List of Figures and Tables

Transcription

1 List of Figures and Tables FIGURES 1.1 Server-Centric IT architecture Inflexible allocation of free storage capacity Storage-Centric IT architecture Server upgrade: preparation of a new server Server upgrade: testing a new server Server upgrade: putting a new server into service Structure of this book Connection of servers to a disk subsystem Architecture of intelligent disk subsystems Flexible allocation of free storage capacity Comparison: large and small internal hard disks Internal I/O channels: active and active/passive Internal I/O channels: active/active Virtualisation by RAID Replacing a defective physical hard disk RAID 0 (striping) RAID 1 (mirroring) RAID 0+1 (mirrored stripes) RAID 10 (striped mirrors) RAID 0+1: failure of a physical hard disk RAID 10: failure of a physical hard disk RAID 4 (parity disk) RAID 4 and RAID 5: write penalty 33

2 xxx LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES 2.17 RAID 5 (striped parity) Instant copy Space-efficient instant copy High availability with remote mirroring Data flow of synchronous remote mirroring Data flow of asynchronous remote mirroring Synchronous and asynchronous remote mirroring combined Consistency groups in heterogeneous environments Write order consistency for asynchronous remote mirroring Chaos without LUN masking Order with LUN masking The physical I/O path from the CPU to the storage system The physical I/O path within a disk subsystem Connection of storage over SCSI daisy chain SCSI target IDs and SCSI LUNs Priority of the SCSI target IDs Twin-tailed SCSI cabling Small SCSI SAN with multiport storage systems The Fibre Channel protocol stack The Fibre Channel topologies: point-to-point, arbitrated loop, fabric Different plug types for fiber-optic cables NRZ and Manchester encoding Jitter Fibre Channel exchange, sequence and frame The Fibre Channel frame format Link flow control and end-to-end flow control Fibre Channel Class 2: error-free transmission Fibre Channel Class 2: transmission error Fibre Channel Class 3: error-free transmission Fibre Channel Class 3: transmission error Fabric login, N-Port login and process login Addressing in the fabric Fibre Channel application protocols based on the example of FCP Latency of Fibre Channel components Multiple bandwidths in the fabric topology Bottleneck: inter switch link (ISL) Fibre Channel arbitrated loop Cascading of Fibre Channel arbitrated loops Public loop and private loop Communication between arbitrated loop and fabric Fibre Channel-to-SCSI bridges Typical entry-level configuration: dual fabric Fibre Channel link extender 100

3 LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES xxxi 3.33 Today: Fibre Channel islands Tomorrow: one large InterSAN? Connecting storage via iscsi Booting via iscsi Gateway protocol: internet FCP (ifcp) Tunnelling protocol: Fibre Channel over IP (FCIP) Comparison of the protocol stacks of FCP, FCIP, ifcp and iscsi Comparison of the frame formats of FCP, FCIP, ifcp and iscsi A joint network for LAN, MAN, WAN and SAN CPU loading: TCP/IP/Ethernet versus Fibre Channel Migration path from Fibre Channel to iscsi Architecture of InfiniBand Example scenario of an InfiniBand interconnection Virtual Interface Architecture (VIA) I/O consolidation FCoE protocol stack FCoE frame format FCoE end device (FCoE Node, ENode) FCoE switch Virtual link FCoE Initialization Protocol (FIP) FCoE SAN Integration of FCoE SAN and Fibre Channel FCoE SAN with blade server Enhanced Transmission Selection (ETS) File system and volume manager File systems and databases Volume manager RAID in the volume manager Network file system NAS server and NAS gateway Eye of the needle: file server DAFS cluster DAFS data flow A comparison between NFS, udafs and fdafs Shared disk file systems GPFS architecture GPFS cluster, GPFS node set and GPFS file system GPFS token management for cache synchronisation Comparison of the I/O paths: SCSI, Fibre Channel, FCoE, iscsi, NAS Storage networks with NAS servers 158

4 xxxii LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES 5.1 Basic idea: virtualisation in the storage network Virtualisation locations in the I/O path Virtualisation in the disk subsystem Virtualisation in the storage network Virtualisation in the host bus adapter Virtualisation in the volume manager Mirroring in the volume manager for high fault-tolerance Striping in the volume manager for high write performance Limitations of storage sharing Limitations due to incompatible device drivers Storage virtualisation as an abstraction layer Virtualisation on block level Virtualisation on file level Virtualisation on different levels of the storage network Symmetric storage virtualisation Structure of the metadata controller in symmetric virtualisation Asymmetric storage virtualisation Structure of the metadata controller in asymmetric virtualisation Layering of the transmission techniques Storage networks in the I/O path Storage networks within disk subsystems Inflexible: storage assignment in server-centric systems Better: storage pooling in storage-centric IT systems Partitioning of a tape library Tape library sharing Real-time data sharing Partitioning of the data set Parallel databases and file systems Protection against the failure of an I/O bus: redundant SCSI cable Protection against the failure of an I/O bus: dual storage network Problem: operating system recognises hard disk several times Solution: multipathing software Protection against the failure of a server: server cluster Case study: cluster for file servers failure of a server Server cluster and redundant I/O buses Protection against the failure of a disk subsystem: remote mirroring Protection against the failure of a disk subsystem: volume manager mirroring Volume manager mirroring with server cluster and redundant I/O buses The logical I/O path for volume manager mirroring with redundant I/O buses Case study: protection of an important database Case study: protection of an important database (failure of the primary data centre) Shared-null configuration 220

5 LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES xxxiii 6.25 Shared-null configuration (failure of a server) Shared-nothing cluster Shared-nothing cluster (failure of a server) Enhanced shared-nothing cluster Enhanced shared-nothing cluster (load balancing) Shared-everything cluster Shared-everything cluster (failure of a server) Three tier architecture Three tier architecture (implementation) Web architecture (five tier architecture) Web architecture (implementation) Web architecture based upon the travel portal case study Extension of the travel portal Extension of the travel portal: cache server Example environment for network backup Storage hierarchy in the backup server Performance bottlenecks for traditional network backup Separate LAN for network backup Multiple backup servers Backup server and application server on the same computer Server-free backup LAN-free backup LAN-free backup with shared disk file system Application server-free backup Tape library sharing Backup of a NAS server by means of a network backup system Architecture of the Network Data Management Protocol (NDMP) NDMP: Backup to a local tape drive NDMP: Backup to a remote tape drive NDMP: LAN-free backup with NDMP Translator services in NDMP Version Architecture of databases Backup of archive log files Reference architecture for digital archive systems General infrastructure for network backup General infrastructure for digital archiving General infrastructure for backing up archive data Life cycle of classical data and information Life cycle of archive data Example: multilevel guarantee of data integrity Data mirroring in the archive storage Hierarchical storage management (HSM) for archive data 309

6 xxxiv LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES 8.10 Interfaces in the reference architecture for archive systems Protocol converters for incompatible interfaces Interface between multiple DMS Standardised interfaces for archive systems Archiving of s using archive storage Archiving of s using archive storage and DMS Archiving of files using archive storage and file server emulation Archiving of files using archive storage and protocol converter Archiving of files using archive storage and DMS Archiving of ERP data using archive storage Archiving of ERP data using archive storage and DMS Archiving of PACS or HIS data using archive storage Central archiving of PACS and HIS data using DMS Central archiving using one DMS Central archiving using federated DMS Phases and dependencies of system restart Business continuity for the web architecture The cost time window of business continuity Cycle of risk management Strategies for business continuity Parameters of availability: MTTR, MTTF and MTBF Availability of sequentially coupled components Availability of parallel-coupled components Parameter of business continuity: RTO Parameter of business continuity: RPO The seven-tier model for business continuity Solution segments of the seven-tier model D2D2T for rapid restore RPO for synchronous and asynchronous remote mirroring Remote mirroring combined with instant copy for disaster recovery Volume manager mirroring combined with remote mirroring for high availability and disaster recovery Simplification without volume manager mirroring Remote mirroring with instant copy for rolling disasters Protection against rolling disasters in backup data centres Combination of high availability and disaster recovery Devices in the storage network In-band management Out-band management SNMP architecture MIB hierarchy Web Based Enterprise Management (WBEM) 404

7 LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES xxxv 10.7 The three columns of WBEM CIM: relationships and inheritance of attributes CIM schemas WBEM architecture SMI-S architecture DMI architecture Independent versus attached media changer A tape library with proprietary interfaces Central removable media management Drive sharing with mount request queues Scratch pools spanning multiple libraries Drive pools spanning multiple libraries Integration of offline storage (vaulting) Cartridge life cycle Architecture of the IEEE standard Main components of the SNIA shared storage model The layers of SNIA shared storage model Implementation of the file/record layer Functionality of the block aggregation layer Combination of block and file layer Access paths Caching Clustering Resource and data sharing Service subsystem Example direct attached block storage Example storage network attached block storage Example block storage aggregation in a storage device: SAN appliance Example network attached block storage with metadata server: asymmetric block service Example multi-site block storage Example file server Example NAS head Example file server metadata manager Example object-based storage device (OSD) Tape modelling (logical) Tape modelling (physical) Tape extension of the SNIA shared storage model Example file backup (tar) Example file system volume backup (dump) Example volume backup (dd) Example file backup to virtual tape 483

8 xxxvi LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES Example direct attached tape Example LAN attached tape Example shared tape drive Example partitioned tape library Example virtual tape controller Example virtual tape controller with disk cache Example data mover for tape Example file server with tape drive Example file server with external tape Example file server with data mover 492 TABLES 2.1 Failure probability of a RAID 5 array Comparison of RAID levels SCSI cable lengths and transmission rates Fibre Channel roadmap Well-defined Fibre Channel addresses Comparison of iscsi, ifcp, FCIP and FCP Comparison of snapshot and instant copy Comparison of Fibre Channel, FCoE, iscsi and NAS Comparison of backup and archiving Comparison of the three basic WORM technologies Risk factors for IT operations Availability and outage times for a 24 7 operation RTO and RPO for high availability and disaster recovery The seven-tier model for business continuity The IEEE 1244 data model Data container relationships 464 A.1 Calculation of parity block for RAID 4 and RAID 5 536