Version Management in SaaS The 1010data Approach

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1 Version Management in SaaS The 1010data Approach Sandy Steier 1010data, Inc. December, 2011 Copyright 2011 by 1010data, Inc. Overview Was I deceiv'd, or did a sable cloud Turn forth her silver lining on the night? Good question. Milton Comus I. 93 (1634) Me (2011) Advances in technology come with a cost. The proliferation of different versions of both software and hardware is at best a distraction and at worst a significant risk to an enterprise. Superficially it may seem that software as a service (SaaS) eliminates this problem but, while SaaS has benefits in this regard, the problem is not eliminated and new methods need to be devised for version handling. This paper lays out the problem and discusses 1010data's solution. Versions, Versions, Everywhere We all love how technology is always getting better and better. What many of us don't love is actually keeping up with it all. For example, every time a software vendor comes out with a new version of something we have installed on our personal computers, we are faced with an often unwelcome choice. Do I spend money on the new version, risk messing up my relatively stable computer, and invest the time to get used to a bunch of changes, all for what may or may not turn out to be better features or performance, or do I stay with the tried and true? (If you are one of those people who like to live on the bleeding edge, you probably don't know what I am talking about. Suffice it to say that some of us actually have lives.) Eventually we are pushed more and more towards an upgrade as older versions are no longer supported by vendors and become incompatible with the rest of the advancing technological ecosystem. As individuals concerned with our personal, home computers, the issue of changing versions can be an annoying distraction, but to a large company it is a significant problem. Aside from the greater expense, the larger number of machines on which software needs to be installed, and the larger number of users that need to be educated, there are important issues that personal systems generally do not have. For one, companies have Version Management in SaaS 1

2 mission critical functions that have a zero tolerance for disruption. Aside from the distraction of an upgrade and its potential indirect impact on critical activities, the very real possibility exists that the new version has bugs or is otherwise incompatible with the rest of the technical edifice. Even if the new version is adequately tested (whatever that means) and is deemed safe, it usually cannot be deployed instantaneously throughout the enterprise. The software needs to be installed on many machines, users need to be trained, and dependent applications need to be modified. Given that this takes time, it is inevitable that different users and applications will be running different versions for a significant period. We all know that these things take quite a long time, so some users may lag far behind others and internally supporting the user community becomes more difficult. The question of support is a challenge for vendors as well. When a customer is using an old version and reports a bug, what is the proper response? If the vendor refuses to fix the old version and forces the customer to upgrade, the burden shifts to the customer to incur the costs of the upgrade, both in money and time, and to deal with any problems introduced by the new version. This does not make for happy customers. If, on the other hand, the vendor fixes the bug, it is effectively taking on the impossible task of supporting a large number of versions. It is a no win scenario. The same discussion can be had with respect to hardware, which can include anything from computers to storage devices to monitors. In fact the interplay between software and hardware, and whether a particular piece of software is compatible with a particular piece of hardware, geometrically increases the complexity of version management. SaaS to the Rescue? In comparison with the conventional software and hardware sales model, software as a service (SaaS) might appear to be the perfect antidote to version skew. I mean, all users are using a centralized copy of the software on a centralized hardware platform, so all users are using the same version, right? The answer could in fact be yes, but that doesn't mean we have solved all the problems. It is true that SaaS gives a vendor the means to force everyone to use the same version of the software/hardware, but forcing customers to do things is not necessarily good business practice especially when the customers are right. SaaS certainly simplifies certain things. There is no need, for example, to buy or install new software or hardware. But the user community still needs to get up to speed on the changes and, critically, they need to test the new version. As much as a vendor would like to simply wave a wand and, presto chango, have everyone suddenly be using the new release, most responsible customers would have a legitimate gripe with this approach. An obvious solution is the have two versions accessible to the customer, i.e. production ("prod") and beta. The customer could run tests using beta while at the same time Version Management in SaaS 2

3 running critical applications off prod. Once all customers are satisfied with beta, the vendor could replace prod with beta and at that moment everyone will be using the same version. Subsequent enhancements are then incorporated in a new beta and the cycle is repeated. The problem with this scheme is that it is generally impossible to coordinate many customers in this way. Some customers may be quick about testing beta; others may not have the time or inclination. One customer may need some of the newer features that exist only in beta and will be forced to use beta in critical applications, while another may be happy to use even more advanced and experimental versions. The situation can evolve to a point where there are in fact many more than two versions of the system. Suppose for example we have the following situation. 1. Customer A is happy with prod and has no immediate interest in beta. 2. Customer B needs beta's new features and, after some testing, feels confident that beta is reliable for its purposes. So B begins to use beta in critical applications. 3. Prospective customer C requests further enhancements as a prerequisite to becoming a customer and the vendor decides that it makes sense to implement them. Clearly, prod cannot be changed; nor can beta. What is required here is a third version of the system, say "beta 2". As the number of customers increases, the pressure to maintain many versions becomes stronger and stronger. Note that a customer need not be a separate company; different groups, even different users, within the same company can have different needs and tolerances for change. Two Kinds of Change Before I describe 1010data's approach to versioning, let's take a quick look at what drives change. There are really two types of changes: Bug fixes and enhancements. Bug fixes are changes in which every user should be interested. Further, bug fixes tend to carry with them a relatively low risk of destabilization. While it is certainly possible that fixing one bug can create another, a careful, targeted approach should minimize the risk. If a vendor has personnel who truly understand its code base, it isn't likely that they will end up playing whack-a-mole. Rapid, aggressive bug swatting that prevents bugs from accumulating and compounding, along with rigorous regression testing, further minimize the risk. Enhancements are a whole different animal. Not every user will see the value in the improvements and such changes tend to be more complex and impact a larger part of the code base, so they are more likely to carry significant risks. Even with careful coding and regression testing even if the code were perfect - the improvements themselves may involve changes in the behavior or look and feel of the software that require getting used to. So enhancements are inherently destabilizing, at least in the short run. Version Management in SaaS 3

4 The distinction between bug fixes and enhancements suggests a two track approach to version management. For some users or applications there is a need for a stable, reliable code base that changes only to the extent that bugs need to be fixed. For others, cuttingedge versions need to be available to address needs that are not met by prod. The question is, how are the two tracks managed and how are they related? 1010data's Approach 1010data's versioning methodology is an attempt to compromise between the dynamic demands of the business world and need for stability and control. As alluded to earlier, there are two natural development tracks, "prod" and "beta". Prod is a series of releases that usually differ from one another purely because of bug fixes. Likewise, beta is a series of versions that differ from one another in more significant ways, including both enhancements and bug fixes. Occasionally prod may take a quantum leap forward, but I will get to that a bit later. At any point there exist numerous versions that are being used by the user community as a whole, i.e. the latest prod version along with all the previous versions of prod plus the latest beta version and all the previous beta versions. However, as we shall see, a given user generally uses just one version. To really understand the methodology, let's get more specific and describe our version identifier and its progression over time. The identifier consists of the development track (prod or beta) followed by a version number with at least two decimal places, e.g. "prod-5.00". Taking prod as an example, let's start with version prod At some point one or more bugs are fixed, resulting in prod prod-5.00 continues to be available to users but they are encouraged to upgrade to prod A further bug fix results in prod Again, users are encouraged to use prod-5.03 but both prod-5.01 and prod continue to be available for users who have not had the time to test later versions. Note that a version is never changed; bug fixes always result in a new version. So a change to prod-5.03, for example, results in prod-5.04, while prod-5.03 remains frozen in time. Beta version numbers work in much the same way and here too a version is never changed. All enhancements and bug fixes result in a new version. The one nuance to the numbering scheme is that beta version numbers tend to be higher than those of cotemporaneous versions of prod. In particular, the integer part of the beta version number is generally one higher than the version of prod on which the beta version is based. The significance of the integer part of the version number will become clearer in the discussion below. Let's start again with prod-5.00 and follow what happens over time. The following time line is just an example, but it illustrates the basic concept. Version Management in SaaS 4

5 Event Latest Prod Version Latest Beta Version 1 Start prod-5.00 N/A 2 Bug fixed in prod prod-5.01 " 3 Enhancement made " beta Bug fixed in beta " beta Enhancement made " beta Bug fixed in prod prod-5.02 " 7 Enhancement made " beta Bug fixed in beta " beta Enhancement made " beta Enhancement made " beta-6.06 At the end of this progression there are three versions of prod outstanding and seven versions of beta, and it may well be that all ten versions are being used by users. An important point though is that, while any version of either prod or beta exists as long a there is even a single user using it, not every version is maintained and actively supported. In fact only one version of each of prod and beta is maintained at any given time; the other, older, versions are available for use but are frozen. This allows us to aggressively improve our product while keeping the version tree from bifurcating and metastasizing. It also provides a clear progression for upgrades. How are versions assigned to individual users? While all ten versions may be in use by the user community as a whole, a given user is will generally use just one. Which version is determined by 1010data in conjunction with the user's company, but the general idea is to allow the user the possibility of using a trusted version or a more experimental one, depending on the user's application and role. The user can therefore test new features with a safety net, i.e. the user can use a new version but can always fall back to an older version if required. This allows a clear, safe migration path for every user and application while maintaining a measure of order, and enables us to effectively work with many customers. Most users have a specific version assigned to them and will continue to use that version until they are assigned a new one. For a user with a high tolerance for updates, the user can be set to use the latest version automatically. The user will therefore always see the latest version of prod or beta as soon as it is released. This clearly would be inappropriate for a mission-critical production job but it is a good choice for someone tasked with testing the system. Finally, we need to discuss how the prod and beta tracks relate to one another. Obviously the very first beta version is created when a prod version is enhanced, so the beta track is connected to the prod track at its origin. In the example above, beta-6.00 comes from prod What are there other connection points? As time goes on, some beta version will have been tested sufficiently by both 1010data personnel and the user community to warrant its promotion to prod status. At Version Management in SaaS 5

6 that point the prod version number is incremented to the next whole number and prod users will be allowed to choose between their old version of prod and the new, enhanced version, and migrate to the new world. Continuing with our earlier example, Event Latest Prod Version Latest Beta Version 11 beta-6.04 deemed safe; beta-6.04 becomes prod-6.04 prod-6.04 beta Enhancement made " beta-7.00 Another, albeit less direct, connection between prod and beta is the use of beta as a test bed for bug fixes. Often a bug found in prod exists in beta as well. We typically start by fixing the bug in beta and then, after the change proves effective, apply the same change to prod. Going back to our example, Event Latest Prod Version Latest Beta Version 13 Bug fix in beta prod-6.04 beta Same bug fix in prod prod-6.05 " This reduces the already low risk in bug fixes and ensures a high level of stability in prod. Conclusion 1010data's SaaS versioning is a simple but effective way to balance the dynamic demands of the business world with the need for stability and control. With an array of available versions, the customer can operate with a safety net, ensuring smooth, comfortable transitions. At the same time, 1010data need actively maintain only two versions across the entire user community, resulting in a significantly higher quality service. So in the end, SaaS and related internet/cloud services do indeed present a silver lining when it comes to technological advances. Acknowledgments Most of the ideas discussed in this piece are not mine. Credit must be given to Dan Horowitz, Adam Jacobs and other members of the 1010data team, as well as to our customers who are the inspiration for this undertaking. Version Management in SaaS 6

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