Notes. Chapter I (pages 1-22) Chapter 2 (pages 23-38)

Transcription

1 Notes Chapter I (pages 1-22) I. A. Wegener, The Origins of Continents and Oceans, trans. J. Biram, introd. B. C. King (London, 1966). 2. H. J. Mackinder, Democratic Ideals and Reality (London, 1919). 3. Baku is on the Caspian Sea, but this is not actually a sea but an inland lake and has no water connection with the sea. 4. S. B. Cohen, Geography and Politics in a Divided World (New York, 1963) pp Quoted by E. S. Virpsha in General Military Review (May 1968) p P. Cohen, 'The erosion of surface naval power', in Foreign Affairs, XLIX (197 1) E. Mazo and S. Hess, Nixon: A Political Portrait (New York, 1968) pp D. J. M. Hooson, A New Soviet Heartland? (Princeton, 1964) p From The Military Balance, Institute of Strategic Studies (London, 1970). 10. Statistical Abstract of the United States [970, pp I I. L. Tansky, 'Soviet foreign aid to the less developed countries' in New Directions in the Soviet Economy, Joint Economic Committee, Congress of the United States (Washington, 1966) pp. 964, Ibid., p C. Whetten, 'Empire or revolution? The dilemma of Russian policy' in The New Middle East, VIII (1969) Tansky, p J.-J. Servan-Schreiber, The American Challenge, trans. R. Steel (London, 1968) p Statistical Abstract of the United States [970, p Financial Times (London, 28 May 1969). 18. The Times (London, 24 Sep 1968). 19. D. Morrison, 'USSR and Third World: Ideal and Reality' in Mi.;:an XII (1970) 15. Chapter 2 (pages 23-38) I. S. von Herberstein, Rerum Moscoviticarum (Vienna, 1549) f. XII, ii. 2. US Dept of Commerce, Historical Statistics of the United States (Washington, 1960) p. 42-3; V. M. Kabuzan, Narodonaseleniye Rosii (Moscow, 1963) pp

2 THE SUPERPOWERS 3. Istoriya SSSR, Akademiya Nauk SSSR: Institut Istorii (Moscow, 1968) V R. H. Brown, Historical Geography cif the United States (N ew York, 1968) p. 121; W. H. Parker, An Historical Geography cif Russia (London, 1968) pp P. Dukes, The Emergence cif the Superpowers: a short comparative history cif the USA and the USSR (London, 1970) p Ibid., pp Ibid., p Ibid., p Ibid., p Quoted in R. Hofstadter, Ten Major Issues in American Politics (New York, 1968) p I I. Dukes, pp. 1I Quoted in A. J. Toynbee, A Study cif History (Oxford 1954) VIII D. M. Wallace, Russia (London, 1905) I R. Lyall, Travels in Russia etc. (London, 1825) I 260. Chapter 3 (pages 39-58) I. Statistical Abstract cif the United States (Washington, 1968) p. 168; W. Leimbach, Die Sowjetunion (Stuttgart, 1950) p J. Watson, Souvenirs cif a Tour in the United States cif America and Canada in the Autumn cif 1872 (Glasgow, 1872) pp A. Holmes, Principles cif Physical Geology, 2nd ed. (London, 196.,) pp I. 4. Yu. G. Saushkin et al. (eds), Ekonomicheskaya Geografiya Sovetskogo Soyu,ta (Moscow, 1967) p. 205; W. H. Parker, An Historical Geography cif Russia (London, 1968) p. II9. 5. W. H. Parker, Anglo-America (London, 1962) p. 178; R. H. Brown, Historical Geography of the United States (N ew York, 1948) p Chapter 4 (pages 59-76) I. For a map of the world distribution ofk6ppen climatic types and a key to the code letters, see A. N. Strahler, Physical Geography, 3rd ed. (New York, 1969) Plate Data for this and subsequent climatic tables are from World Weather Records , US Dept of Commerce, I North America, II Europe, III Asia (Washington, ). 3. W. H. Parker, Anglo-America (London, 1962) p E. Leyzerovich, Ekonomiko-geograficheskiye problemy osvoyeniya pustyn (Moscow, 1968) p. 14; M. P. Petrov, Pustyni SSSR i ikh osvoyeniye (Moscow, 1964) p Petrov, Pustyni, p. 23.

3 Chapter 5 (pages 77-98) NOTES I. Data from Minerals Yearbook 1968 (Washington, 1969) vols 1-2 and Ibid. 3. Ibid. 4. Ibid. 5. Vneshnyaya Torgovlya SSSR ;:;a 1963g. (Moscow, 1964) pp 28, 42; ;:;a 1967g. (Moscow, 1968) pp. 28, D. J. Patton, The United States and World Resources (Princeton, 1968) p Compiled from various sources including World Oil and The Oxford Economic Atlas of the World, 3rd ed. (Oxford, 1965). 8. World Oil (Houston, Tex., 15 Aug 1970) p Compiled from various sources including Minerals Yearbook of the United States, World Oil, press reports, etc. 10. E. Vennard, 'Evaluation of the Russian threat in the field of electric power' in Comparisons of the United States and Soviet Economies (Papers), Joint Economic Committee, Congress of the US (Washington, 1959) p I I. Hydroelectric Power Resources of the United States, US Federal Power Commission (Washington, 1968) p. xviii. 12. World Power Data 1966, US Federal Power Commission (Washington, 1969) p Minerals Yearbook 1968, vol. 1-2, p In Directives of the 24th Congress of the CPSU for the Five-Year Economic Development Plan of the USSRfor (Moscow, 1971) p Compiled from data in Statistical Abstract of the United States 1970, p. 506, and Narodnoye Kho4;Jaystvo v 1969g., p Fortune (Chicago, Nov 1969). 17. Financial Times (London, 23 Oct 1970), p Financial Times (London, 30 Apr 1970). 19. Minerals Yearbook 1964, vol. I, p N. C. Field, 'Environmental quality and land productivity: a comparison of the agricultural land base of the USSR and North America' in Canadian Geographer, XII (1968) Data from World Weather Records, US Dept of Commerce (Washington, ), I, II and IV. 22. Calculated for the USSR from data given by M. I. L'vovich in Voprosi GeograJii, LXXIII (1968) 3-32, and for the USA from data in World Weather Records, I. 23. Field, p Desalting Plants Inventory, US Dept of the Interior (Washington, 1969). 25. Yu. G. Saushkin et al., Ekonomicheskaya GeograJiya Sovetskogo Soyu;:;a (Moscow, 1967) I Stat. Abst. 1970, p. 633; Narodnoye Kho4;Jaystvo SSSR v 1968g., p Stat. Abst. 1968, p World Weather Records, II 'Skol'ko stoit zima?' in Sovetskiy Soyu;:;, 217 (1968) 50-2.

4 THE SUPERPOWERS Chapter 6 (pages gg-i 10) I. S. D. Gordon, G. G. Dawson and J. Witchel, The American Economy: Anarysis and Policy (Lexington, Mass., Ig6g) p J. K. Galbraith, The New Industrial State (New York, Ig68) p Stat. Ahst. Ig6g, p Galbraith, p Gordon, Dawson and Witchell, p Galbraith, p Galbraith, p Galbraith, p. 60. g. Galbraith, pp Galbraith,p. IgI. I I. M. Kaser, Soviet Economics (London, Ig70) pp. 88-go. 12. R. W. Campbell, 'Marxian Analysis' in The Soviet Economy, ed. H. G. Shaffer (London, Ig64) p W. Leontiev, 'The decline and rise of Soviet economic science' in The Soviet Economy, ed. Shaffer, pp Leontiev, ibid. 15. Comparisons of the United States and Soviet Economies (Hearings), Joint Economic Committee, Congress of the United States (Washington, Ig60) pp. Ig Galbraith, p Galbraith, p Galbraith, p Ig. Galbraith, pp H. Schwartz, The Soviet Economy since Stalin (London, Ig65) p Ibid., p A. S. Balinky, 'The proclaimed emergence of communism in the USSR' in The Soviet Economy, ed. Shaffer, pp Kaser, pp. Ilg Balinky, p. 1I Quoted in The Soviet Economy, ed. Shaffer, p Balinky, p. 1I V. Packard, The Hidden Persuaders (London, 1957) and The Status Seekers (London, 1960). 28. G. W. Nutter, 'The structure and growth of Soviet industry' in Comparisons of the United States and Soviet Economies (Papers), p. 1I8. Chapter 7 (pages ) I. H. S. Levine, 'Problems raised by new economic methods in the USSR', NASEES paper (Apr Ig67). 2. J. K. Galbraith, The New Industrial State (New York, 1968) p J. M. Keynes, The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money (London, 1936) p. 378.

5 NOTES 4. H. S. Levine, 'The centralized planning of supply in Soviet industry' in Comparisons of the United States and Soviet Economies (Papers), Joint Economic Committee, Congress of the United States (Washington, 1959) p Fortune (Chicago, Oct 1969) p Galbraith, p J. P. Hardt et al., 'Institutional stagnation and changing economic strategy in the Soviet Union' in New Directions in the Soviet Economy, Joint Economic Committee, Congress of the United States (Washington, 1966) P Ibid., p Soviet Studies Iriformation Supplement (Apr 1970) p Levine in Comparisons, p I I. Soviet Studies Information Supplement (Apr 1970) p Levine in Comparisons, p Hardt in New Directions, p H. Schwartz, The Soviet Economy since Stalin (London, 1965) p Keynes, p Schwartz, p Soviet News (London, 25 Aug 1970). 18. M. Kaser, Soviet Economics (London, 1970) p Soviet Studies Information Supplement (Apr 1970) p V. Treml, 'A note on Soviet Input-Output Tables' in Soviet Studies, XXI (1969) D. Branick, 'Soviet-American management comparisons' in Comparisons, p Statistical Abstract of the United States 1969, p Soviet Weekry (London, 27 June 1970). 24. Ibid. 25. Galbraith, p Stat. Abst. 1969, pp. 408, 310; Nar. Khoz. 1968, p S. H. Cohn, 'Soviet growth retardation' in New Directions, p H. Heymann, 'Problems of Soviet-United States comparisons' in Comparisons, p. 1 I. 29. M. Boretsky, 'Comparative progress in technology, productivity, and economic efficiency: USSR versus USA' in New Directions, p. 192; Kaser, P Financial Times (London, 5 Apr 1971). 3 I. Cohn, p Kaser, p. 203; Stat. Abst. 1969, p Cohn, p Stat. Abst. 1970, p Ibid., p Kaser, p Soviet Studies Information Supplement (Apr 1970) p Galbraith, pp. 219, S. D. Gordon, G. G. Dawson and J. Witchel, The American Economy: anarysis and policy (Lexington, Mass., 1969) p L

6 THE SUPERPOWERS 40. R. Lekachman, quoted in V. Packard, The Hidden Persuaders (London, 1960) pp Based on table by A. Aganbegian in The Soviet Economy, ed. H. G. Shaffer (London, 1964) p Ibid., p Kaser, pp M. Harrison, The Other America (Penguin: Baltimore, 1963) p Ibid., p. 12. Chapter 8 (pages ) I. Compiled from data in the Statistical Abstract of the United States 1970, pp , Narodnoye Kho4,yaystvo SSSR v I969g., pp. 545-g, and The Military Balance I97-7I (London, 1970) pp. 1,6. 2. Stat. Abst. 1969, pp ; Nar. Kho/( , p. 155; 1967, pp Fortune (July 1970) p M. Kaser, Soviet Economics (London, 1970) p. 144; Stat. Abst. 1969, p Stat. Abst. 1969, p V. V. Pokshishevskiy, 'On basic migration patterns' in Soviet Geography, V (1964) no. 10, pp V. V. Pokshishevskiy, in Soviet News (London, 20 Jan 1970) p Evidence of this was given in Time (New York, 24 Dec 1956) p J. S. Berliner, 'Managerial incentives and decision making' in Comparisons of the United States and Soviet Economies (Papers), Joint Economic Committee, Congress of the United States (Washington, 1959) p Ibid., p II. Quoted by D. W. Humphreys, 'American self criticism' in The Times Educational Supplement (London, 28 Nov 1958), p W. W. Eshelman, 'Some comparisons between the Soviet and the United States economical commitment to education' in Comparisons (Papers) P Comparisons (Hearings) p Stat. Abst. 1970, p. 131; Nar. Kho/( , p Stat. Abst. 1970, pp Kaser, pp in Report of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Moscow, 1971) p M. Boretsky, 'Comparative progress in technology, productivity, and economic efficiency' in New Directions in the Soviet Economy, Joint Economic Committee, United States Congress (Washington, 1966) pp Soviet News (London, 15 Sep 1970). 20. K. Miller, 'Computers in the Soviet economy' in New Directions, PP A. Lykov in Soviet Weekry (London, 18 July 1970). 22. The Economist (London, 8 Feb 1969) p A. Cairncross, Introduction to Economics (London, 1960) pp

7 NOTES 24. D. Granick, 'Soviet-American management comparisons' in Comparisons (Papers) p S. D. Gordon, G. G. Dawson and J. Witchel, The American Economy: anafysis and policy (Lexington, Mass., 1969) p. 74; Berliner in Comparisons (Papers) pp J. K. Galbraith, The New Industrial State (New York, 1968) p. 164; Kaser, p. 187; Berliner, p Granick, p Berliner, p Berliner, p G. Bookman, 'The split-level Soviet economy' in Fortune (Chicago, Oct 1961) p Quoted in Berliner, p Granick, p. 150; Berliner, p Granick, p Berliner, p Berliner, p Granick, p Chapter 9 (pages ) I. D. B. Diamond, 'Trends in output, inputs and factor productivity in Soviet agriculture' in New Directions in the Soviet Economy, Joint Economic Committee, Congress of the United States (Washington, 1966) p Soviet News (London, 14Jan 1969). 3. Soviet Studies Information Supplement (July 1969) p G. Alexinsky, Modem Russia (London, 1913) p Ibid., p E. Woytinsky, Profile oj the US Economy (New York, 1967) pp Rural Poverty in the United States, President's National Advisory Commission on Rural Poverty (Washington, 1968) p Ibid., pp W. E. Mosse, 'Stolypin's villages' in The Slavonic and East European Review, XLIII (1965) Statistical Abstract oj the United States 1970, p. 590; Narodnoye Kho;:yaystvo SSSR v I969g., p I I. Stat. Abst. 1970, p. 478; Nar. Khoz. 1969, p N. C. Field, 'Environmental quality and land productivity: a comparison of the agricultural land use of the USSR and North America' in Canadian Geographer, XII (1968) II Land: the Yearbook oj Agriculture, US Dept of Agriculture (Washington, 1958) p. 235; Agricultural Statistics 1968, US Dept of Agriculture (Washington, 1968) p Stat. Abst. 1970, p. 590; Nar. Khoz. 1969, p. 151; L. Brezhnev, Report of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Moscow, 1971) p Stat. Abst. 1970, p. 607; NaT. Khoz. 1969, p. 308.

8 320 THE SUPERPOWERS 16. J. J. Hart, 'Loss and abandonment of cleared farm land in the eastern United States' in Annals of the Association of American Geographers, LVIII (1968) Stat. Abst. 1970, p. 605; Nar. Khoz. 1969, p Ibid. 19. Stat. Abst. for various years under' International Statistics'. 20. Z. Brzezinski and S. P. Huntington, Political Power: USA/USSR (New York, 1964) p Ibid., pp A. E. Granovskaya, III Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta (Geografiya) (1968) pp V. V. Pavrov and K. N. Plotnikov, Gosudarstvennyy Byudzhet SSSR (Moscow, 1968) p. 213; Brezhnev, Report, p Quoted from Soviet News (London, 19 Nov 1968) pp C. D. Harris, quoted in P. Dukes, The Emergence of the Superpowers (London, 1970) p A. Bergson, 'The great economic race: USSR vs USA' in Comparative Economic Systems, ed. M. J. Goldman (New York, 1964) p Chapter 10 (pages ) I. Statistical Abstract of the United States 1970, p. 220; Narodnoye Khozyaystvo SSSR v I969g., pp. 165, Stat. Abst. 1970, pp ; Nar. Khoz. 1969, p Nar. Khoz. 1969, p Calculated from data in Stat. Abst. 1970, p. 696; Nar. Khoz. 1969, p R. V. Greenslade, 'The Soviet economic system in transition' in New Directions in the Soviet Economy, Joint Economic Committee, Congress of the United States (Washington, 1966) p Quoted by G. W. Nutter in The Soviet Economy, ed. H. G. Shaffer (London, 1964) p Financial Times (London, 12 Mar 1971) p Sovetskiy Soyuz, 249 (Moscow, 1970) W. H. Parker, 'The USSR moves west' in New Scientist (London, 21 Aug 1969) pp Economic Effect of Vietnam Spending, Joint Economic Committee, Congress of the United States (Washington, 1967) I I I. Nar. Khoz. 1969, pp Ibid. 13. V. Simpson in British Steel (May 1970) p Stat. Abst. 1970, p. 722; Nar. Khoz. 1969, p Simpson, pp Ibid. 17. Japan has since built even larger furnaces. 18. Minerals Yearbook 1968, US Dept of the Interior (Washington, 1969) I-II M. Boretsky, 'Comparative progress in technology, productivity, and

9 NOTES 321 economic efficiency: USSR versus USA' III New Directions in the Soviet Economy, pp Stat. Abst. 197 I, p. 534; A. Kosygin, Directives if the Five- Year Economic Development Plan if the USSRfor I97I-75 (Moscow, 1971) p There are still larger smelters, however, in Canada. 22. Minerals Yearbook I968, I-II Stat. Abst. 1970, p. 713; Nar. Khoz. 1968, pp. 251, 285. Chapter II (pages 173-I 86) I. Statistical Abstract if the United States 1971, p. 525; Soviet News (16 Mar 1971) pp The American figure has been converted from short tonmiles to metric ton-kilometres. 2. H. Hunter, 'The Soviet transport sector' in New Directions in the Soviet Economy, Joint Economic Committee, Congress of the United States (Washington, 1966) p Stat. Abst. 1971, p. 525; Soviet News (16 Mar 1971) pp Stat. Abst. 1970, p. 535; Nar. Khoz. 1968, pp. 464, 476, 496, Ibid. 6. Time (New York, 5 Jan 1970). 7. W. Melville in The Times (London, 18 Mar 1969). 8. Nar. Khoz. 1967, p. 515; Yu. G. Saushkin, Ekonomicheskaya Geografiya SSSR (Moscow, 1967) I E. W. Williams, 'Some aspects of the structure and growth of Soviet transportation' in Comparisons if the United States and Soviet Economies (Papers) (Washington, 1959) p Williams in Comparisons, p. 182; Hunter in New Directions, p I I. Soviet News (London, I 2 Jan 197 I). 12. Stat. Abst. 1970, p. 537; Nar. Khoz. 1968, p Hunter in New Directions, p Stat. Abst. 1970, p. 535; Soviet News (16 Mar 1971) pp Hunter in Comparisons (Hearings) p Ibid. 17. Hunter in New Directions, p Soviet Weekfy (London, 17 May 1969). 19. Stat. Abst. 1970, p. 565; Nar. Khoz. 1968, p Stat. Abst. 1971, p. 556; Nar. Khoz. 1969, p T. I. Alekseyeva, 'Dirizhabl na severe' in Problemy Severa (1965) IX 201-6; W. H. Parker, The Soviet Union (World's Landscapes: London, 1969) p Stat. Abst. 1970, pp. 559, 515; Nar. Khot:. 1968, p Saushkin, p Chapter 12 (pages ) I. Statistical Abstract of the United States and Vneshnyaya Torgovfya SSSR for various years.

10 322 THE SUPERPOWERS 2. The Times (London, 4 June 1966). 3. Stat. Abst. 1970, pp. 77g-83; Vnesh. Torg. 1969, p Vnesh. Torg. 1969, pp Minerals Yearbook I968 (Washington, 1970) I-II, pp Agricultural Statistics, US Dept of Agriculture, and Vnesh. Torg. for various years. 7. Stat. Abst. 1970, pp. 788-g0; Vnesh. Torg. 1969, pp Ibid. 9. Vnesh. Torg. 1969, pp Stat. Abst. 1970, p. 788; Vnesh. Torg. 1969, pp I I. Vnesh. Torg. 1969, p Ibid., pp In New Directions in the Soviet Economy, Joint Economic Committee, Congress of the United States (Washington, 1966) p Vnesh. Torg. 1963, p. 19; Vnesh. Torg. 1969, p Stat. Abst. 1970, p Ibid. 17. Stat. Abst. 1970, pp For a development of this point, see P. Hanson, 'The Soviet Union and world shipping' in Soviet Studies, XXII (July 1970) Soviet Week!J (London,s Dec 1970 and 20 Mar 1971). 20. Quoted in the Financial Times (London, 29 May 1970) p Ibid. 22. H. Schwartz, The Soviet Economy Since Stalin (London, 1965) pp Soviet News (London, 25 Aug 1970). Chapter x3 (pages ) I. J. M. Stewart, Across the Russias (London, 1969) p. 215; The Times (London, I 2 June 1967). 2. Statistical Abstract,!! the United States 1970 (Washington, 1970) p. 6 Narodnoye Kho;:,yaystvo SSSR v I969g. (Moscow, 1969) p Stat. Abst. 1970, p. 5; Nar. Kho4,. 1969, p Stat. Abst. 1970, p. 47; Nar. Kho4,. 1969, p L. H. Day, 'The American fertility cult' in The Population Crisis and the Use,!! World Resources, ed. S. Mudd (Bloomington, Ind., 1964) pp Time (New York, 6 May 1966) p Fortune (Chicago, Feb 1971) p The American figures are estimates derived from the 1920 national origin ratios adopted for the 1924 Immigration Act, modified according to annual immigration figures and data for foreign white stock in the 1960 census; the Soviet figures are from the 1959 census. 9. Literatumaya Ga4,eta (Moscow, I I Jan 1967). 10. L. Mumford, The Culture,!!Cities (London, n.d.) p I I. Fortune (Chicago, Feb 1971) p C. D. Harris, The Cities '!! the Soviet Union (Chicago, 1970) pp

11 Chapter 14 (pages ) NOTES 323 I. Soviet News (London, 19 Nov 1968) p L. Turgeon, 'Levels of living and incentives in the Soviet and United States economies' in Comparisons if the United States and Soviet Economies (Papers) (Washington, 1959) p Ibid., p. 333; Statistical Abstract if the United States 1970, p Turgeon, p T. Sosnovy, 'Housing conditions and urban development in the USSR' in New Directions in the Soviet Economy, Joint Economic Committee, Congress of the United States (Washington, 1966) p I. D. Zlobina (ed.), Gosudarstvennyy Byurkhet SSSR (Moscow, 1970) P Fortune (Chicago, Jan 1970) pp V. V. Pavrov and K. N. Plotnikov, Gosudarstvennyy Byud/!;.het SSSR (Moscow, 1968), p Ibid., pp Social Security Benifits, US Dept of Health, Education and Welfare, Social Security Administration (Washington, 1968). II. Narodnoye Kho;:;yaystvo SSSR v I969g., p. 488; Stat. Abst. 1970, pp. 687, Soviet News (London, 22 Sep 1970) pp Sunday Times (London, 19 Jan 1969) p Ibid., p Ibid. 16. The Times (London, 10 Mar 1966); Sunday Telegraph (London, 20 Dec 1970). Chapter 15 (pages ) I. For a survey of recent policy in the USSR with regard to contraception, etc., see D. M. Heer, 'Abortion, contraception and population policy in the Soviet Union' in Soviet Studies, XVII (1965) R. M. Williams in American and Soviet Society, ed. P. Hollander (Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1969) p. 168; P. Jouiler, ibid., p D. P. Moynihan in American and Soviet Society, p A. G. Kharchev, ibid., p J. Novak, quoted by A. S. Balinsky, 'The proclaimed emergence of communism in the USSR' in The Soviet Economy (London, 1964) p Statistical Abstract of the United States 1970, p. 47; Narodnoye Kho;:;yaystvo SSSR v I969g., p P. Hollander, American and Soviet Society, p. 166; Stat. Abst. 1969, p Sovetskiy Soyu/!;., 241 (Moscow, 1970) pp I; Jouiler in American and Soviet Society, p. 2 I I. 9. Leninskaya Smena (Nov 1969); Jouiler, p. 21 I. 10. Stat. Abst. 1970, p I I. Stat. Abst. 1970, pp. 214, 225, etc.; Nar. Kho/!; , p. 536.

12 THE SUPERPOWERS 12. Nar. Khoz. 1968, pp. 552, Stat. Abst. 1968, pp. 222, 224-5; Nar. Khoz. 1968, p M. Mead, Male and Female (Pelican Books: London, 1962) p. 276; see also E. J. Dingwall, The American Woman (London, 1956). 15. Hollander, p R. Schlesinger, Changing Attitudes in Soviet Russia: the Family (London, 1949) p Kharchev in American and Soviet Society, p. 192; Geiger, ibid., p Jouiler in American and Soviet Society, p A. Vaksberg, ibid., pp W. H. Parker, Anglo-America (London, 1962) p Geiger in American and Soviet Society, pp L. Warner, ibid., pp M. Harrington, The Other America (Penguin: Baltimore, Md, 1963) PP 48--g. 24. I. Skharatan in American and Soviet Society, p M. Kaser, Soviet Economics (London, 1970) p A. Parry, The New Class Divided (London, 1966) p Moynihan in American and Soviet Society, p Hollander, ibid., pp. 125, M. Friedberg, ibid., p Soviet Weekly (London, 9 Jan 1971) p Moynihan, p Rabbi Kahane in Anti-Semitism in the Soviet Union, Hearings before the Committee on Un-American Activities, House of Representatives (Washington, 1969) pp. 2211, Parry, p. lsi. 34. The Times (London, 31 July 1968). 35. S. Wheeler in American and Soviet Society, p. 233; Hollander, ibid. p 'Kommunist', quoted by Hollander, p Ibid., p S. G. M. Minkovsky in American and Soviet Society, p D. Matza and G. Sykes in American and Soviet Society, pp. 229, I. Karpets in Sovetskiy Soyuz, 241 (Moscow, 1970) p Hollander, p. 2S Vaksberg, p Karpets, pp. 2S--g. 44. Hollander, p U. Bronfenbrenner, Two Worlds of Childhood-USA and USSR (London, 1972). Chapter 16 (pages ) I. Z. Brzezinski and S. P. Huntington, Political Power: USA/USSR (New York, 1964) p K. Lawson, Political Parties and Democracy in the United States (New York. 1968) pp

13 NOTES 3. Brzezinski and Huntington, p C. P. Magrath, E. E. Cornwell and J. S. Goodman, The American Democracy (London, 1969) p Brzezinski and Huntington, pp Ibid., pp. 40g-IO. 7. Magrath, Cornwell and Goodman, p Brzezinski and Huntington, p Lawson, p. I. 10. Brzezinski and Huntington, p. 46. II. Ibid., p Ibid., pp. 23Q-2, Ibid., pp Quoted in L. G. Churchward, Contemporary Soviet Government (New York, 1968) p Churchward, p Ibid., pp Brzezinski and Huntington, pp. 41g Churchward, p. I. 19. Konstitutsiya Soyuza Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik (Moscow, 1970) pp. 4-5 (cap. I, art. I I). 20. Magrath, Cornwell and Goodman, p M. D. Irish andj. W. Prothero, The Politics of American Democracy, 3rd ed. (Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1965) p Magrath, Cornwell and Goodman, p. 666; for a recent examination of Soviet electoral procedures, see E. M. Jacobs, 'Soviet local elections: what they are and what they are not' in Soviet Studies, XXII (1970) Churchward, p Brzezinski and Huntington, p Churchward, p J. N. Hazard, The Soviet System of Government, 3rd ed. (Chicago, 1964) p R. Conquest, The Soviet Political System (New York, 1968) p Irish and Prothero, p Brzezinski and Huntington, p V. O. Key, Politics, Parties, and Pressure Groups, 5th ed. (New York, 1964) p Brzezinski and Huntington, p Ibid., p Churchward, p Magrath, Cornwell and Goodman, pp Irish and Prothero, p R. Schlesinger, The FamilY in the USSR (London, 1949) pp Churchward, p. II4 38. Conquest, pp. 60, 62; Irish and Prothero, p. 344; Magrath, Cornwell and Goodman, p Churchward, p Conquest, p. 61.

14 THE SUPERPOWERS Chapter 17 (pages ) 1. Konstitutsiya Soyuza Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik (Moscow, 1970) p Quoted in C. P. Magrath, E. E. Cornwell and J. S. Goodman, The American Democracy (London, 1969) p Ibid., pp R. Conquest, The Soviet Political System (New York, 1968) p Z. Brzezinski and S. P. Huntington, Political Power: USA/USSR (New York, 1964) p Conquest, p Ibid., p Brzezinski and Huntington, pp V. O. Key, Politics, Parties and Pressure Groups, 5th ed. (New York, 1964) P M. D. Irish andj. W. Prothero, The Politics of American Democracy, 3rd ed. (Englewood Cliffs, 1965) p Brzezinski and Huntington, pp Conquest, p Brzezinski and Huntington, pp Ibid., p Ibid., p Ibid., p Brzezinski and Huntington, p. 241; Conquest, p For this idea, as for much else in this and the preceding chapter, I am indebted to Brzezinski and Huntington, pp E. Mazo and S. Hess, Nixon: A Political Portrait (New York, 1968) p Mazo and Hess, p I. Conquest, p. II Churchward, pp Conquest, p Irish and Prothero, pp. 208-g; K. Lawson, Political Parties and Democracy in the United States (New York, 1968) pp ; Magrath, Cornwell and Goodman, p. 228; Key, p Key, pp. 63-5; Churchward, pp C. Wright Mills, The Power Elite (New York, 1956) p Magrath, Cornwell and Goodman, p Key, pp. 83-4; V. Perlo, Militarism and Industry (New York, 1963) p Brzezinski and Huntington, p Ibid., pp Magrath, Cornwell and Goodman, p Key, p Ibid., p Magrath, Cornwell and Goodman, p. 344; Key, p Irish and Prothero, p. 318; Key, p Churchward, p Magrath, Cornwell and Goodman, p. 713.

15 NOTES 38. Ibid., p Brzezinski and Huntington, p Ibid., p Churchward, pp. 112, Ibid., pp Mills, p. 279; Brzezinski and Huntington, p Mills, p Brzezinski and Huntington, p Mills, p. 170; G. W. Domhoff and H. B. Ballard, C. Wright Mills and the Power Elite (Boston, 1968) p Mills, p. 170; Domhoffand Ballard, p Chapter 18 (pages ) I. Soviet News (London, 10 June 1969) p An Economic Profile of Mainland China, Joint Economic Committee, Congress of the United States (Washington, 1968) p Minerals Tearhook I968, US Dept of the Interior, Bureau of Mines (Washington, ) I-II passim, IV Economic Profile, pp Mainland China in the World Economy, Joint Economic Committee, Congress of the United States (Washington, 1967) p. 41; S. H. Steinberg, ed., The Statesman's Tearhook I968-69, p Agricultural Statistics I969 (Washington, 1969) passim. 7. The Shorter Oxford Economic Atlas of the World (London, 1965) pp Economic Profile, pp For industrial production, see T. R. Tregear, An Economic Geography of China (London, 1970) pp ; T. Shabad in Annals of the American Association of Geographers, VX (1970) Yuan-li Wu et al., The Spatial Economy of Communist China (New York, 1967), p II. Ibid., p Ibid., p Mainland China, p Tregear, pp ; Economic Profile, pp Economic Profile, pp Ibid., p Ibid., pp Soviet News (London, 10 June 1969) p Economic Profile, pp Ibid., p Statesman's Tearhook I968-9, p Mainland China and the World Economy, p Financial Times (London, II Mar 1971). 24. The Times (London, 7 Aug 1969). 25. G. E. Taylor, 'Guidelines for US policy in East Asia' in Sino-Soviet Rivalry, ed. C. J. Zablocki (New York, 1966) p. 200.

16 Chapter 19 (pages I I) THE SUPERPOWERS 1. D.]. Patton, The United States and World Resources (Princeton, N.]., 1968) P 50 2.]. K. Galbraith, The New Industrial State (Boston, 1967) pp The Times (London, 20 Aug 1968) p A. Parry, The New Class Divided (London, 1966) p David Watt in the Financial Times (21 Oct 1970) p A. Bergson, 'The great economic race: USSR v USA' in Comparative Economic Systems, ed. M. I. Goldman, p Bertrand Russell,] ean-paul Sartre, Vladimir Deduer, Laurent Schwartz in The Times (London, 9 Oct 1968). 8. Fortune (Chicago, June 1962) p. 216.

17 APPENDIX A Some Comparative Facts and Figures The statistical information has normally been taken from the official sources and is of varying reliability. The date to which the information refers is given in abbreviated form in brackets: thus ('69) signifies that the item refers to The military data are from The Military Balance I97o-I97I, Institute for Strategic Studies (London, 1970). IDSTORY USA USSR Pacific coast first reached by nationals (date) First trans-continental railway opened (date) Revolution (date) Civil war (dates) Abolition of slavery/serfdom (date) Outbreak of war with Japan (date) Belligerent in First World War (dates) Loss of life in First World War 53,402 c. 2 min Belligerent in Second World War (dates) Loss of life in Second World War 29 1,557 c. 20 min First nuclear bomb exploded (date) 16Jul Aug 1949 First thermo-nuclear bomb exploded (date) 31 Oct Aug 1953 First earth satellite placed in orbit (date) First men landed on moon (date) 1969 GEOGRAPHY Area, gross (sq. mi) 3,702,426 8,649,490 Population (mlns) 203 ('70) 242 ('70) Population density (per sq. mi) 57 ('70) 28 ('70) Maximum length north-south (miles) c. 1,600 C.2,500 Maximum width east-west (miles) c.2,800 c. 5,700 Minimum length north-south (miles) c.800 c. 1,400 Minimum width east-west (miles) C.2,200 c 4,600 Highest mountain summit McKinley Communism (Alaska) (Pamir Mts) Highest mountain summit (feet a.s.l.) Deepest depression 20,320 Death Valley 24,584 Karagiye Valley (Calif.) (Kazakhstan) Deepest depression (feet b.s.!.) Longest river 282 Mississippi- 433 Yenisey-Selenga Missouri- Red Rock Longest river (miles) Largest lake wholly within national 3,741 3,584 territory Michigan Aral Largest lake wholly within national territory (sq. mi) 22,178 23,924 Volcanoes, active or recently active 22 65

18 330 CLIMATE Highest recorded temperature Highest recorded temperature (OF) Lowest recorded temperature Lowest recorded temperature ef) Highest mean monthly temperature Highest mean monthly temperature (OF) Lowest mean monthly temperature Lowest mean monthly temperature (OF) Wettest met. station Wettest met. station (annual precipitation in inches) Driest met. station Driest met. station (annual precipitation in inches) APPENDIX A ECONOMY: General Gross national product (5 bin) GNP: proportion attributed to personal consumption GNP: proportion attributed to investment GNP: proportion originating in agriculture GNP: proportion originating in industry National income (5 bin) Industrial production (5 bin) Income per capita (dollars) Personal income as proportion of national income Personal taxation, total (5 bin/bin roubles) Personal taxation as proportion of personal income ECONOMY: Forestry andfishing Timber reserves (bin cubic ft) Timber cut (bin cubic ft) Fish catch (min m. tons) ECONOMY: Agriculture Farms, avo size of (acres) Agricultural labour force (mins) Farm population (mins) Farm population as proportion of total population Tractors, number of ('ooos) Combine harvesters ('ooos) Investment in agriculture (5 min/min roubles) Irrigated land (min ha) Drained land (min ha) Cropland, area of (min ha) USA USSR Death Valley Termez (Calif.) (Turkestan) 134 (56 7 C) 122 (50 C) Yellowstone Park Oymyakon (N.E. Sib.) -66 (-54 5 C) -g6 (-71 C) Yuma (Ariz.) Repetek (Turkestan) 94 3 (34 5 C) go (32 C) Northway Verkhoyansk (Alaska) (N.E. Siberia) (-30 2 C) (-46 8 C) Tattosh Isd Batumi (Wash.) (Georgia) Yuma (Ariz.) Turtkul (Uzbekistan) ('70) 466 ('6g) 62% ('6g) 46.5% ('64) 15% ('6g) 30.5% ('64) 3% ('67) 15% ('6g) 32% ('67) 67% ('6g) 801 ('70) 357 (,6g) 277 ('6g) Ig4 ('6g) 3,796 ('6g) 1,485 ('6g) 65% ('68) 40% ('68) 127 ('6g) 49 ('67) 25% ('67) 40% ('67) , ,941 ('68) 6,784 ('68) 369 ('6g) c. 15,000 c ('70) c ('70) 5% 20% 4,810 ('6g) l,g08 ('6g) 850 ('6g) 605 ('6g) 9 4 ('6g) li g ('6g) I ('6g) ('6g)

19 APPENDIX A 33 1 USA USSR Cereals, area sown to (min ha) 64 ('68) 122 ('68) Grain harvest (min m. tons) 228 ('69) 186 ('70) Wheat harvest (min m. tons) 40 ('69) 80 ('69) Maize harvest (min m. tons) II6 ('69) 12 ('69) Barley harvest (min m. tons) 8 ('69) 25 ('67) Oats harvest (min m. tons) 14 ('69) 12 ('67) Rye harvest (min m. tons) I ('69) I I ('69) Rice harvest (min m. tons) 4 ('69) I ('70) Potato harvest (min m. tons) 13 ('69) 92 ('69) Sugar beet harvest (min m. tons) 24 ('69) 71 ('69) Sugar cane harvest (min m. tons) 20 ('69) o ('69) Soya bean harvest (min m. tons) 30 ('69) Cotton harvest (min m. tons) 2'16 ('69) 2 61 ('70) Cattle (mins) 112'3 ('70) 95'2 ('70) Cows (mins) 13'4 ('70) 40'5 ('70) Sheep (mlns) 17.6 ('70) 130'7 ('70) Pigs (mins) 56'7 ('70) 56'1 ('70) Meat, production of (min m. tons) 15"9 ('69) 12'3 ('70) Milk, production of (min m. tons) 52'3 ('69) 82'9 ('70) Butter, production of (min m. tons) 0'5 ('69) 1'0 ('70) ECONOMY: Mining and power Coal, share of world reserves c.15% C.62% Coal, production of (min m. tons) 539 ('69) 641 ('71) Petroleum, share of world reserves c.6% c. II% Petroleum, production of (min m. tons) 534 ('70) 372 ('71) Natural gas, share of world reserves C.II% C.12% Natural gas, production (bin cubic m) 660 ('69) 200 ('70) Hydro-electricity, share of world potential c 4% c.i7% Electricity, installed capacity (min kw) 332 ('69) 154 ('69) Electricity, production (bin kwh) 1,552 ('69) 800 ('71) Electricity, proportion of production used in industry Electricity, nuclear capacity, actual and 45% ('69) 62% ('69) planned (min kw) Energy from mineral fuels, share produced C 42 c 30 by coal Energy from mineral fuels, share produced 21'5% ('69) 38'2% ('69) by petroleum Energy from mineral fuels, share produced 41'3% ('69) 40'9 ('69) by natural gas 37'2% ('69) 18'7% ('69) Iron ore production (min long tons) 86 ('68) 203 ('71) Copper production ('ooos short tons) 1,390 ('69) c. 880 ('67) Lead production ('0005 short tons) 458'1 ('69) C 44I ('67) Zinc production ('0005 short tons) ('69) 595'2 ('68) Tin production ('0005 long tons) 0'1 ('66) c. 26'0 ('68) Nickel production ('0005 short tons) 15'4 ('69) c. 105'0 ('67) Gold production (min troy ounces) 1'733 ('69) c. 6'040 ('68) Silver production (min troy ounces) 41'9 ('69) c. 35'0 ('67) ECONOMY: Mamifacturing Steel production (min m. tons) Steel production: proportion from oxygen 120 ('70) 121 ('71) furnaces 52% ('70) 22% ('70) Pig iron production (min m. tons) 81 ('68) 89 ('71)

20 332 APPENDIX A USA USSR Aluminium production ('ooos mo tons) 3,255 ('68) 1,100 ('68) Cement (min mo tons) 70 ('69) 100 ('71) Metal-cutting machine tools ('ooos) 226 ('68) 205 ('69) Metal-forming machine tools ('ooos) 78 ('68) 43 ('69) Motor vehicle production ('ooos) 10,069 ('69) 1,143 ('71) Motor vehicle production of which lorries/trucks ('ooos) 1,919 ('69) 564 ('71) Motor vehicle production of which private cars ('ooos) 8,224 ('69) 529 ('71) Tractor production ('ooos) 824 ('67) 472 ('71) Combine harvester production ('ooos) 42 ('67) 102 ('71) Locomotive production 1,610 ('67) 1,826 ('71) Sulphuric acid production (min mo tons) ('69) 12 1 ('70) Synthetic fibre ('000 mo tons) 2,520 ('69) 623 ('70) Chemical fertiliser (min mo tons) 37 4 ('68) 61 4 ('71) Paper (min mo tons) 48 7 ('69) 4 2 ('70) Woven fabrics: all kinds (min sqo m) 10,540 ('69) 8 9 ('70) Leather footwear (min pairs) 581 ('69) 676 ('70) Television sets (mins) 11 3 ('69) 5"8 ('71) Wireless sets (mlns) 10 4 ('69) 8 08 ('71) Refrigerators (mlns) 5 3 ('69) 4 1 ('70) ECONOMY: Transport Freight turnover (bin mo ton-km) Passenger inter-city movement (bin 2,755 ('69) 3,215 ('71) passenger-km) 1,739 ('68) 381 ('69) Railway route length ('000 km) ('68) ('69) Rail freight turnover (bin mo ton-km) 1,130 ('69) 2,634 ('71) Rail freight turnover as proportion of total freight turnover Rail passenger inter-city movement as 41% ('69) 83% ('71) proportion of total passenger movement 1 1% ('69) 69% (,69) Surfaced road length ('000 km) 4,640 ('68) 191 ('69) Number of lorries/trucks (mlns) 17 ('70) Co 3 Number of private cars (mlns) 90 ('70) Co 2 Road freight turnover (bin mo ton-km) Road freight turnover as proportion of 585 ('69) 69 ('71) total freight turnover Bus passenger inter-city movement as 21% ('69) 2% ('71) proportion of total passenger movement Private car passenger inter-city movement 2 2% ('69) 11% ('69) as proportion of total movement 87% ('69) <1% Waterway freight turnover (bin mo ton-km) 434 ('69) 184 ('71) Airline route length ('000 km) 188 ('69) 221 ('69) Air freight turnover (bin mo ton-km) 4 64 ('69) 1 95 ('69) Air freight turnover as proportion of total freight turnover Air passenger inter-city movement 0 17% ('69) 0 07% ('69) (bin passenger-km) Air passenger inter-city movement as 141 ('68) 72 ('69) proportion of total passenger movement 9 8% ('69) 18 7% ('69) Average passenger distance flown (km) 920 ('68) 1,052 ('69) Oil pipeline freight turnover (bin m. ton-km) 595 ('69) 328 ('71)

21 APPENDIX A 333 USA USSR Oil pipeline freight turnover as proportion of total freight turnover 22% ('69) 9% ('70) Seaborne commerce (min tons) 457 ('68) 149 ('69) Merchant marine (min gross tons) 19.6 ('69) 13 7 ('6g) ECONOMY: Trade Foreign trade by value ($ bin/bin roubles) ('6g) Ig 8 ('6g) Exports by value (5 bin/bin roubles) 38.0 ('6g) 10 5 ('6g) Imports by value (5 bin/bin roubles) 36.1 ('6g) 9 3 ('6g) Leading trade partner Canada ('6g) East Germany ('6g) ECONOMY: Labour force Labour force (mins) 77 ('6g) log ('6g) Women as proportion of labour force 37% ('69) 5 1% ('6g) Industrial labour force (mins) 20 1 ('6g) 25.1 ('6g) Proportion of labour force unemployed Average length of working week (hours) 5 7% ('7 1) 37.8 ('68) 40.1 ('68) SOCIETY: Population Total population (mins) Birth rate per thousand of the total 203 ('70) 242 ('70) population 17"7 ('6g) 17 0 ('6g) Infantile mortality per thousand live births 2 I ('6g) 26 ('6g) Death rate per thousand 9 5 ('6g) 8 1 ('6g) Annual increase in population (mlns) of the total Divorce rate per thousand 2 1 ('70) 2 2 ('70) population 8 2 ('69) 8 g ('6g) Immigration ('ooos) Urban population (mins) 359 ('6g) c. 160 Urban population as proportion of total 136 ('70) 56% ('70) area Moscow Largest urban area population of (mlns) Urban areas with pop. over I min 33 ('70) 10 ('70) Population of non-european origin (mlns) 26 ('70) 52 ('70) Population of non-european origin as population Largest urban c.80% ('70) New York proportion of total population 12% ('70) 22% ('70) SOCIETY: Standard of living Persons per room (average) c.o 6 c.2 3 Families owning cars as proportion of total families c.80% <1% Wireless receivers, total numbers of (mins) 61 ('6g) 47 ('6g) Television sets, total number of (mlns) 86 ('70) 31 ('6g) Telephones, total number of (mlns) 109 ('68) 12 ('6g) New books published ('ooos) c. 30 ('6g) 75 ('69) SOCIETY: Education Pupils in elementary schools: grades 1-8 (mlns) 34 ('68) 41 ('70) Pupils in secondary schools: grades 9-12 (mins) 14 ('68) 12 ('70)

22 334 APPENDIX A USA USSR Pupil-teacher ratio in schools 21'3 ('68) Students receiving higher education (mlns) 6 8 ('68) 19'0 ('70) 4.6 ('70) First-degree graduates ('ooos) First-degree graduates: proportion in 672 ('68) 565 ('69) engineering 5.6% ('68) 31% ('69) First-degree graduates: proportion in law 2'5% ('68) 1'5% ('69) First-degree graduates: proportion in education First-degree graduates: proportion in 20% ('68) 33% ('69) economics 2'3% ('68) II% ('69) MILITARY Total armed forces (mlns) Normal length of service (years) 2'7 ('71) 2 c. 3'4 ('71) 2 Military estimates ($ bin) 71.8 ('70-1) 39.8 ('70) Army: total strength (mlns) 1'363 ('70) c. 2'0 ('70) Marines: total strength ('ooos) 294 ('70) c. 15 ('70) Navy: total strength ('ooos) 694 ('70) c. 475 ('70) Aircraft carriers, number of 20 ('70) o ('70) Submarines, number of 103 ('70) 370 ('70) Submarines, nuclear-powered 44 ('70) 80 ('70) Air force: total strength ('0008) 8IO ('70) 480 ('70) Combat aircraft, number of c. 6,500 ('70) C. 10,200 ('70) Long-range bombers, number of 2,250 ('70) 420 ('70) ICBM warheads, number of 1,054 ('71) I,5IO ('71) IRBM and MRBM warheads o ('70) 700 ('70) SLBM warheads 1,328 ('70) 440 ('71)

23 APPENDIX B USA: Sources of Imports of Minerals Note. Data mainly from Minerals Tearbook, US Dept of the Interior, Bureau of Mines (Washington, annual). Where a mineral is shown in capitals the country usually contributes over half of American imports; if it is written in italics, the normal contribution is between one quarter and one half; if in roman type the import is below a quarter. Minerals imported in insignificant amounts have been omitted. Algeria: barite, liquid natural gas Angola: columbium Argentina: beryllium, columbium, mica Australia: cadmium, gold, lead, magnesite, silver, tantalum, titanium, thorium, tungsten, ZIRCONIUM Austria: magnesite, vanadium Bahamas: salt Belgium: cobalt, diamond, platinum Bolivia: antimony, lead, silver, tin, tungsten, zinc Brazil: beryllium, cobalt, COLUMBIUM, iron, manganese, mica, tantalum Burundi-Rwanda: beryllium, tantalum Canada: ASBESTOS, barite, bismuth, cadmium, cobalt, columbium, copper, gold, GYPSUM, IRON, lead, mercury, NATURAL GAS, NICKEL, PEAT, petroleum, platinum, POTASH, salt, silver, sulphur, talc, titanium, TUNGSTEN, ZINC, zirconium, vanadium Ceylon: graphite, thorium Chile: copper, gold, iron, manganese, silver Columbia: platinum, petroleum Congo: cobalt, columbium, manganese, tantalum Dominica: bauxite France: gypsum, platinum, potash, talc Finland: asbestos Ghana: manganese Greece: barite, MAGNESITE Guatemala: zinc Guyana: bauxite Haiti: bauxite Honduras: antimony, lead, silver India: beryllium, manganese, mica Indonesia: petroleum Ireland: barite Italy: barite, feldspar, fluorspar, magnesite, mercury, potash, talc Jamaica: BAUXITE, gypsum Japan: bismuth, cadmium, diamonds, magnesite, platinum, rare-earth metals Kuwait: petroleum Liberia: iron Libya: petroleum Madagascar: beryllium, graphite, mica Malaysia: columbium, thorium, TIN Mexico: antimony, barite, bismuth, cadmium, FLUORSPAR, gold, GRAPHITE, gypsum, mercury, salt, silver, zinc

24 APPENDIX B Morocco: antimony, barite, zinc Mozambique: beryllium, columbium, mica, tantalum Netherlands: platinum Netherlands West Indies: petroleum, vanadium Nicaragua: gold Nigeria: columbium, tantalum, thorium, tin Norway: cobalt, graphite, nickel, platinum Persia: petroleum Peru: barite, BISMUTH, cadmium, copper, gold, lead, mercury, silver, tungsten, zinc Philippines: chromite, gold, mercury Portugal: tungsten Rhodesia: asbestos, chromite, tantalum Saudi Arabia: petroleum Sierra Leone: diamond Siam: tantalum, tin South Africa: antimony, asbestos, beryllium, chromite, copper, diamond, gold, manganese, mica, nickel, silver, tantalum, URANIUM, zinc South Korea: bismuth, tungsten Spain: columbium, fluorspar, manganese, platinum, potash, tantalum, uranium, MERCURY Surinam: bauxite Sweden: manganese, vanadium Switzerland: platinum Trinidad: petroleum Tunisia: salt Turkey: barite, chromite, magnesite Uganda: beryllium, columbium United Kingdom: fluorspar, kaolin, platinum, rare-earth metals USSR: chromite, platinum, rare-earth metals Venezuela: iron, petroleum West Germany: graphite, platinum, potash, rare-earth metals, uranium, vanadium Yugoslavia: magnesite, mercury Zambia: copper

25 APPENDIX C USSR: Destination of Exports of Minerals Note. Data from Minerals Tearbook, US Dept of the Interior, Bureau of Mines (Washington, annual) and Vneshnyaya Torgovlya SSSR (Moscow, annual). Where a commodity is shown in capitals large amounts are involved; italics denote moderate movement, while small imports are shown in roman type. Very small amounts are not included. Cobalt, kaolin, mercury, platinum, tin, uranium and other minerals are also exported, but details are not available. Oil products are included with petroleum. Mghanistan: petroleum Austria: apatite, asbestos, chromite, coal, iron, NATURAL GAS, nitrogen compounds, petroleum, potassium salts, SULPHUR Belgium: apatite, asbestos, coal, magnesium, petroleum, POTASSIUM SALTS, pyrites Brazil: petroleum, potassium salts Bulgaria: aluminium, apatite, ANTIMONY, ASBESTOS, coal, electricity, GRAPHITE, iron ore, petroleum, phosphate, potash, SULPHUR Canada: magnesium Ceylon: petroleum China: aluminium, petroleum Cuba: asbestos, lead, NITROGEN COMPOUNDS, petroleum, phosphates, potassium salts, SULPHUR Cyprus: petroleum Czechoslovakia: aluminium, apatite, asbestos, chromite, coal, COPPER, electricity, graphite, iron, LEAD, MANGANESE, NATURAL GAS, NITROGEN COMPOUNDS, PETROLEUM, POTAS SIUM SALTS, pyrites, salt, SULPHUR, ZINC Denmark: apatite, asbestos, coal, petroleum East Germany: aluminium, APATITE, ASBESTOS, cadmium, chromite, coal, GRAPHITE, iron, LEAD, MAGNESIUM, MANGANESE, petroleum, PYRITES, vanadium, ZINC Finland: apatite, asbestos, chromite, coal, electricity, gypsum, lead, petroleum, potassium salts, salt, zinc France: ASBESTOS, chromite, coal, manganese, petroleum Greece: petroleum Hungary: aluminium, apatite, asbestos, chromite, coal, copper, cryolite, ELECTRICITY, graphite, iron, lead, magnesium, manganese, NITROGEN COMPOUNDS, petroleum, phosphates, POTASSIUM SALTS, PYRITES, salt, SULPHUR, zinc Iceland: petroleum India: asbestos, NITROGEN COMPOUNDS, petroleum, potassium salts, sulphur, zinc Italy: asbestos, chromite, coal, ilmenite, iron, NATURAL GAS, PETROLEUM, potassium salts, PYRITES Japan: aluminium, antimony, ASBESTOS, CHROMITE, coal, iron, manganese, petroleum, POTASSIUM SALTS, TALC Mongolia: petroleum Morocco: petroleum Netherlands: antimony, copper, MAGNESIUM, petroleum, potassium salts, zinc North Korea: chromite, coal, manganese, petroleum, potassium salts, sulphur North Vietnam: aluminium, copper, nitrogen compounds, petroleum, pyrites Norway: apatite, manganese, petroleum

26 APPENDIX C Poland: aluminium, apatite, ASBESTOS, CADMIUM, chromite, clays, coal, copper, cryolite, electricity, GRAPffiTE, iron, lead, MANGANESE, NATURAL GAS, petroleum Rumania: apatite, asbestos, CHROMITE, coal, copper, cryolite, electricity, iron Sudan: nitrogen compounds Sweden: apatite, asbestos, CHROMITE, coal, manganese, petroleum, potassium salts, pyrites Switzerland: asbestos, petroleum Turkey: nitrogen compounds, petroleum United Kingdom: aluminium, apatite, asbestos, chromite, iron, magnesium, manganese, NICKEL, POTASSWM SALTS, pyrites, vanadium United Arab Republic: asbestos, coal, petroleum, zinc USA: CHROMITE, platinum, rare earths West Berlin: asbestos West Germany: apatite, ASBESTOS, cadmium, CHROMITE, copper, GRAPffiTE, MAG NESWM, manganese, NATURAL GAS*, petroleum, PYRITES Yugoslavia: aluminium, asbestos, coal, cryolite, nitrogen compounds, petroleum, POTASSWM SALTS, SULPHUR * Mter opening of pipeline in 1973.