. To do so, an option is available directly by right-clicking on the CLTS: Figure 16: CLTS generation CHOReOS 14

21 The user is prompted to select the binary previously generated: Figure 17: CLTS simulation selection window Figure 18: CLTS simulation simulator selection Once the simulator has been selected, the user can click on the Simulate CLTS button: Figure 19: CLTS simulation The tool checks the simulator provided and the following window notifies the user that the CLTS can be simulated, so we can go to the next and last part. Figure 20: CLTS simulation notification CHOReOS 15

22 The remaining part is indeed, generating the coordination delegates. This is done by ditributing CLTS to Coordination Models. The user right-clicks on the chosen CLTS, then selects the corresponding option as follow: Figure 21: CLTS to Coord Models The user is prompted to select a directory for the generation: Once finished, the following window appears: Figure 22: CLTS to Coord Models directory selection Figure 23: CLTS to Coord Models successful CHOReOS 16

23 We can open the generated files; we obtain first, the models: Figure 24: Sample of generated coordination model CHOReOS 17

24 Editors are provided to open both coordination models and coordination-delegates representations. The following figures illustrate coordination-delegates representations of the use case: Figure 25: Sample of generated coordination model This coordination model represents the part of coordination activities before the arrival of the plane. Next, after the plane arrival, during the passengers handling activity: Figure 26: Sample of generated coordination model It is important to notice that we have a clear correspondence between the generated models and the BPMN2 input specification. For more information about generated files of the synthesis process, please refer to the annex and chapter 2 of the deliverable D1.4. CHOReOS 18

25 2.5. Enabling V&V activities at run-time According to the CHOReOS process, once the choreography is available in the BPNM format it can be handled by those components of the Governance and V&V framework in the CHOReOS IDRE enabling and supporting V&V activities at runtime. Among the others, ServicePot (see D4.3) is an extensible UDDI registry for both services and choreographies, supporting governance activities such as the definition, the selection, and the application of on-line testing strategies. As detailed in Deliverable D4.3 the registration of a choreography in the registry enables the generation of suitable test-suites per each choreography role.a test-suite aims at assessing if the behavior a service willing to play that role is compliant with the overall interactions foreseen by the choreography. The test-suite generation process is realized by means of the component ParTes (see D4.3) of the Governance and V&V Framework. In Deliverable D4.4 : Testing and monitoring tools and infrastructure Final evaluation report the detailed assessment of the Passenger-friendly Airport by demonstrating the application of both ServicePot, and ParTes on the Manage Unexpected Arrival choreography From Services and CoorDels to Cloud Figure 27: From services to coordels At this point, we have the business services code, the coordination delegates generated as java archive files, and the file descriptor for the deployment. Each business service code project is associated to a script file that compiles it and packages it as a web archive file. All the business services and corresponding coordination delegates must be deployed onto what we call the cloud, in order for the choreography to be played. The coordination logic (for instance, saying Service A calls Service B) is expressed in the descriptor file loaded by the enactment engine. This file descriptor will be studied in the next part. Compatible (supported) clouds for deployment are Amazon EC2 and Openstack-based clouds Presentation of the enactment engine The CHOReOS Enactment Engine provides a Platform as a Service (PaaS) that automates the distributed deployment of service choreographies in cloud environments. It is responsible for deploying the services onto the cloud, binding the coordination delegates to the corresponding services, allocating EasyESB (the enterprise service bus) nodes for these, and enacting the choreographies. This is done using the provided REST operations. It is composed, among other things, by the Choreography Deployer and the Deployment Manager components: Deployment Manager: deploys services in a cloud environment. Choreography Deployer: exposes the REST API to web service choreography automated deployment. CHOReOS 19

26 In brief, the choreography enactment process has two main goals: 1. The first one is to automate the deployment of services and CDs on a cloud infrastructure by managing virtual machines and installing and configuring required software, 2. The second goal involves wiring up services according to the architectural style, so that they properly communicate through the CDs. The choreography enactment process is primarily realized by the enactment engine software component of the IDRE, which is able to enact large-scale choreographies in a fullyautomated way. The enactment engine component exposes a Restful API, which takes as input a deployment-oriented choreography specification (provided by the synthesis component of the IDRE) in the form of an XML file that implicitly codifies the constraints of the architectural style Deployment and Enactment Follow is the architectural view of the deployment. It includes all business services composing the use case choreography: Figure 28: Choreography deployment The previous figure illustrates the fact that some services (for instance the ATC) are legacy. Indeed, ATC does not change all time. The sensors and actuators services represent the abstraction of Things-based services. They aggregate a large number of sensors. For instance, we retrieve the sensors present inside the Airport, and the sensors present in the passenger MID. For this prototype, we will not make the difference between clouds, which will imply intercloud communication. CHOReOS 20

27 The business services (types, not instances), involved in the prototype, are: Airport ATC Airplane Luggage Handling Company Security Company Ground Transportation Company Stand and Gate Management Passengers MIDs Noise Sensors Aggregator Passengers MIDs Location Sensors Aggregator Passengers MIDs Display Actuators Aggregator Airport Noise Sensors Aggregator Airport Infrared Sensors Aggregator Airport Pressure Sensors Aggregator Airport Sign Actuators Aggregator Airport Speaker Actuators Aggregator Table 1 Business Services The components of the prototype can be divided into three different categories: mobile devices, runtime services, support components and frontend: Services with backends equipped with Things Middleware, which is used to query devices; Runtime services which comprise business services and EasyESB, required in order to allow service to service communication; The graphical user interface used to visualize the choreography simulation. The Enactment Engine is used by ServiceEnacter to deploy and configure the business services composing the choreographies. Its architecture, as depicted in Figure 29, is composed by the following components: Figure 29: Enactment Engine components Cloud Gateway: creates and destroys virtual machines (also called nodes) in a cloud computing environment. This component is used by the Deployment Manager, which decides when to create or to destroy the nodes. Chef-solo: is installed by the Enactment Engine in each cloud node to manage recipes execution. CHOReOS 21

28 Deployment Manager: deploys services in a cloud environment. It receives a declarative service specification and selects the node where the service will be deployed, possibly considering the service non-functional requirements. The Deployment Manager executes in the selected node a process to generate the service recipe based on the service specification. Choreography Deployer: coordinates invocations to the multiple Deployment Managers belonging to the different participant organizations. After services deployment, the Choreography Deployer provides the provider services locations to their respective consumer services. In order to provide such features, the Choreography Deployer client must provide a choreography declarative specification, that contains the choreography architectural description and the locations of service packages. After deployment, the services are not aware of the addresses of the other choreography participants. The Enactment Engine takes care of performing dependency injection by calling the setinvocationaddress method, which must be implemented by all choreography participants. 3. Sociotechnical assessment According to research, four main groups of factors that influence technology acceptance and sustainability and thus comprise the backbone of sociotechnical assessment of technologies are: 1) Management successful management of every asset; 2) Quality of Technology quality of the product; 3) Technology acceptance acceptance of the new product by customers/users; 4) Domain development and societal processes the development of society demands more different technologies, that in turn after the development, change the society and also influences the demand for new technologies (Aizstrauta, Ginters, 2013). These four groups of factors have to be evaluated for a sociotechnical assessment Technology acceptance and sustainability research Recent studies focus on behavioral aspects of technology acceptance or adoption. There have been plenty of researches on different factors that influence information technology acceptance individual, organizational aspects, cultural, gender and professional differences. The most prominent model to be mentioned is Technology Acceptance Model Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) (Davis, Bagozzi, Warshaw, 1989). There are also other approaches, for example Expectation-Confirmation Theory (ECT) (Bhattacherjee, 2001) that initially originated in marketing sphere and Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) that tries to consolidate eight approaches into one (Venkatesh et.al, 2003). The above mentioned adoption/acceptance theories focus mainly on exploitation stage and deal with prediction and modeling of the behavior of users that make the decision to adopt the technology or reject it. But to invest for elaboration of new technologies, one has to be sure that the possibility of failures has been diminished also in the development stage or during testing and maintenance, as different socio-technical factors influencing these stages might also lead to failure of the whole project. Therefore a new assessment methodology is introduced Integrated Acceptance and Sustainability Assessment Model (IASAM) CHOReOS 22

29 (Aizstrauta, Ginters, 2013). It addresses the question, how to evaluate technology acceptance and sustainability at any chosen point of time of the technology life cycle and forecast the chances of technology to attract users and achieve the aims of its developers? What are the main elements and factors that influence the acceptance and sustainability of technology? IASAM suggests integrating the UTAUT approach for acceptance evaluation with other socio-technical factors thus framing united multi-level framework for technology assessment. Factors covered by IASAM are connected with management issues (management of resources, strategically management, etc.), quality of technology (quality of product, production, support services, etc.), technology acceptance (UTAUT results and overall economical situation) and domain development and societal processes (like public campaigns, lobbyists, NGO s, role of technology). This approach was validated against a worldwide known success story Skype Acceptance evaluation IASAM uses UTAUT model for acceptance evaluation. It is a definitive model that synthesizes what is known and provides a foundation to guide future research in this area. By encompassing the combined explanatory power of the individual models and key moderating influences, UTAUT advances cumulative theory while retaining a parsimonious structure (Venkatesh, et.al, 2003). The acceptance evaluation for Passenger Friendly Airport and other CHOReOS products was carried out based on UTAUT methodology and using a questionnaire developed by Venkatesh et. al (2003). The survey was distributed online to pre-selected potential users/interested parties. The responses were gathered in time period June 15 th July 15 th (2013). Altogether 170 answers were received, 40 responses about Passenger Friendly Airport. (For data credibility assessment and respondent list see D10.4). Confidence assessment by using Kolmogorov- Smirnov test approve that interview answers are credible with probability 95%. The respondents tend to agree on the whole that Passenger friendly airport will be useful in their job, let them accomplish tasks more quickly, help to increase their productivity and will provide more chances for career. They tend to agree that these products will be easy to use, understandable and it will be easy for them to become skilful. This convinces that respondents do not see any major problems regarding the ease of use of this product. Respondents also agree that people around them will support the use of Passenger Friendly Airport, that is important for future acceptance. Most of the respondents believe that they have the necessary resources and knowledge (as well as the necessary assistance) to use Passenger Friendly Airport. At the same time potential users would like to rely on some assistance, whether personal or built-in. This is important information for the developers and the planning of support system. Although the results indicate that they somewhat disagree that they would use the technology voluntary. It is worth mentioning that almost half of the respondents partly agree that the system might not be compatible with other systems they use. On the whole the respondents see the use of Passenger Friendly Airport positively they agree that it is a good idea and would make their job more interesting. Data about intention to use Passenger friendly airports show that: CHOReOS 23

30 75% of respondents are ready to use Passenger Friendly Airport sometimes; 18% promise to use often. To sum up, the UTAUT analysis gives very positive results and high acceptance for CHOReOS products can be expected. All UTAUT model constructs have been evaluated, giving positive feedback. The UTAUT survey is carried out separately and the results are used in two ways. First, separate analysis of UTAUT survey results gives comprehensive understanding of potential user acceptance. And second, the integration of certain answers into IASAM results adds the acceptance perspective to the model. The integration means that the median answer of UTAUT questions (for each question from ) is calculated and then these medians are added to IASAM calculations. According to this UTAUT integrated index for Passenger Friendly Airport was 179 (out of 266). That indicates that Passenger Friendly Airport do meet the needs and expectations of potential users and the pilot is approaching the fulfillment of its aims. But this methodology evaluates technology only from the perspective of potential users; so additional context information is needed. That is provided by adding IASAM criteria evaluation Sustainability assessment Sustainability assessment is carried out by combining UTAUT results (more information on UTAUT integration within IASAM, see in D10.4.) with a special survey aimed at developers of technologies 1. The online questionnaire was sent to the responsible CHOReOS project partner for each product/use case. The responses were gathered in time period from April 20th- May 10th (2013). All calculations were made using a custom-made web tool 2. For description of this tool see D10.4 and the tool itself as it provides also Help file. IASAM methodology returns two variables IASAM index (integrated technology sustainability index evaluates the conformity with IASAM framework criteria) and credibility estimate (it looks at the number of questions left without value (those marked with NA) and decreases the internal credibility of the index). They are both measured within an interval [0; 1]. According to the methodology Passenger Friendly Airport received: Final IASAM index score 0.69 Credibility 0.80 According to the methodology IASAM criteria have recieved medium to high evaluations. Important issues regarding the management, quality of technology, acceptance and domain development are adequately performed or deliberated. Technology on average satisfies the defined IASAM criteria well. That means that the acceptance and sustainability of the technology is promising and if the work on technology development is carried on and the issues that gained lower evaluation (like there is a business plan or mechanisms to research feedback and make the necessary changes to the technology ) are kept in close 1 The evaluation of criteria is undeniably subjective, but it relies on assumption that every evaluator, whether a technology developer or potential investor, will be concerned to receive possibly reliable evaluation for decision-making. 2 For CHOReOS partners access please use login:choreos password:pr0ducts See the description of the tool in D10.4. CHOReOS 24

31 watch, the technology might become widely accepted (among target group) and sustainabile in terms of existence of technology, financial gain and other targets set by its developers. Unanswered questions can be used for further decision-making and priority setting. In case of Passenger Friendly Airport, there was a relatively high number (17) of statements marked with NA, which means that it was not possible to evaluate those statements at the current time (including criteria connected with service quality and accessibility). But it is very important that technology developers oversee the whole process and are ready to deal with different kinds of issues that might arise regarding any of the factors included in this evaluation. Especially support service system is important for a technology to be sustainable and fulfil the needs of users over a longer period of time. For comparison in the process of IASAM validation the worldwide known success story Skype received index value 0.91, and credibility Conclusions The developers in their work have taken into account different factors of technology creation and distribution, and also contextual issues, for example, the market and society. Important issues regarding the management, quality of technology, acceptance and domain development are adequately performed or deliberated. The better the technology development process and the more socio-technical factors have been deliberated, the better are the prospects for any technology in terms of acceptance and sustainability. To sum up, the UTAUT analysis gives very positive results and high acceptance for CHOReOS products can be expected. All UTAUT model constructs have been evaluated, giving positive feedback. The respondents tend to agree on the whole that Passenger friendly airport will be useful in their job, let them accomplish tasks more quickly, help to increase their productivity and will provide more chances for career. With IASAM index score 0.69 (credibility 0.80) technology on average satisfies the defined IASAM criteria well. That means that the acceptance and sustainability of the technology is promising and if the work on technology development is carried on and the issues that gained lower evaluation are kept in close watch, the technology might become widely accepted sustainable in terms of existence of technology, financial gain and other targets set by its developers. The credibility value indicates that there are some unresolved issues or uncertainties, but most probably they are not crucial at this point of time. The model itself and the survey questions can be used as a checklist for further improvements and development planning. 5. References 1. D.Aizstrauta, E.Ginters Introducing Integrated Acceptance and Sustainability Assessment of Technologies: a Model based on System Dynamics Simulation, Modeling and Simulation in Engineering, Economics, and Management, Lecture Notes in Business Information Processing Volume 145, 2013, pp CHOReOS 25

32 2. F.D. Davis, R.P. Bagozzi, P.R.Warshaw, User acceptance of computer technology: A comparison of two theoretical models, Management Science, Vol. 35, No. 8 (Aug., 1989), pp A.Bhattacherjee, Understanding information systems continuance: and expectationconfirmation model, MIS Quarterly 25(3), 2001, pp V.Venkatesh, M.G.Morris, G.B.Davis, F.D.Davis, User acceptance of information technology: toward a unified view, MIS Quarterly Vol.27 No. 3, 2003, pp [D4.3] Antonia Bertolino, Guglielmo De Angelis, and Andrea Polini, editors. "Final release of V&V tools and infrastructure implementation". Number Del. D4.3. The CHOReOS Consortium, [D4.4] Antonia Bertolino, Guglielmo De Angelis, and Andrea Polini, editors. "Testing and monitoring tools and infrastructure -- Final evaluation report". Number Del. D4.4. The CHOReOS Consortium, [SOSE2013] Midhat Ali, Guglielmo De Angelis, and Andrea Polini. "Servicepot -- An extensible registry for choreography governance". In Proc. of the 7th International Symposium on Service Oriented System Engineering (SOSE 2013), pages , San Francisco Bay, California, USA, Mar IEEE-CS. 8. [AST2013] Francesco De Angelis, Daniele Fanì, and Andrea Polini. "ParTes: A Test Generation Strategy for Choreography Participants". In Proc. of the 8th International Workshop on Automation of Software Test (AST~13), San Francisco, CA, USA, May 18-19, CHOReOS 26

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