MINIMIZING DEFECTS OCCURRENCES ON SFRC TUNNEL SEGMENT OF KLANG VALLEY MRT PROJECT
|
|
- Coleen Page
- 8 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Journal of Engineering Science and Technology Special Issue on 4th International Technical Conference 2014, June (2015) School of Engineering, Taylor s University MINIMIZING DEFECTS OCCURRENCES ON SFRC TUNNEL SEGMENT OF KLANG VALLEY MRT PROJECT MOHAMMED HAKIMI B. ABDUL RAZAK, AMIRUDDIN ISMAIL* Sustainable Urban Transport Research Centre (SUTRA) / Department of Civil and Structural Engineering, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Malaysia *Corresponding Author: aismail@ukm.edu.my Abstract Steel Fibre Reinforced Concrete (SFRC) precast segment has become more demanded and common for major tunnelling works in the world. In general the impact of demand along with the fast progress of the tunnelling works will eventually affected the quality of the SFRC precast segment where past projects showed the typical defects occur on the tunnel lining were mainly on concrete spalling, leakages between the segmental lining and cracks on the precast segment. This study will focus on the factors that encourage the occurrence of these defects in order to implement a new method and procedure in minimize the defects on the precast segment. The data collected such as inspection record, visual inspection, and questionnaire distributed which aim on the method of construction were analysed and SPSS were used for descriptive of the data. The obtain results revealed that when the suggested method from the survey was implemented during the construction of the Section 2: Tunnel from KL Sentral Station to Pasar Seni Station, the numbers of leakages were dropped at 40.9% by installing a secondary lining of Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer (EPDM) gasket. For spalling, by using lifting cage during handling of the SFRC segment bring the number of occurrences dropped at 32.4% and using protective pad for segment storage show the cracks across the segment dropped at 34%. On top of the quality control procedure and common method of works, this result revealed that by improving the area that involved workmanship does give a biggest impact in minimizing the defects on SFRC precast segment. Keywords: Tunnel, SFRC precast segment, Quality, Defects. 1. Introduction In general, the use of SFRC Precast segment for tunnelling works has been widely used as the fibre reinforcement is inessential for integrity, quality, production and safety [1]. The quality requirement of the SFRC precast segment 13
2 Minimizing Defects Occurrences on SFRC Tunnel Segment of Klang has increased as part of the design life on the tunnel itself [2]. Every tunnelling works in the world will try to avoid and minimize the defects on the tunnel lining but during the construction works, an area which involves quantity, progress, procedures and human error has eventually lead to defects occurrences on the SFRC precast segment. Past research that has done many experiments and testing from the manufacturing of the segment until the installation stage of the segmental lining. Research such as tensile and bend test were done to determine the mechanical properties of the steel fibre [3]. Finite element analysis use to calculate the segment stress distribution which will lead to cracks [4]. Study on differential settlement of the tunnel to determine the contribution of leakages [5]. These researches were mainly focused on the durability of the material which the results show a positive used of SFRC precast segment for tunnel lining. This paper however will focused more on the method of construction where workmanship will be monitored and analyse as workmanship itself has always been an important key in quality control of the SFRC segment. The case study of the existing study is the tunnel works for the Malaysian Klang Valley Mass Rapid Transit (KVMRT) which is currently the longest underground tunnel in Malaysia that stretch for 9.5 km in the heart of Kuala Lumpur. This case study however will be divided into two section of the tunnel where Section 1: Tunnel from Semantan portal to KL Sentral Station (1.2 km) and Section 2: Tunnel from KL Sentral Station to Pasar Seni Station (1.25 km). This is a single case study where section 1 tunnel will be the phase of data collection to determine the type of defects and the factors that lead to the defects occurrence. In section 2 tunnel, the suggested method from the study will be incorporated during the tunnelling works from KL Sentral Station to Pasar Seni Station. The project records for Section 1: Tunnel from Semantan Portal to KL Sentral Station was obtained and Table 1 shows the type and number of defects occur on SFRC precast segment during the construction of the tunnel lining. The most common defects are leakages and were recorded at 2,037 or 86% of the total occurrences. This is followed by concrete spall or damage of the SFRC precast segment which is at 340 occurrences or 14% of the total occurrences. The cracks on the SFRC precast segment has been recorded as the lowest defects occurrences, which is at 44 or 1.8% of the total occurrences Table 1. Type and number of defects for section 1 tunnel. Leakages Spalling Cracks North Bound South Bound Total The highest defect recorded which is the leakages was mainly occurring on the radial or circumferential joint of the SFRC precast segment. Figure 1 shows the typical joint leakages between the segmental linings. In general one of the main contributions for the leakages between the segmental linings is the high groundwater table or differential settlement of the tunnel [5]. In this case, 15 numbers of water standpipes were installed along the north and south bound
3 15 M. H. B. A. Razak and A. Ismail tunnel. The reading recorded by geotechnical department is from 1.0 m to 1.5 m below ground level for a period of 9 months. Table 2 revealed that both south and north bound tunnel having the average of 1.12 m (m.b.g.l). Table 2. Water table reading for south and north bound tunnel. From Chainage (m) To Depth (m.b.g.l) Type of Soil / Rock 0 8 m 8 m Silty SAND / Silty SILT Bedrock Limestone 0-10 m Mainly 10 m SAND Bedrock Limestone 0-10 m Mainly 10 m SAND Bedrock Limestone 0-10 m Mainly SAND Bedrock Limestone Indicative Average Groundwater Level (m.b.g.l) 1.5 m 1.0 m 1.0 m 1.0 m As for the waterproofing lining, past research on tunnel waterproofing show that the use of Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer (EPDM) gaskets as lining does play a role in minimize the leakage between the segmental linings [6-8]. However, in this project where the precast segment is using the same waterproofing method, the occurrences of leakages is still highly recorded. From the surveillance and survey done at the project site, many has agreed that the main cause is the inclination of the thrust jack that damage the EPDM gasket thus resulting in leakages between the segmental linings. Fig. 1. Joint leakages between the tunnel segmental linings. The second highest defect recorded according to Table 1 is the concrete spall on the SFRC precast segment. Many researchers have agreed that these defects were categorized as normal defect to be recorded during the manufacturing and delivery stages [2]. From this project inspection record has revealed that concrete
4 Minimizing Defects Occurrences on SFRC Tunnel Segment of Klang spall or damage on the precast segment was normally detected during handling and installation stages. Figure 2 shows the concrete spall at the edge and surface of the precast segment. Although the installation of the segmental is semiautomated by the TBM erector, there are few stages where lifting is still using the manual hoist chain which contributed to the spall. Fig. 2. Concrete spall at the edge and surface of the precast segment. Cracks on the SFRC precast segment has been recorded as the lowest defects on the tunnel lining, affected only on 44 segments out of 17,280 segments install for section 1 tunnel. Although it is the lowest numbers of defect recorded, cracks on the precast segment are considered a major type of defects and required a high attention the rectification works. Figure 3 shows the cracks on the SFRC precast segment. Fig. 3. Cracks on the SFRC precast segment. Past research showed that there were a few factors that lead to the cracks such as eccentricity or inclination of the thrust jack, non-smooth ring joints and during casting phase [9-12]. All the factors were typical to any other tunnel project and same for this case as where the excavation is operated by Earth Pressure Balance (EPB) type of Tunnel Boring Machine (TBM). If the proper installation process is done according to the procedure, the numbers of crack should have been minimized [11].
5 17 M. H. B. A. Razak and A. Ismail 2. Materials and Method The methodological for this research consists of the project quality record that will determine the type and numbers of defects recorded for section 1 and section 2 tunnels. A questionnaire is distribute at the project site and the data collected will be interprets using SPSS and Microsoft Excel. For the data collection, a survey was done at the project site with the respondents for these surveys are the engineers, technicians, general labours and supervisors at the project site that is handling the tunnel activity. The questionnaire is kept simple, brief, using dichotomous type in order to get the firm result. They filled in questionnaire forms at the project site office and at construction site. There will be three parts of questionnaires where first part (Part A) is on leakages, the second part (Part B) is on concrete spalling and the third part (Part C) is on cracks. For example under part A, leakages type of defects, respondent will be given 3 choice of answer based on the common factor discovered at the project site. At the end of every section, the respondent will be asked on their opinion on how to reduce the defects mentioned in the questionnaire. Table 3 shows the distribution of the questionnaire at the construction site. A total of 83 questionnaires were collected in three months (from December 2013 to February 2014). SPSS Statistics version 17.0 package and Microsoft Excel 2010 were used to analyse the data. Table 3. Distribution of the questionnaire at the construction site. Total Respondents : 83 Survey distributed : 110 Response rate : 75.45% N.B Tunnel Job Title S.B Tunnel Job Title Number of survey respondents Percentage of survey respondents Tunnel Engineer Tunnel Supervisor Technician QA/QC Engineer Construction Manager TBM operators Total North Bound Tunnel Engineer Tunnel Supervisor Technician QA/QC Engineer Construction Manager TBM operators Total South Bound Total With this information gathered for the Section 1: Tunnel from Semantan Portal to KL Sentral Station, the result will be incorporated during the construction of
6 Minimizing Defects Occurrences on SFRC Tunnel Segment of Klang Section 2: Tunnel from KL Sentral Station to Pasar Seni Station in order to evaluate and minimize the defects on the tunnel lining using this SFRC precast segment. 3. Results and Discussions 3.1. Leakages type of defects For leakages type of defects under part A questionnaire, based on Fig. 4, shows 77% respondents agreed that leakages occur on the segmental lining due to the damaged waterproofing lining, Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer (EPDM) gasket, 12% agreed that leakages occur because of the ground water table and 11% stated that due to mix error on the backfilling grouting. Each answer selected will lead to the sub section of questionnaire based on the respondent answer. This paper shows the demographic result of the highest percentage answered by the respondents. Figure 4 revealed that 70% respondents agreed that the damage of waterproofing lining happened during the installation of the segmental because of the inclination of thrust jack. Figure 5 shows the inclination of the thrust jack 22% revealed that the EPDM gasket is not properly intact and checked before installation and 8% agreed that the waterproofing lining is damaged during unloading and lifting of the precast segment. The last section of Fig. 4 shows that when respondents were asked their opinion on how to avoid damage on the waterproofing lining 82% respondent suggesting installing another strip of the EPDM gasket as a secondary waterproofing lining will minimize the leakages. Another 9% respondents agreed that to double check the EPDM gasket is intact before installation and another 9% stated that proper handling of the segment during installation also play a role in minimize the occurrence of leakages. Figure 5 shows an example when the thrust jack pressing the EPDM gasket during excavation resulting damages to the lining and Fig. 6 shows the installation of secondary strip of gasket lining to avoid the potential damages. Part A : Leakages Why do you think the leakages occur on the lining? Frequency Percent A.1 Due to damage of waterproofing lining A.2 Due to high water table A.3 Error in mixing for grouting Total If your answer is due to damage of the waterproofing A.1, what do you think that may lead to this damage? A.4 Inclination of thrust jack A.5 EPDM gasket not properly intact A.6 EPDM damage during lifting works Total If your answer is due to inclination of thrust jack A.2, what is your suggestion to avoid this defect? Install secondary strip of lining Proper handling of the segment To check the intact of the gasket Total Fig. 4. Questionnaire data for the Leakages type of defects.
7 19 M. H. B. A. Razak and A. Ismail Fig. 5. Inclination of thrust jack that damage the EPDM gasket. Fig. 6. Secondary strip install at the precast segment Spall and damaged of the precast segment From the project surveillance record, most of the spall or damaged of the precast occur during handling of the segments whether during unloading or during installation of segmental lining. From the questionnaire, based on Fig. 7, revealed that 55% respondents stated that the segment was damaged due to poor handling at the project site. This is including the belt use by the crane is placed at the end of the segment. 32% respondents agreed that when installing the last key segment, the aggressive movement of the segment erector does make the segment spall and 12% believe that damage may occur at the manufacturer storage yard. Part B : Spall and damaged on segment Why do you think spall and damage occur? Frequency Percent B.1 Due to poor handling at project site B.2 Due to movement of segment erector B.3 Already damage from manufacturer Total If your answer is due to poor handling at the site B.1, what is your suggestion to avoid this defect? Improved the inspection during delivery To use a lifting cage for unloading work To improved workmanship on erector Total Fig. 7. Questionnaire data for spall and damage of segment. From the survey result, last section on Fig. 7 shows that when respondents were asked their opinion on how to avoid spall or damaged on the precast segment, 46% suggested that to improve the inspection during delivery of the precast segment. 48% agreed that to use a lifting cage when unloading instead of using belt. Others 7% stated that the segment erector to be handle properly during installation Cracks on the precast segment. From the survey, 84% stated that during transportation and during stacking at the project site, the segments were placed directly to the concrete support without
8 Minimizing Defects Occurrences on SFRC Tunnel Segment of Klang having any rubber pad and cause the segments lay on uneven surface. This is including the uneven timber support that was stacked between the segments which distributed an uneven load to the segments which may lead to cracks when shoving. 12% respondents believe that the segments was cracks due to uneven thrust load during shoving and 4% respondents say that the segment already crack at the manufacturer after casting phase. Figure 8 shows the factor that may lead to the occurrence of cracks on the precast segment. When the questionnaire asked the respondents on how to avoid the cracks occurrences on the segment, from Fig. 8 revealed that 84% suggest that to apply a protection between the concrete support and the segment to avoid any movement or uneven load distribution to the segment during transportation and during storage. 10% of the respondents stated that to make sure the stacking in on even load and 6% suggest improving the inspection during delivery of the segments. Part C : Cracks on the precast segment Why do you think cracks can occur? Frequency Percent C.1 Segment placed directly on support C.2 Due to uneven thrust load C.3 Cracks occur at the manufacturer Total If your answer is due to segment stacking C.1, what is your suggestion to avoid this defect? To apply protection on concrete support To make sure stacking is on even load To improved inspection during unloading Total Fig. 8. Questionnaire data for cracks on the precast segment. Figure 9 shows the precast segment lay on concrete support without protection and the use of gunny sack as padding between the segment and the concrete support during the construction of section 2: Tunnel from KL Sentral Station to Pasar Seni Station. Fig. 9. Precast segment placed directly to the concrete support and using gunny sack as protection during Section 2 Tunnel.
9 21 M. H. B. A. Razak and A. Ismail From the data collected on the survey, the highest percentage from the opinions on how to minimize the occurrences of these defects were incorporated during the tunnelling works for Section 2: Tunnel from KL Sentral Station to Pasar Seni Station. The suggested method as follow; For the leakages between the segmental linings, the respondents suggested that installing a secondary gasket on the segment lining will minimize the leakages. Figure 6 shows the secondary lining install at the SFRC precast segment before installation of tunnel lining. For the concrete spall or damage on the segment, the respondents suggested using a lifting cage during unloading of the precast segment. For the cracks, the respondents believe that to apply a protection between the segments during stacking/transportation. Figure 9 shows that gunny sack will used as protective pad to avoid any uneven load distribution during stacking Upon completion of Section 2: Tunnel from KL Sentral station to Pasar Seni station, data collected from the joint inspection revealed that the total number of leakages between segmental lining recorded is 833 nos. The concrete spall type of defects recorded is 110 nos. and cracks on the segment are recorded at 15 nos. Figure 10 shows the comparison numbers of the defects recorded for both Section 1 and Section 2 tunnel. The opinion from the respondents were incorporated during construction of section 2 tunnel show an improvement when the suggested method from the respondents were implement during the tunnelling works. Table 4 shows that the percentage for Leakages was dropped at 40.9%, the Spall at 32.4% and Cracks at 34.1% Leakages Spall/Damage Cracks Section 1: Tunnel Semantan to KL Sentral Station Section 2: Tunnel KL Sentral station to PasarSeni station Fig. 10. Comparison of defects occurrences between section 1 and 2 tunnel. Table 4. Percentage of defects occurrences between section 1 and 2 tunnel. Section 1 Tunnel Section 2 Tunnel Percentage Leakages Spall and damage Cracks
10 Minimizing Defects Occurrences on SFRC Tunnel Segment of Klang Conclusion Upon completion of Section 1 : Tunnel from KL Sentral Station to Pasar Seni Station, the main contractor has issue a Non Conformance Report for the defects recorded. The suggested method from this questionnaire on how to minimize the leakages, spall and cracks were used in replying the Non Conformance Report as a preventive action. During the construction of Section 2: Tunnel from KL Sentral Station to Pasar Seni Station these preventive actions were used until completion of the tunnel works. With the decreased percentage on all the defects during the construction of Section 2 Tunnel, this study indicates that a simple improvement on the method and workmanship does give a big impact in minimizing the defects. The suggested method from the project site personnel who is handling the SFRC precast segment eventually lead to a better quality result of this project. This is proven when the data revealed using suggestion implemented on the Section 2: Tunnel from KL Sentral Station to Pasar Seni Station. The highlight finding of this study is: The EPDM gasket will always get damaged due to inclination of the thrust jack. Having to install a secondary lining that act as a primary gasket will eventually reduce the leakages. As convenient and economical using belting type of lifting method, the result will always lead to spall or damage on the segment. By using lifting cage, longer time used during lifting but the numbers of spall on segment has been minimized. On top of all experiments and analysis done on cracking of the segments by past research, a simple improvement on the protection of the segment during stacking or transporting actually help in reducing the cracks. This cracks maybe not visible during stacking due to uneven load or no protection on the support but after a certain load transferred to the segment during shoving, the cracks will occur. The finding of this research can be conclude that the standard quality control implemented at any tunnelling project should have been improved in the area of workmanship according to the project surrounding and behaviour in order to minimize the occurrences of the tunnel lining using SFRC precast segment Acknowledgment The authors would like to acknowledge the Sustainable Urban Transport Research Centre (SUTRA) and Department of Civil and Structural Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia and MMC Gamuda KVMRT Semantan North Portal Tunnel Team for their support given to accomplish this study. References 1. De Rivaz, B. (2008). Steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC): The use of SFRC in precast segment for tunnel lining. Proceedings of India World Tunnel Congress on Underground Facilities for Better Environment and Safety. New Delhi, India,
11 23 M. H. B. A. Razak and A. Ismail 2. Hariyanto, A.D.; Kwan, H.P.; and Cheong, Y.W. (2005). Quality control in precast production, a case study on tunnel segment manufacture. Dimensi Teknik Arsitektur, 33(1), Katzer, K.; and Domski, J. (2012). Quality and mechanical properties of engineered steel fibres used as reinforcement for concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 34, Chen, J.; and Liang, Z. (2006). Study on local cracking of segments in shields tunnel during construction. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 25(5), Wu, H.N.; Huang, R.Q.; Sun, W.J.; Shen, S.L.; Xu, Y.S.; Liu, Y.B.; and Du, S.J. (2014). Leaking behavior of shield tunnels under the Huangpu River of Shanghai with induce hazards. Natural Hazards, 70(2), Moss, N.A. (2000). Tunnel linings for contract C705, Singapore Northeast Line. Proceedings of the International Conference on Tunnels and Underground Structures. Singapore, Sebastian, P.; and Nadarajah, P. (2000). Construction of the North East line tunnels at Singapore river crossing. Proceedings of the International Conference on Tunnels and Underground Structures. Singapore, Zeidler, K.; and Gall, V. (2000). Design criteria for large tunnels in soft ground. Proceedings of the International Conference on Tunnels and Underground Structures. Singapore, Zhu, W.; and Fu, D. (2003). Causes and countermeasures for segment cracking. Modern Tunnelling Technology, 40(1), Ishii, G. (2000). Current issues regarding mechanized and automated tunnelling. Proceedings of the International Conference on Tunnels and Underground Structures. Singapore, Plizzari, G.A.; and Tiberti, G. (2007). Structural behaviour of SFRC tunnel segments. Fracture Mechanics of Concrete Structures High Performance Concrete, Brick Masonry and Environmental Aspects. London: Taylor and Francis. 12. Hoek, E.; and Marinos, P. (2000). Predicting tunnel squeezing problems in weak heterogeneous rock masses. Tunnels and Tunnelling International, 32(11),
State Route 640 Itinerary Agrigento-Caltanissetta-A19. Description of work
Description of work Sicily Tunnel Caltanissetta Year: 2013 In progress Client: Anas s.p.a. Contractor: Empedocle 2 s.c.p.a. Total length: 28 km Works amount: 175.000.000,00 Activities: Construction design
More informationHow To Calculate Tunnel Longitudinal Structure
Calculation and Analysis of Tunnel Longitudinal Structure under Effect of Uneven Settlement of Weak Layer 1,2 Li Zhong, 2Chen Si-yang, 3Yan Pei-wu, 1Zhu Yan-peng School of Civil Engineering, Lanzhou University
More informationTunnelling & Underground. Specialists
Tunnelling & Underground Specialists Mined Tunnels Excavation at Ayer Rajah Avenue, Singapore Introduction Amberg & TTI Engineering Pte Ltd (AETTI) was established in Singapore in 2002 by Amberg Engineering
More informationSECTION 02612 NONREINFORCED CONCRETE SEWER PIPE
SECTION 02612 PART 1 GENERAL 1.1 SUMMARY A. Section Includes: Furnishing and installing nonreinforced concrete sewer pipe. Provide concrete sewer pipe less than 12 inches in diameter, and in other sizes
More informationPRE INSTALLATION MANUAL
REINFORCED CONCRETE PIPE PRE INSTALLATION INSPECTION & REPAIR MANUAL Kentucky Transportation Cabinet Kentucky Department of Highways Division of Materials 1227 Wilkinson Boulevard Frankfort, KY 40601 (502)
More informationAmendment to OPSS 415 (Nov 2008) Construction Specification for Pipeline and Utility Installation by Tunnelling
Engineering and Construction Services Division Standard Specifications for Sewers and Watermains TS 415 April 2013 Amendment to OPSS 415 (Nov 2008) Construction Specification for Pipeline and Utility Installation
More informationTank Lifting. A.P.I. 650 and 653 only give general guide lines to the type of foundation. Number of different types, evaluated on the basis for:
Welcome to Alan Watson Presenting Tank Lifting. Tank Foundation. Tank Relocation. Website: arwatson.com E-Mail: arwatson@msn.com Click to continue A.P.I. 650 and 653 only give general guide lines to the
More informationGOWANUS EXPRESSWAY TUNNEL PRIMER
GOWANUS EXPRESSWAY TUNNEL PRIMER T he New York State Department of Transportation is currently studying the replacement of the Gowanus Expressway with a tunnel. This investigation involves looking at a
More informationMeeting the Challenge of Pipeline Emergency Repair
Meeting the Challenge of Pipeline Emergency Repair Michael R. McReynolds, PE, SE 1 Tao Peng, PE, SE 2 ABSTRACTS The Metropolitan Water District of Southern California (MWD) is the nation s largest provider
More informationGUIDANCE NOTES FOR DEVELOPMENTS OR ENGINEERING WORKS IN THE VICINITY OF SPT SUBWAY INFRASTRUCTURE JULY 2005
GUIDANCE NOTES FOR DEVELOPMENTS OR ENGINEERING WORKS IN THE VICINITY OF SPT SUBWAY INFRASTRUCTURE JULY 2005 CONTENTS 1.0 INTRODUCTION 2.0 OVERVIEW OF SPT APPROACH TO DEVEOPMENTS/WORKS IN THE VICINITY OF
More informationJune 2007 CHAPTER 7 - CULVERTS 7.0 CHAPTER 7 - CULVERTS 7.1 GENERAL
7.0 7.1 GENERAL For the purpose of this manual, culverts are defined as structures that are completely surrounded by soil and located below the surface of the roadway parallel to the general direction
More informationCurrent opportunities of sprayed waterproofing membrane. Frank Clement Technical Manager Sprayable Membranes MEYCO Global Underground Construction
Current opportunities of sprayed waterproofing membrane Frank Clement Technical Manager Sprayable Membranes MEYCO Global Underground Construction 1 What would we like to achieve? 2 What is desired? 3 and
More informationMilan M5 metro extension the construction of Lotto station
Milan M5 metro extension the construction of Lotto station Giuseppe LUNARDI, Rocksoil S.p.A., Italy giuseppe.lunardi@rocksoil.com Luca MANCINELLI, Rocksoil S.p.A., Italy, luca.mancinelli@rocksoil.com Massimiliano
More informationMETHOD OF STATEMENT FOR STATIC LOADING TEST
Compression Test, METHOD OF STATEMENT FOR STATIC LOADING TEST Tension Test and Lateral Test According to the American Standards ASTM D1143 07, ASTM D3689 07, ASTM D3966 07 and Euro Codes EC7 Table of Contents
More informationA. Contractor shall furnish, to the Engineer, all materials certifications available from the manufacturer for all required materials.
PART 1 GENERAL 1.1 SCOPE A. This item shall include the work necessary for the installation of storm sewer line construction. B. Reference Section 3800 Trenching and Backfill and the General Conditions,
More informationSTRUCTURAL HEALTH MONITORING AT ROME UNDERGROUND, ROMA, ITALY
Ref: WhP_Rome_vA STRUCTURAL HEALTH MONITORING AT ROME UNDERGROUND, ROMA, ITALY WHITE PAPER Summary: This white paper shows how Structural Health Monitoring (SHM), helps to improve the quality in the construction
More informationSafe & Sound Bridge Terminology
Safe & Sound Bridge Terminology Abutment A retaining wall supporting the ends of a bridge, and, in general, retaining or supporting the approach embankment. Approach The part of the bridge that carries
More informationMeasuring the Condition of Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe
Measuring the Condition of Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe John Marshall, P.E.I, I J.W. Marshall and Associates, and Paul S. Fisk, President NDT Corporation Introduction Prestressed Concrete Cylinder
More informationState of Illinois Department Of Transportation CONSTRUCTION INSPECTOR S CHECKLIST FOR STORM SEWERS
State of Illinois Department Of Transportation CONSTRUCTION INSPECTOR S CHECKLIST FOR STORM SEWERS While its use is not required, this checklist has been prepared to provide the field inspector a summary
More informationWastewater Capital Projects Management Standard Construction Specification
CITY AND COUNTY OF DENVER ENGINEERING DIVISION Wastewater Capital Projects Management Standard Construction Specification 10.1 Precast Concrete Pipe 10.1.1 General This section covers material requirements,
More information1-800-327-8276 www.jfcson.com
Trenchless Cost Effective Internal Pipe Rehabilitation 101 East Broadway, Hackensack, N.J. 07601 Folsom, NJ Linden, NJ Beltsville, MD Sylmar, CA 1-800-327-8276 www.jfcson.com In-Weg Internal Joint Sealing
More informationSECTION 02630 STORM DRAINAGE SYSTEM
SECTION 02630 PART 1 - GENERAL 1.01 DESCRIPTION A. Section includes specifications for storm drainage systems including modifications and connections to existing storm drainage systems. 1.02 REFERENCE
More informationCCU Engineering Specifications. Section 003300 PRECAST CONCRETE PRODUCTS
CCU Engineering Specifications Section 003300 Effective Date: Nov. 1st, 2011 Page 1 of 5 PRECAST CONCRETE PRODUCTS PART 1 - GENERAL The following specification is intended for use for the design, selection
More informationProceedings 2005 Rapid Excavation & Tunneling Conference, Seattle
Proceedings 2005 Rapid Excavation & Tunneling Conference, Seattle EPB-TBM Face Support Control in the Metro do Porto Project, Portugal S. Babendererde, Babendererde Engineers LLC, Kent, WA; E. Hoek, Vancouver,
More informationBUTE Department of Construction Management and Technology
BUTE Department of Construction Management and Technology 02.10.2012 Definition 1: Foundation: The structure, that transmits the load of the building to the soil Definition 2: Load bearing soil (strata):
More informationTBM CROSSING OF STATIONS
TBM CROSSING OF STATIONS Eng. Marco Barbanti Astaldi S.p.A. Eng. Tommaso Grosso Astaldi S.p.A. 18-11-2011 In the presence of groundwater the permeability of the ground is of great interest. It is important
More informationSpecification for tunnelling third edition. The British Tunnelling Society and The Institution of Civil Engineers
Specification for tunnelling third edition The British Tunnelling Society and The Institution of Civil Engineers Published by Thomas Telford Limited, 40 Marsh Wall, London E14 9TP, UK. www.thomastelford.com
More informationSettlement of Precast Culverts Under High Fills; The Influence of Construction Sequence and Structural Effects of Longitudinal Strains
Settlement of Precast Culverts Under High Fills; The Influence of Construction Sequence and Structural Effects of Longitudinal Strains Doug Jenkins 1, Chris Lawson 2 1 Interactive Design Services, 2 Reinforced
More informationTunnelling and underground works in PPC hydro projects: Contracting practices & construction management Ioannis Thanopoulos Dr.
Tunnelling and underground works in PPC hydro projects: Contracting practices & construction management Ioannis Thanopoulos Dr. Civil Engineer Public Power Corporation, Greece Public Power Corporation
More informationDIVISION 4300 STORM DRAINAGE
DIVISION 4300 STORM DRAINAGE SECTION 4305 STORM SEWER PART 1 - GENERAL 1.01 SCOPE This section covers the construction of storm sewers for the collection and transport of stormwater runoff. 1.02 REFERENCES
More informationChaudière Crossing Bridge Rehabilitation
Chaudière Crossing Bridge Rehabilitation Douglas K. Lowry P. Eng., Armtec Infrastructure Incorporated David Delicate, P.Eng. Public Works and Government Services Canada (Retired) Prepared for presentation
More informationSection 2100-Trenching and Tunneling
SECTION 5200 - STORM SEWER PART 1 - GENERAL 1.01 SCOPE: This Section covers installation of storm sewer mains and culverts. Topics include permits and fees, trench widths, pipe laying, bedding, initial
More informationFlowtite Jacking Pipe
U.S. COMPOSITE PIPE SOUTH, LLC. MEMBER OF KTI PIPE GROUP OF COMPANIES Flowtite Jacking Pipe 18585 Samuels Rd. Zachary, La. 70791 PH. 225-658-6166 Fax 225-658-0947 www.flowtitepipe.com Flowtite GRP Pipe
More informationSECTION 02530 STORM DRAINAGE STRUCTURES. 1. Trench excavation, backfill, and compaction; Section 02250.
02530-1 of 5 SECTION 02530 STORM DRAINAGE STRUCTURES 02530.01 GENERAL A. Description Storm drainage structure construction shall include, but not necessarily be limited to, furnishing and installing or
More informationSECTION LS 2530 SANITARY SEWERS. A. General: Submit the following in accordance with The General Conditions.
SECTION LS 2530 SANITARY SEWERS PART 1 GENERAL 1.1 SUBMITTALS A. General: Submit the following in accordance with The General Conditions. 1. Product data for drainage piping specialties. 2. Shop drawings
More informationKuala Lumpur conquers the underground. Using pioneering tunnelling technology made in Germany.
Herrenknecht All Around Multi-mode TBM Story Page 1 / Story Kuala Lumpur conquers the underground. Using pioneering tunnelling technology made in Germany. Author: Adrian Greeman Photography: Ming Thein
More informationMicropiles Reduce Costs and Schedule for Merchant RR Bridge Rehabilitation
Micropiles Reduce Costs and Schedule for Merchant RR Bridge Rehabilitation Jeff R. Hill, P.E. Hayward Baker Inc. 111 W. Port Plaza Drive Suite 600 St. Louis, MO 63146 314-542-3040 JRHill@HaywardBaker.com
More informationSECTION 03400 PRECAST CONCRETE STRUCTURES
PART 1 GENERAL 1.01 SCOPE OF WORK A. Furnish all labor, materials, and equipment required to install precast concrete manholes, sanitary leaching rings, pump station, valve chamber, structures, frames,
More informationASG TUNNEL SEGMENT GASKETS. www.arsankaucuk.com.tr
ASG TUNNEL SEGMENT GASKETS ASG TUNNEL SEGMENT GASKETS www.arsankaucuk.com.tr ARSAN KAUCUK has started manufacturing rubber technical products for various industries in Istanbul in1957. ARSAN KAUCUK, started
More informationSECTION 55 PIPE FOR STORM DRAINS AND CULVERTS (FAA D-701)
SECTION 55 PIPE FOR STORM DRAINS AND CULVERTS (FAA D-701) 55-1 GENERAL The Contractor shall perform all work required by the plans for construction of pipe for storm drains, precast polymer trench drains
More informationSECTION 02400 - STORM DRAIN SYSTEM
SECTION 02400 - STORM DRAIN SYSTEM CONTENTS: Part 1 - General... 1 1.01 Work Included... 1 1.02 Related Requirements... 1 1.03 Reference Standards... 1 1.04 Quality Assurance... 1 1.05 Measurement And
More informationSECTION 02110 - ASBESTOS CEMENT PIPE REPAIRS, DEMOLITION, AND DISPOSAL
SECTION 02110 - ASBESTOS CEMENT PIPE REPAIRS, DEMOLITION, AND DISPOSAL PART 1 - GENERAL 1.1 WORK INCLUDED IN THIS SECTION A. The WORK of this Section includes the repair, demolition, and disposal of asbestos
More informationEstimation of Adjacent Building Settlement During Drilling of Urban Tunnels
Estimation of Adjacent Building During Drilling of Urban Tunnels Shahram Pourakbar 1, Mohammad Azadi 2, Bujang B. K. Huat 1, Afshin Asadi 1 1 Department of Civil Engineering, University Putra Malaysia
More informationTransport and Main Roads Specifications MRTS25 Steel Reinforced Precast Concrete Pipes
Technical Specification Transport and Main Roads Specifications MRTS25 Steel Reinforced Precast Concrete Pipes September 2014 Copyright http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/au/ State of Queensland
More informationBaton Rouge Foundation Repair
Baton Rouge Foundation Repair 13822 Florida Blvd Bldg 3 Baton Rouge, LA 70819 Baton Rouge Foundation Repair offers services to correct the settlement of both Slab foundations and Pier & Beam foundations
More informationDesign, Testing and Automated Monitoring of ACIP Piles in Residual Soils
Design, Testing and Automated Monitoring of ACIP Piles in Residual Soils Stephen W. Lacz 1, M. ASCE, P.E. and Richard C. Wells 2, F. ASCE, P.E. 1 Senior Professional, Trigon Kleinfelder, Inc., 313 Gallimore
More informationStructural Failures Cost Lives and Time
Structural Failures Cost Lives and Time Recent failures of storage bins, silos and other structures highlight the need to increase awareness of hazards associated with these structures. Since 2010, one
More informationDesign Guidelines for Sequential Excavations Method (SEM) Practices for Road Tunnels in the United States
Design Guidelines for Sequential Excavations Method (SEM) Practices for Road Tunnels in the United States Vojtech Gall Gall Zeidler Consultants, Ashburn, Virginia Nasri Munfah Parsons Brinckerhoff, New
More informationSAFE HANDLING OF PRECAST CONCRETE PRODUCTS
SAFE HANDLING OF PRECAST CONCRETE PRODUCTS Safety Handling of Precast Concrete Products The lifting of any precast product requires the use of special equipment and substantial planning and knowledge.
More informationRisk Management Applied to Mechanized Tunnelling in Urban Area Piergiorgio GRASSO - GEODATA, Italy
Risk Management Applied to Mechanized Tunnelling in Urban Area Piergiorgio GRASSO - GEODATA, Italy ITA CBT Seminario SAT2008 Sao Paolo, June 25 2008 1 Contents Peculiar aspects of Tunnelling in urban areas
More informationMembrane for tunnels and underground construction
System Platon Membrane for tunnels and underground construction Drainage Protection Waterproofing Dry and healthy buildings The Isola history quality through innovation CONTENT The Isola History Air Gap
More informationSECTION 15076 CEMENT-MORTAR LINED AND COATED STEEL PIPE
SECTION 15076 CEMENT-MORTAR LINED AND COATED (CML&C) STEEL PIPE PART 1 GENERAL 1.01 DESCRIPTION This section designates the requirements for steel pipe fabrication, test in shop, installation of steel
More informationThe work of this Section includes furnishing and installing Reinforced Concrete Pressure Pipe as shown on the Drawings and as specified.
Section 33 0200- Page 1 of 4 PART 1 - GENERAL 1.1 DESCRIPTION OF WORK The work of this Section includes furnishing and installing Reinforced Concrete Pressure Pipe as shown on the Drawings and as specified.
More informationBridge Structural Rehabilitation Using FRP Laminates
Bridge Structural Rehabilitation Using FRP Laminates South Santiam River Quartzville Road, Linn County Linn County Road Department 2011 Cooperative Partnerships Making Linn County a Better Place to Live
More informationBRIDGE RESTORATION AND LANDSLIDE CORRECTION USING STRUCTURAL PIER AND GRADE BEAM
BRIDGE RESTORATION AND LANDSLIDE CORRECTION USING STRUCTURAL PIER AND GRADE BEAM Swaminathan Srinivasan, P.E., M.ASCE H.C. Nutting/Terracon David Tomley, P.E., M.ASCE KZF Design Delivering Success for
More informationWhat Causes Foundation Leaking?
A home's foundation has the odds stacked against it from the day it's built. When a home is excavated to make room for the foundation walls, space is left between the outer edge of the foundation wall
More informationFoundations 65 5 FOUNDATIONS. by Richard Chylinski, FAIA and Timothy P. McCormick, P.E. Seismic Retrofit Training
Foundations 65 5 FOUNDATIONS by Richard Chylinski, FAIA and Timothy P. McCormick, P.E. 66 Foundations Foundations 67 FOUNDATIONS Let's assume that the retrofit has been done correctly from the roofline
More informationEMPLOYEE FALL PROTECTION
EMPLOYEE FALL PROTECTION You can fall from any height and be seriously injured or killed. In the construction industry, as well as any other industry, when falls from heights happen, they are usually very
More informationDATA MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FOR TUNNELLING
DATA MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FOR TUNNELLING A working tool for data acquisition, visualization AND Reporting 2 IRIS Integrated Risk and Information System A single software solution for integrated data management
More informationSAMPLE FRACTION MITIGATION CONTINGENCY PLAN FOR DIRECTIONAL DRILLING
SAMPLE FRACTION MITIGATION CONTINGENCY PLAN FOR DIRECTIONAL DRILLING 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 Introduction and Purpose 3 2.0 Description of Work 3 3.0 Site Supervisor/Foremen Responsibilities 4 4.0 Equipment
More informationCONCRETE SEGMENTAL RETAINING WALL SYSTEM
CONCRETE SEGMENTAL RETAINING WALL SYSTEM PART 1: GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS 1.01 Work Included A. Work shall consist of furnishing and constructing a Rockwood Classic 8 with PCS unit segmental retaining wall
More informationDIVISION 2 - SEWERAGE AND DRAINAGE SECTION 02720 - STORM DRAIN SYSTEMS PART 1 - GENERAL
DIVISION 2 - SEWERAGE AND DRAINAGE SECTION 02720 - STORM DRAIN SYSTEMS PART 1 - GENERAL 1.01 DESCRIPTION A. Furnish and install all storm drains, including manholes, inlets, service lines and other appurtenant
More informationCHAPTER 6 - SANITARY SEWER
CHAPTER 6 - SANITARY SEWER 6.1 GENERAL This section covers the requirements for PVC plastic sewer pipe materials and installation in sanitary sewer construction. 6.2 PIPE PVC gravity sewer pipe and fittings
More informationDead load (kentledge) A structure over the test pile. Ground anchorage either by tension piles or ground anchors. Bi-directional (Osterberg-cell)
Introduction Fugro LOADTEST Overview STATIC LOAD TESTING O-cell Bi-directional testing State of the art Dr Melvin England Fugro LOADTEST Static load tests Previous/existing technology Developments O-cell
More informationSany Tunnel Boring Machines
Sany Tunnel Boring Machines 3 CORPORATE CULTRUE Mission Build a top Company, Foster top employees, Make top contributions Spirit Progress constantly, Develop national industry Core Value Morality first,
More informationSection 2 Specification 2.18 Concrete and/or Corrugated Steel Storm Sewer TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS 2.18 CONCRETE AND/OR CORRUGATED STEEL STORM SEWER... 1 2.18.1 GENERAL... 1 2.18.2 MATERIALS... 1 2.18.2.1 Storm Sewer Pipe... 1 2.18.2.2 Cement Mortar... 1 2.18.2.3 Granular Materials...
More informationModule 3 : Sewer Material. Lecture 3 : Sewer Material
1 P age Module 3 : Sewer Material Lecture 3 : Sewer Material 2 P age 3.1 Important Factors Considered for Selecting Material for Sewer Following factors should be considered before selecting material for
More informationStone crusher dust as a fine aggregate in Concrete for paving blocks
Stone crusher dust as a fine aggregate in Concrete for paving blocks Radhikesh P. Nanda 1, Amiya K. Das 2, Moharana.N.C 3 1 Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, NIT Durgapur, Durgapur
More informationMonitoring of Tunnel End Plug Performance in ONKALO
Monitoring of Tunnel End Plug Performance in ONKALO Erika Holt, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Presentation at IGDTP-Geodisposal 2014 Manchester, UK, 24th to 26th of June 2014 Co-authors: I.
More informationTechnical Notes 3B - Brick Masonry Section Properties May 1993
Technical Notes 3B - Brick Masonry Section Properties May 1993 Abstract: This Technical Notes is a design aid for the Building Code Requirements for Masonry Structures (ACI 530/ASCE 5/TMS 402-92) and Specifications
More informationWEFTEC.06. Kent Von Aspern,* Collins Orton** *Carollo Engineers 2700 Ygnacio Valley Rd Suite 300 Walnut Creek, CA 94598
Lessons Learned from Large Diameter Sanitary Sewer Pipe Bursting Project: Conversion of Abandoned Gravity Sewer Main Into Upsized Sanitary Force Main South San Francisco, CA Kent Von Aspern,* Collins Orton**
More informationFall protection systems and practices Duty to have fall protection Protection at or above 6' level.
Duty to have fall protection Protection at or above 6' level. Walking/working surfaces inspected before work begins. Employees can only work on surfaces strong enough to support them. Page 1 Protection
More informationAIR RELEASE, CLEANOUT, AND SEWER MANHOLES
AIR RELEASE, CLEANOUT, AND SEWER MANHOLES **From Hartford IM BLDG(10) DESCRIPTION. This work shall consist of the construction of air release, cleanout, and sanitary sewer manholes; and the furnishing
More informationARCHITECTURAL TECHNOLGY 4 ADVANCED CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY BASEMENT CONSTRUCTION YEAR 3 SEMESTER 1 AIDAN WALSH R00060057. Lecturer: Jim Cahill
ARCHITECTURAL TECHNOLGY 4 ADVANCED CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY BASEMENT CONSTRUCTION YEAR 3 SEMESTER 1 AIDAN WALSH R00060057 Lecturer: Jim Cahill 29 th November 2011 TABLE OF CONTENTS SUMMARY 1 MAIN BODY SECTION
More information(25) CONCEPT STUDY OSLO HUB A MEGA PROJECT 07.06.2016. Nina Tveiten Norwegian National Rail Administration
(25) CONCEPT STUDY OSLO HUB A MEGA PROJECT 07.06.2016 Nina Tveiten Norwegian National Rail Administration The study has been conducted on behalf of: The Ministry of Transport and Communications The Municipality
More informationSTRUCTURES. 1.1. Excavation and backfill for structures should conform to the topic EXCAVATION AND BACKFILL.
STRUCTURES 1. General. Critical structures may impact the integrity of a flood control project in several manners such as the excavation for construction of the structure, the type of foundation, backfill
More informationTHE ULTRASONIC TOMOGRAPHY TESTS OF CONCRETE IN FOUNDATION SLAB
THE ULTRASONIC TOMOGRAPHY TESTS OF CONCRETE IN FOUNDATION SLAB Krzysztof SCHABOWICZ 1, Jerzy HOLA 1, Dariusz STYS 1 1 Institute of Building Engineering, Wrocław University of Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego
More informationStructural Forensic Engineering Case Study : MRR2 Project. Prof. Dr. Azlan Abdul Rahman Forensic Engineering Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
Structural Forensic Engineering Case Study : MRR2 Project Prof. Dr. Azlan Abdul Rahman Forensic Engineering Universiti Teknologi Malaysia All information and data presented in these slides are strictly
More informationPipe bursting provides viable alternative for rehab work By Greg Key, U.S. Pipe
Pipe bursting provides viable alternative for rehab work By Greg Key, U.S. Pipe As the Environmental Protection Agency tightens groundwater quality regulations, old leaking sewers lines made of pipe clay,
More informationSikaProof A Technology
SikaProof A Technology The fully bonded waterproofing system Keep your basements durably and securely watertight What is SikaProof A? How does it work? Where can it be used? What are the advantages of
More informationFigure A. Maximum load testing of new precast concrete floor plank system
Load Testing of Precast Concrete Plank By Peter Gorgas, E.I.T. Figure A. Maximum load testing of new precast concrete floor plank system Overview Testing was performed in July 2012 at Northeast Precast
More informationLS 2540 SEWER LATERALS AND INSPECTION TEES
LS 2540 SEWER LATERALS AND INSPECTION TEES A. Summary B. Submittals C. Site Information D. Sewer Pipe and Fittings E. Lateral Locations F. Lateral Installation G. Inspection Tee Installation H. Removal
More informationby Morgan Anamoah & Martin Feeney
The Lee Tunnel - TBM Launch one of the most complicated TBM launches ever undertaken to prevent 16m cubic metres of storm water and sewage being discharged annually by Morgan Anamoah & Martin Feeney T
More informationGeotechnical Building Works (GBW) Submission Requirements
Building Control (Amendment) Act 2012 and Regulations 2012: Geotechnical Building Works (GBW) Submission Requirements Building Engineering Group Building and Construction Authority May 2015 Content : 1.
More informationUnit Price Averages Reports
Unit Price Averages Reports 12/7/2015 UNIT PRICE AVERAGES REPORT Disclaimer The information provided in the following Unit Price Averages Report is only for the use of Alberta Infrastructure & Transportation
More informationWEKO-SEAL Internal Joint Sealing WEKO-SEAL. internal pipe-joint sealing
WEKO-SEAL Internal Joint Sealing WEKO-SEAL internal pipe-joint sealing We know seals inside and out. Retaining Band Test Valve WEKO-SEAL WEKO-SEAL is the leading trenchless system for internally and economically
More informationSpecifications for Residential Property Owners Connection to New Public Sewer
Specifications for Residential Property Owners Connection to New Public Sewer Spalding Tract property owners are required to connect to the community sewer system when construction is complete and the
More informationGSI. Geosynthetic Institute GRI. 475 Kedron Avenue Folsom, PA 19033-1208 USA TEL (610) 522-8440 FAX (610) 522-8441 GII GAI GCI. GRI Test Method GM21
Geosynthetic Institute 4 Kedron Avenue Folsom, PA 133-1208 USA TEL (610) 522-8440 FAX (610) 522-8441 GEI GRI GSI GAI GCI GII Revision 4: December 17, 2012 Revision schedule on pg. 11 GRI Test Method GM21
More informationSECTION 33 05 16.13 PRECAST CONCRETE UTILITY STRUCTURES
SECTION 33 05 16.13 PRECAST CONCRETE PART 1 - GENERAL 1.01 SECTION INCLUDES A. This item shall consist of the construction of both sanitary and storm sewer precast concrete manholes in accordance with
More informationSEDIMENT/STORMWATER MANAGEMENT BASIN CONSTRUCTION CHECKLIST
SEDIMENT/STORMWATER MANAGEMENT BASIN CONSTRUCTION CHECKLIST For permanent structures per Delaware SCS Pond Code 378 and Delaware Sediment and Stormwater Regulations KEY PROJECT INFORMATION Item meets standard
More informationE ER TITAN PRODUCTS. Foundation Repair
E GIN E ER E D N EX CEL ENCE L Foundation Repair ENGINEERED EXCELLENCE Authorized Installer of Titan Products, Inc. Titan Products, Inc. 615.746.6876 2111 Boat Factory Rd., Pleasant View, TN www.titanproductsinc.com
More informationSTANDARD SPECIFICATIONS SECTION 03461 PRECAST REINFORCED CONCRETE MANHOLES AND MANHOLE BASES. 1. Structure Earthwork: 02200
STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS SECTION 03461 PRECAST REINFORCED CONCRETE MANHOLES AND MANHOLE BASES PART 1 - GENERAL A. Description This section includes materials, testing, and installation of precast concrete
More informationDMS - 7310 REINFORCED CONCRETE PIPE AND MACHINE-MADE PRECAST CONCRETE BOX CULVERT FABRICATION AND PLANT QUALIFICATION
DMS - 7310 REINFORCED CONCRETE PIPE AND MACHINE-MADE PRECAST CONCRETE BOX CULVERT FABRICATION EFFECTIVE DATE: APRIL 2012 7310.1. Description. This specification will govern for the fabrication of machine-made
More informationHardened Concrete. Lecture No. 14
Hardened Concrete Lecture No. 14 Strength of Concrete Strength of concrete is commonly considered its most valuable property, although in many practical cases, other characteristics, such as durability
More informationEmergency repair of Bridge B421
Emergency repair of Bridge B421 over the Olifants River after fl ood damage INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND Bridge B421 is located on the R555 at km 5.03 on Section 01E between Witbank (now known as emalahleni)
More informationStatistical Analysis of the Direct Reason of Construction Safety Accidents
Statistical Analysis of the Direct Reason of Construction Safety Accidents ZHANG Jianshe, XU You School of Civil Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, China, 454003 jianshezhang@vip.sina.com Abstract:
More informationAnalysis of an Underground Structure Settlement Risk due to Tunneling Vahdatirad, Mohammadjavad; Ghodrat, Hadi; Firouzianbandpey, Sarah; Barari, Amin
Aalborg Universitet Analysis of an Underground Structure Settlement Risk due to Tunneling Vahdatirad, Mohammadjavad; Ghodrat, Hadi; Firouzianbandpey, Sarah; Barari, Amin Published in: Songklanakarin Journal
More informationInstallation of Large Diameter Buried Pipes
Installation of Large Diameter Buried Pipes Sullivan (Sully) Curran P. E., Executive Director I. Introduction and Scope There is an ongoing need to provide designers, specifiers, engineers, consultants
More informationMaintenance and Management of JR East Civil Engineering Structures
Maintenance and Management of JR East Civil Engineering Structures Tadayoshi Niitsu Introduction Japan s problem of aging population and declining birth-rate has been known for years and the labour force,
More informationRidgistorm-XL - the latest innovative
Ridgistorm-XL - the latest innovative solution to SUDS and stormwater management Combined with the technical expertise, knowledge and support of Polypipe, Ridgistorm-XL is designed as a bespoke application
More information