How close? An attempt at measuring the cultural distance between countries
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1 Gustavo De Santis Mauro Maltagliati How close? Silvana Salvini An attempt at measuring the cultural distance between countries Comparing families: does international perspective help? Warsaw, December 2013
2 Database: World Value Survey
3 21 European Countries Wave Label Country Total BG Bulgaria HR Croatia CZ Czech Rep EE Estonia FI Finland FR France DE Germany HU Hungary IT Italy LV Latvia LT Lithuania NL Netherlands NO Norway PL Poland RO Romania SK Slovakia SI Slovenia ES Spain SE Sweden CH Switzerland GB Great Britain ALL
4 About a thousand questions... But not all are asked in all (21, EU) countries or waves. In all cases, too many. Therefore we group them in 9 domains (latent dimensions) No. of Domain Variables Variables 1. Religion 7 A006, A040, A098, E069_01, F028, F034, F Family (traditional) 5 A001, A042, D023, D054, E Friends/Associations 4 A002, D055, MEMBER*, ACTIVE* 4. Happiness/Health 4 A008, A009, A170, C Self 9 A003, A005, A029, A030, A032, A034, A039, A173, E Gender 5 C001, D057, D059, D060, E069_15 7. Ethics 4 F114, F115, F116, F Work 4 A005, C009, C010, E Politics 17 A004, A165, C002, E001, E002, E003, E004, E005, E006, E012, E023, E025, E033, E035, E041, E069*, Y001
5 Purpose: to assess as objectively as possible how close (or how far) any two countries are (Italy and Poland, notably: is their inclusion in the FAMCHIP project justified?) How do we proceed? (next, animated PPT, please)
6 Domain (or Dimension) 1: Religion 7 elementary variables 1) How important is Religion is in your life? 1 'Very important' 2 'Rather important' 3 'Not very important' 4 'Not at all important 2) List of qualities that children can be encouraged to learn at home. Religious faith? 1 'Mentioned' 2 'Not mentioned'
7 3) Are you a member of Church or religious organizations? 0 'Not a member' 1 'Inactive member' 2 'Active member 4) How much confidence do you have in the Church? 1 'A great deal' 2 'Quite a lot' 3 'Not very much' 4 'None at all' Domain 1: Religion 5) How often do you attend religious services? (Apart from weddings and funerals) 1 'more than once a week' 2 'once a week' 3 'once a month' 4 'only holy days' 5 'once a year' 6 'less often' 7 'never'
8 Domain 1: Religion 6) Would you say you are: 1 'A religious person' 2 'Not a religious person' 3 'A convinced atheist' 7) How important is God in your life? 1 'Not at all' 'Very much
9 Clusters We let the (SAS) software classify the 39 thousand odds respondents in clusters, each cluster encompassing homogeneous persons (from the point of view of religion) How many clusters? 3, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 50 What clustering method? Ward s (or minimum variance) method Then we compare the distribution of nationals among clusters, assuming that countries with similar distributions (of individuals among clusters) are similar to each other.
10 Religion / 10 clusters DiSIA
11 A synthesis of distances for Italy and Poland Religion (10 clusters) Sum of squared differences in proportions, for all pair of countries. Then, for all countries, we have a distribution of distances. For instance...
12 The number of cluster matters! RELIGION High/Low= Average, plus or minus one std. dev. for each country How to make results independent of the number of clusters? Standardization
13 Standardized results Italy and Poland are close to each other (Note: objective distances are the same. But relative distance represented here are not)
14 Other «clear» domains: IT and POL are close
15 In some domains: IT and POL are «average»
16 Unclear domains (results not robust) Family = traditional vision of Happiness and health: subjective assessment of
17 All in all... DiSIA
18 Conclusions (Within the limits of our data and our approach: method, cluster criterion, measure of distance, domains retained, etc.) IT and PL seem to be relatively close to each other, within the European context. The approach is relatively new: it starts from individual data but produces an output that makes sense at the aggregate level (distribution). Assumptions: clusters create homogeneous groups, and the distribution of nationals among groups is a valid indicator of distance between countries. Limitations of the data: small national samples, and observed over sometimes long periods of time. (Are answers stable? Do they make sense?) Results generally (but not always) robust to a change in the number of clusters.
19 Gustavo De Santis Mauro Maltagliati How close? Silvana Salvini An attempt at measuring the cultural distance between countries Comparing families: does international perspective help? Warsaw, December 2013
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