American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education 2013; 77 (4) Article S2.

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1 American Journal of Pharmaceutical Eucation 2013; 77 (4) Article S2. AACP REPORTS AND MINUTES The Future of the Pharmaceutical Sciences an Grauate Eucation: Recommenations from the AACP Grauate Eucation Special Interest Group Susanna Wu-Pong, PhD, a Jogarao Gobburu, MBA, PhD, b Stephen O Barr, PhD, c Kumar Shah, PhD, Jason Huber, PhD, e an Daniel Weiner, PhD f a School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmon, VA b School of Pharmacy, University of Marylan, Baltimore, MD c College of Pharmacy, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA PPD, Richmon, VA e Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV f Certara, L.P., St. Louis, MO Despite pharma s recent sea change in approach to rug iscovery an evelopment, U.S. pharmaceutical sciences grauate programs are currently maintaining traitional methos for master s an octoral stuent eucation. The literature on grauate eucation in the biomeical sciences has long been avocating eucating stuents to hone soft skills like communication an teamwork, in aition to maintaining excellent basic skills in research. However, recommenations to ate have not taken into account the future trens in the pharmaceutical inustry. The AACP Grauate Eucation Special Interest Group has complete a literature survey of the trens in the pharmaceutical inustry an grauate eucation in orer to etermine whether our grauate programs are strategically positione to prepare our grauates for successful careers in the next few ecaes. We recommen that our pharmaceutical sciences grauate programs take a proactive leaership role in meeting the nees of our future grauates an employers. Our grauate programs shoul bring to eucation the innovation an collaboration that our inustry also requires to be successful an relevant in this century. Keywors: pharmacy, eucation, grauate, pharmaceutical inustry, future, pharmaceutical sciences, jobs, career, skills, preparation, higher eucation BACKGROUND The report compile by the US Commission on the Future of Grauate Eucation entitle The Path Forwar: The Future of Grauate Eucation in the U.S. 1 was a joint effort between the Eucational Testing Service an the Council on Grauate Schools. The report liste areas where the U.S. emonstrate vulnerability in our preominance in grauate eucation, incluing among other things, competition from grauate programs abroa, changing emographics in the U.S., attrition rates, time to complete grauate egrees, an the job market for grauates. In the AACP Research an Grauate Affairs Committee (RGAC) was charge to evaluate the Path Forwar Report as it pertaine to pharmaceutical Corresponing Author: Susanna Wu-Pong, PhD, Associate Professor, Director, Pharmaceutical Sciences Grauate Program, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmon, VA sciences an to recommen how AACP an its member grauate programs can prosper given the present an future escribe by the Report. In their recommenations, 1 RGAC ientifie some threats specifically to pharmaceutical sciences grauate programs incluing the eclining percentage of stuents with U.S. Pharmacy egrees pursuing grauate eucation, shrinking resources for funing grauate eucation, an changing career pathways for grauates. The RGAC also examine the National Research Council Assessment of Grauate Eucation (2006) an several other reports over the past ecae incluing RGAC past reports that focuse on grauate eucation in the pharmaceutical sciences. The Committee create a SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, an threat) analysis using this ata, an ientifie priority recommenations: Support ual egree programs Aopt an support interisciplinary research an octoral eucation programs in experimental pharmacotherapeutics

2 American Journal of Pharmaceutical Eucation 2013; 77 (4) Article S2. AACP shoul lea in the promotion of pharmaceutical science research an grauate eucation as well as integrating the goals of professional an grauate pharmacy eucation Increase funing for post-pharm.d. clinical research Pharmacy faculty shoul be evelope an supporte to lea an contribute significantly to fiels such as cell an systems biology, genomics, proteomics an nanotechnology Concurrently uring the RGAC s tenure, AACP create a new special interest group (SIG) focusing on grauate eucation. The objective of the Grauate Eucation SIG s newly forme Planning Committee (GEPC) was to plan initiatives for the SIG an to work with AACP in their planning process in the area of grauate eucation. To this en, the GEPC has stuie the RGAC Report ( ) an others, but also the literature pertaining to trens in pharmaceutical research an grauate eucation to inform our recommenations of how the future of our iscipline might impact the strategic course for strengthening grauate eucation across all AACP an its member schools. These recommenations from the GEPC report have the support of the American Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists (AAPS). PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY TODAY Pharmacy faculty hear anecotal information that the pharmaceutical inustry has been unergoing significant change but few acaemics have irect an broabase knowlege of its future trens. A recent analysis from PricewaterhouseCoopers entitle Pharma 2020:Virtual R&D Which Path Will You Take 2 explore current trens an the future of the pharmaceutical inustry. The article escribe current trens in the inustry to inclue: Declining prouctivity in research an evelopment Decreasing revenues ue to generic rugs Expiring patents that are not being replace by innovative new rugs The scientific literature an community also have spoken to the nee to become more efficient, innovative, an collaborative in science. Several reports or articles concurre with the escription of pharma s ecreasing innovation, 3,4 falling profits 5 accompanying increase costs. 4-7 Some concur with PWC that pharma s prouctivity has been eclining 4,7 though Kaitin asserte that inustry prouctivity has been constant since 1980 except for a temporary spike in new rugs ue to the Prescription Drug Users Act in 1992 that cause the ensuing apparent ecline. 8 2 Other factors contributing to iminishing prouctivity an revenues have inclue less equity available for investment, 9 a plateau in investment in R&D since an projecte cutbacks in R&D investment in the future. 10 Aitional contributing factors inclue high caniate failure rate ue to poor portfolio management an caniate avancement, 11 more international an omestic outsourcing of activities to contract research organizations (CROs), 4,12-14 an increase regulation. 3,5,6 Research an evelopment in pharma is becoming more streamline, thus many more grauates in the future will be working in small companies where the responsibilities are integrate. 14 In a recent Economist summit on pharma, Chief Strategy Officer for GlaxoSmithKline Davi Refern iscusse the imperative for pharma to change. 10 Accoring to Refern, the (current challenges) have the capacity...to funamentally change an almost estroy the entire inustry... if your business moel isn t any goo you have to change everything you o. Aitionally he state that this might be the last generation of R&D spening using the blockbuster rug funing moel currently in use. The principles infuse in his vision of the future inclue extensive strategic program eliminations, globalization of markets an R&D, accountability, more innovation an risk, transparency, philanthropy, an investment in pharma s stakeholers (e.g. eveloping countries infrastructures, green initiatives, orphan rugs, etc.). Despite these overall trens, some parts of the inustry have been thriving. Biologics have been the fastest growing class of new rugs an have accounte for 33% of all new rug applications (NDAs). 15,16 Pharma has continue to acquire biotechnology to fee their pipeline, an even moifying the large corporation into smaller, more flexible, mobile ivisions in the spirit of the startup to increase competitiveness an creativity. Recently, an approval pathway for biosimilars has become available which will further fuel the growth of biological rug approval 15,17 resulting in a growing nee for appropriately traine grauates. 13 Personalize meicine is also accounting for a growing number of rugs in the pipeline, estimate to between 12-50% an will enjoy an estimate 53% increase in spening from Ninety-four percent of companies surveye are investing in new technologies in personalize meicine, an 100% are using biomarkers in rug iscovery research. 6 THE FUTURE OF PHARMA One of the resources consiere by PWC in their Pharma2020 report was the FDA s Critical Path Initiative

3 American Journal of Pharmaceutical Eucation 2013; 77 (4) Article S2. (CPI) The CPI s goal was to reefine how rugs will be evelope, evaluate an manufacture. They ientifie several key areas that will be essential to realize this new path incluing biomarkers, bioinformatics, nanotechnology, an imaging. The Critical Path will require collaboration of existing stakeholers to enable this vision. Since 2004, progress towars CPI has inclue the Preictive Safety Testing Consortium whose goal was to establish new biomarkers, Clinical Trials Transformation Initiative to transform clinical trials, rug safety surveillance projects, an collaborations by FDA with other government an non-government agencies such as the NIH to increase research an funing in regulatory sciences. In aition to examining current trens, PWC also mae several recommenations for the inustry regaring the research areas that are becoming increasingly important for the inustry: Nee better virtual preictive moels an simulation programs, incluing virtual organs, animal an human moels to iscover an test new rugs, a recommenation echoe by others. 19,20 Some estimate that moel an simulation sciences can reuce evelopment costs by 50% 20 Use semantic technology to both aggregate like an separate unlike ata espite overlapping or isparate nomenclature Develop innovative technologies in areas such as rug elivery an therapeutic cells/tissues, clinical biomarkers, biochips for real-time an remote monitoring or rug elivery Creation an use of criteria for eveloping rugs that are cost-effective; evelopment an licensing of cost-effective an efficacious rugs shoul become an ongoing an iterative process involving regulators throughout the evelopment process, a position also avocate by others 5,21,22 Preictive methos are a growing research area calle comparative effectiveness research. Comparative effectiveness research (CER) has use retrospective stuies of large populations to make preictions about rug use. 21 CER has also been an important new area for emonstrating the cost effectiveness of new rugs relative to their competitor brans uring the rug evelopment process instea of after approval. 2,5,21 For example, information technology tools are being use to mine pre-existing ata as an alternative to prospective large-scale clinical trials. The concomitant growth of electronic meical recors is making this kin of large-scale atabase research more feasible. This has been one in such areas of hypertension, iabetes, macular egeneration, an rug safety The growing inefficiency an cost of research an evelopment has spawne research in other preictive sciences, such as quantitative risk analysis an risk management. This new fiel has been increasingly use as a statistical tool involving probability theory to moel outcomes, an to estimate risk/benefit for ecision making in rug evelopment. 23 Multiscale systems moels, such as those that might inclue biology/physiology/ pharmacology/pathophysicology elements concurrently, are also more commonly use to preict clinical success with experimental ata. Multiscale moels have alreay been applie to areas such as cariovascular, iabetes, an osteoporosis. 19 Recently, the NIH publishe a white paper 24 recommening support for quantitative systems pharmacology (QSP) to ai in eveloping precision meicines through a combination of computational an experimental research. In summary, many of these emerging research areas have been esigne to improve preiction of rug safety, clinical efficacy or cost-effectiveness at lower cost an more efficiently. Preictive sciences, incluing atabase management, biostatistics, programming an moeling are likely to become increasingly important components of rug iscovery an evelopment as a means to offset rising costs an lengthy stuies. Other PWC recommenations were mae regaring the business practices of pharma: Encourage innovation base on iniviual performance, not caniate rug fate Develop an use clinical trial supercenters instea of ecentralize multi-center trials facilitate by electronic ata interchange an electronic recors using common ata formats Inustry must work more closely with regulators an be willing to aapt base on their input Drug companies must ecie whether to focus on mass market versus specialty meicines, outsource versus in-house R&D; this ecision will affect the mix of skills neee in the workforce Change the way staff are remunerate an reware Be more innovative, collaborative/inclusive an cost-effective The nee to be more interisciplinary an innovative has by necessity resulte in novel ways for pharma to collaborate with each other an acaemia. For example, open innovation moels have allowe share risk an cost between collaborators that has been enable by share ata an intellectual property. 25 The authors escribe open innovation as a flexible business moel where intellectual property from both internal an external sources is use to fuel innovation.

4 American Journal of Pharmaceutical Eucation 2013; 77 (4) Article S2. Proctor & Gamble reorganize their R&D moel in 2000 in attempt to be more innovative, an reportely increase prouct success rate by 50% an R&D efficiency by 60%. Lilly, Merck, GlaxoSmithKline, Alynlam, an Pfizer have also begun to make their technology, expertise an compouns more openly available. Partnerships (with other private an acaemic organizations) an innovation networks (network of stakeholers who share in risk an rewar of innovation) 8,14 have been another mechanism by which inustry has been trying to become more competitive. Several have stresse that unerlying the new collaborative moels an all else must be quality science 9. The future as escribe above will require grauates with aitional skills beyon those taught in the lab. To be successful an to thrive with this ynamic lanscape will require a range of skills in business, communication, teamwork, an leaership, among others (Table 1). The value of a broa eucation has also been cite by the AAPS Big Pharma/Small Pharma Task Force. The Task Force observe that 48% of members now come from small companies where it traitionally has focuse members from large companies. 14 Table 1. Summary of Skills Neee by Scientists in the Pharmaceutical Inustry Reference Skill Number(s) Business skills 9,24,26-28 Marketing Management Writing business plans Venture capital eucation Negotiation Interisciplinary 7,12,24,26,27,29,30 Flexible 13 Creative 4 Globalism/iversity 14,18,31 Avocacy 18 Leaership 12,14,27,32 Cost research an patient 11 cost-benefit Communication skills 7,18,24,27,28,32 Teamwork/collaboration 7,18,26,31 Mentoring 24,26,28,32 Grantsmanship 18 Career evelopment incluing 1,18,24,28 exposure to careers in inustry an government Networking 32 Ethics 33 Multitasking/prioritization 34 Being entrepreneurial 14 4 ACADEMIA TODAY On one han, since the pharmaceutical inustry has been rapily changing, the skills neee in scientists entering this fiel have also been changing. However, pharmaceutical science grauate programs have been still primarily esigne to train stuents to conuct acaemic research much in the same manner as it has for ecaes. Stuents have been traine in the image of their professors: scientists who conuct NIH-style research in an acaemic setting. 35 While this approach has been logical if the primary goal has been to fill the pipeline for future faculty, only 14% of postoctorals in the UCSF pharmaceutical sciences have gone to tenure track positions in acaemia while 33% have entere into non-research careers. 32 In aition, the NIH funing mechanism has been inherently unstable an has perpetuate an overprouction of scientists. 35 However, faculty have no control over the job market, so the traitional eucational approach has been failing to prepare the remaining 86% of our grauates who enter non-acaemic careers. 32 Others have gone further to say that the acaemia has lacke both efficiency an interisciplinarity, 30 both important characteristics that are neee to create a viable future for the pharmaceutical sciences an inustry. 29 The current funing mechanism for many of acaemic pharmaceutical scientists perpetuates the NIHemphasize research. The large overhea funs that accompany NIH grants provie resources to the institution. Feeral grants in general bring prestige to the institution. In aition, stuents often choose their research mentors base on their NIH-funing success. For these reasons, schools have many incentives to continue the current funing moel. Other threats to our grauate programs that have been ientifie inclue foreign grauate programs proviing competition, releasing into a crowe an uncertain marketplace more grauates of mixe quality. 18,27 ecrease funing for grauate programs, insufficient avocacy by faculty for our grauate programs, an ecreasing number of faculty with Pharmacy backgrouns. 18 GRADUATE PROGRAMS OF THE FUTURE Pharmaceutical sciences grauate programs are now facing a potential crisis in terms of being able to sustain viable, yet relevant, grauate programs that prouce scientists who are reay to contribute in acaemia, inustry or non-research areas in our rapily changing environment. The Acaemy shoul have as a primary goal to make our grauate programs more relevant for the grauates an all employers of the future.

5 American Journal of Pharmaceutical Eucation 2013; 77 (4) Article S2. To fully inform a strategic path to secure the relevance of our fiel, our iscipline requires a nees analysis: our grauate programs shoul be responsive to current an future job nees, both in acaemia, inustry an non-research positions. 18,27 This analysis also requires we etermine whether we are grauating an appropriate or excess number of octoral or masters stuents for the market 18,27,30 an whether our grauates have the knowlege, skills an attitues to be competitive for the jobs of the future or even lea the way into the new era of rug iscovery an evelopment. Such a nees assessment an self examination is a priority also accoring to those who respone to a recent NIH Request for Information. 28 The NIH Avisory Committee to the NIH Working Group on the Future of Biomeical Research Workforce submitte a RFI ientifying eight issues that might be relevant towar creation of a new moel for the future biomeical workforce. The RFI elicite comments from 219 iniviuals, who ientifie the PhD supply an eman, followe by PhD characteristics issues as the most important issues on the list. Commenters state that because of the overabunance of grauates, excellent caniates cannot fin jobs in acaemia an those that o have unacceptably low salaries. The characteristics of PhD grauates were also of concern to responers. Responers recommene that career counseling, alternative career pathways, career evelopment, an more structure in grauate programs woul help stuents fin employment after their postoctoral training. Others agree that programs shoul o more to help stuents clarify their career pathways. 18,32,36 How we eucate our stuents an in what areas remain key questions. As iscusse above, emerging an growing scientific areas in the pharmaceutical sciences such as moeling an simulation sciences, biologics, clinical an translational science an nanotechnologies shoul become more wiely available for both basic an avance training throughout the Acaemy. Soft skills (Table 1) shoul also become available to stuents as founational courses. Other suggestions to enhance grauate eucation inclue improve egree completion rates, 18,32,36 shorten time to egree, 18,32,36 employers an policymakers shoul support grauate eucation incluing the provision of internships, 18,24,28 increase avocacy efforts an possibly increase exposure of clinical an translational research to Pharmacy stuents. 1 The manner in which NIH, NRC an other funing organizations measure success for grauate programs shoul inclue evaluation for non-research pathway. 32 Others 37 recommen aing clinical training elements, such as patient simulations, to training in basic biomeical research to enhance the translational science eucation. 5 In this era of iminishing resources for higher eucation an basic research, how can an organization like AACP help meet the rapily changing nees of the iscipline? It is essential that AACP provie the leaership an support to enable the creation of a new future for our grauate programs. Inee, for the creation an provision of high quality courses an egree programs in newly emerging areas, the time an resources neee to create the necessary core of faculty expertise can take years or ecaes for a given institution if acting alone. However, if one removes institutional an istance barriers to new program evelopment, the spee, cost minimization an quality of program creation can be greatly enhance. Our programs must apply innovation an technology to enable both eucational quality an efficiency simultaneously. In aition, the traitional silo an classroom approaches to grauate eucation are hinering our ability to be efficient an responsive to the nees of our profession. Efforts to increase professionalism, soft skills, an enhance career evelopment also nee not be repeately replicate within each School of Pharmacy. Share workshops, courses an webinars coul be offere through AACP or collaboratively between a network of Schools to avoi repeately having to evelop an teach programs to a small number of stuents. New strategies to effectively train stuents for the future inclue collaborative eucation moels. 26,38 Such collaborations typically occur between acaemic institutions but partnerships with inustry an government can also provie mutual benefit in terms of increasing the pool of available expertise, an focus on topics an approaches that are relevant to employers. For example, the NIH Biomeical Workforce 28 suggest inustrial partnerships an fellowships coul be use to train stuents in non-acaemic careers. Collaborative moels may be esigne where some subjects are outsource to other institutions, an/or certain faculty are share between institutions. Online technology coul be a useful tool to facilitate such collaborations, though online eucation seems to be slow to permeate grauate programs. Saners 38 provies a moel for online grauate eucation using an inter-institutional collaborative moel for istance eucation. The feasibility of such an approach has alreay been emonstrate by NIPTE (National Institute for Pharmaceutical Technology an Eucation; nipte.org) which offers training programs in pharmaceutical technology by using a network of collaborative schools who participate in teaching the course. Such a collaborative effort coul potentially aress the concern of some faculty that soft skill evelopment is a low priority, if such programs can be offere efficiently an for low cost.

6 American Journal of Pharmaceutical Eucation 2013; 77 (4) Article S2. The rising costs an emans of bringing transformative therapeutics to patients are also riving the collaborations between pharmaceutical an life science inustry an acaemia to stimulate innovations. Despite the several opportunities affore by collaborations, companies an universities lack a systematic approach for capturing the full potential of such relationships. Cultures, values an norms iffer significantly between acaemia an inustry. While pharmaceutical companies typically efine the goals, objectives an timelines for their researchers, in acaemia, researchers have the freeom to efine their own goals, objectives an timelines. Despite the surfeit of collaborative moels, many of the most successful moels fail to provie open access to ata or resource sharing. 39 This protective an conservative approach to ata management limits innovation. The traitional competitive business moels practice by most companies o not fit the mission an culture of universities where ata sharing plays a major role. 39 However, the emerging examples ofnew open business moels, as escribe earlier, will support the concept of open innovation. 25,40 The continue evelopment of such open innovation moels is necessary to sustain the highly innovative collaborative structures between inustry an acaemia. So, it is imperative that future grauate programs unerstan these ifferences an evelop relationships with inustry that provie opportunities for investigators an companies to pursue research interests an goals that naturally overlap. RECOMMENDATIONS Because the future of the pharmaceutical sciences is changing an has change so ramatically in recent years, strong leaership will be require to steer the Acaemy through a perio of transition. Asking Schools to organize this transition at the grass roots level will result in elays an inefficiencies. Therefore, we concur with the RGAC report that AACP shoul take a central role in leaing this effort at the national level, calling upon participation by Schools across the membership. Centralize, organizational leaership will not only be neee for new curriculum ientification, creation, sharing, an offering, but also to help ientify an secure funing for initiatives, survey research, creation of partnerships with stakeholers, creation of faculty an institutional evelopment for the transition, best practices for intellectual property generate by these innovative collaborations, an assistance with the cultural change that will be neee to realize these changes, not only in the grauate programs but the Schools themselves. The Acaemy shoul also take a ata-riven an scholarly approach to implementing an 6 evaluating change: new programs an initiatives shoul emonstrate their value an efficacy. The consequences of inaction coul lea to an increasing irrelevance of the pharmaceutical sciences to any place other than acaemia. The benefit of retooling our grauate programs can potentially be to revitalize an energize our stuents an alumni to fin an create jobs that continue to make a meaningful contribution in health care. Curriculum Create a Task Force (with input from stakeholers) to etermine the nee for specific core an specialty curriculum that will involve Schools an Colleges across the Acaemy to collaboratively create an offer these curricula. Both key scientific areas of importance to the future of pharmaceutical sciences, such as clinical an translational sciences, bioinformatics, ecision-making sciences, an in non-scientific areas such as career pathways, career evelopment, soft an leaership skills, an how to best prepare an avise grauates for nonacaemic an non-research careers shoul be consiere.** Create an make wiely available across the Acaemy, core curriculum in these areas at the basic an/or avance levels by involving grauate programs across the Acaemy an collaborations/partnerships with stakeholers such as inustry an the FDA. Course elivery an pricing shoul be esigne to be accessible to the Schools in the Acaemy.* Funing Conuct surveys on a regular basis to etermine what the long an short term hiring nees are for acaemia an pharmaceutical inustry in terms of numbers of grauates an skills neee, an stipens in the pharmaceutical an biomeical sciences.** Re-evaluate across the Acaemy the number of MS an PhD grauates by iscipline, incluing consieration of the impact of creation or enhancement of new or existing isciplines within pharmaceutical sciences, an how to help programs transition to inclue more research areas that make our grauates more marketable an relevant to employers.** A recent report by Chmura Economics & Analytics estimates that the annual eman for PhD s in pharmaceutical sciences is

7 American Journal of Pharmaceutical Eucation 2013; 77 (4) Article S2. Foster research in emerging areas by offering small grants, recognizing excellence in the fiels, an proviing grauate stuent support* Facilitate funraising for these new programs an curriculum by coorinating grants to NSF, avocacy an funraising from stakeholers Increase the number an amount of new investigator funing available, especially in emerging isciplines Encourage schools to prioritize new faculty hires in emerging areas* Foster open innovation moels between acaemia an pharma Development Provie an/ or organize stuent evelopment programs via online or national/regional courses or workshops at low cost to programs an stuents** Develop faculty to enable the effective creation an implementation of emerging isciplines by proviing exposure to an collaborative opportunities with scientists currently working in those isciplines, as well as protecte time to pursue these new areas** Create a central location for avertising stuent internships; foster the creation of internships for pharmaceutical science grauate stuents in scientific an non-scientific areas Inclue in grauate training exposure to alternative career opportunities (i.e. scientific writing, patent law, leaership, financial management, etc.)** Recruitment/Amissions/Pipeline Create tools (vieos, website content, national effort to promote grauate eucation, centralize application process, etc.) for schools to use for recruitment an amission of applicants into grauate programs, especially PharmD stuents Create scholarships specifically for PharmD stuents entering grauate school* Consier revising or expaning the grauate program amissions criteria to inclue key skills assessment Avocacy We concur with Fuhrmann et al. 32 that we shoul avocate for changes from funing agencies an review committees as to the efinition for success of octoral training programs to inclue measures for contribution to the scientific 7 enterprise more generally, rather than primarily movement into acaemic positions.* Inicates priority recommenations over the next 2* (italics) or 5** years. Implicit in this proposal is the nee for the Acaemy to agree upon a share vision for the future. Each school will have their own implementation nees an obstacles, so implementation will likely evolve in ifferent ways to various enpoints for each institution. This agreement of the share vision within the Acaemy an iniviual schools will be key to overcoming resistance to change. A realistic expectation shoul be maintaine of the change timeline an amount of faculty time available for change. It is also neither realistic nor esirable to expect faculty to completely change their research or teaching areas; new areas of emphasis will likely begin an evolve as collaborations with existing scientists an so access to these scientists shoul be facilitate an encourage. In aition, the use of carrots rather than sticks is more likely to be effective in encouraging change. For example, the recommenations inclue proviing resources, recognition, access to experts, an leaership to enable the change. Without those critical elements, the faculty will likely an rightfully feel this evolution is yet another unfune manate. In contrast, with the right vision an leaership, the faculty may even take ownership of the change process in their institution, an fin ways to creatively contribute an enhance the process for the Acaemy. REFERENCES 1. Brueggemeier RW, Clark AM, Das SK, et al. The path forwar: The future of grauate eucaiton in the pharmaceutical sciences. report of the Research an Grauate Affairs Committee. Am J Pharm Euc. 2011;75(10):S PricewaterhouseCoopers. Pharma 2020: Virtual R&D which path will you take? Pharma 2020: Virtual :1. 3. Craven R. The risky business of rug evelopment in neurology. 2011;10(2): article/piis %2811% /fulltext#article_upsell. Accesse January 16, Talaga P. The future of pharmaceutical R&D: somewhere between open an reverse innovation? Future Me. Chem. 2010;2(9): Kessel M. The problems with toay s pharmaceutical business-an outsier s view. Nat Biotechnol. 2011;29(1): Pharmaceutical Research an Manufacturer of America. Pharmaceutical inustry profile ;April. 7. Sun D, Amion GE. Physical chemistry in the age of molecular an cellular biology. AAPS Newsmagazine. 2011;14(1): Kaitin KI, DiMasi JA. Pharmaceutical innovation in the 21st century: new rug approvals in the first ecae, Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2011;89(2): Dawkes A, Papp T. Recent trens in eal-making. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2010;9:909.

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