THEME BOOKLET. Quest for Oil

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "THEME BOOKLET. Quest for Oil"

Transcription

1 THEME BOOKLET Quest for Oil

2 Theme Booklet Page 2 A. Table of Contents Theme booklet 1. Background: "The Oil Adventure its history and importance 1.1 Conditions for recovering oil Geological conditions for finding oil Predictions about the future of the oil adventure Denmark's oil adventure Geological conditions in the North Sea The battle for North Sea oil The state's entry into the oil adventure Theme: "Sedimentology" 2.1 Organic sediments Oil formation Traps Crude oil density and sulphur content Theme: "Seismology" 3.1 Seismic measurements Gravimetric measurements D, 3D and 4D seismic analyses Terminology for seismic analyses Theme: "Oil wells" 4.1 Exploratory wells Drilling workplaces "Anatomy" of an oil well Theme: "Oil production and exploration" 5.1 Oil production Maintaining oil production Production costs Refining crude oil... 19

3 Theme Booklet Page 3 1. Background: "The Oil Adventure History and importance Theme booklet Population and income growth are the two most powerful driving forces behind the demand for energy. Since 1900, the world s population has more than quadrupled. More people with higher income means that the production and consumption of energy will rise, making oil an indispensable resource all over the world for decades to come. 1.1 Conditions for recovering oil In many ways, crude oil is a fantastic source of energy: it is easy and safe to transport, it is widely dispersed, and only a small area of the earth's surface has been surveyed for oil. The working conditions are often harsh: cold weather, storms, sea ice and icebergs are part of the challenge. Oil exploration is a costly and demanding business. It requires a keen focus on safety. It also requires teamwork and specialists. 1.2 Geological conditions for finding oil It is a geologist's job to designate the areas where the right conditions are present. If just one condition is lacking, the drilling of an oil well is usually futile. The five basic conditions for finding oil: 1. There must have been a "mother rock" where it was possible for dead animals and plants to be converted into hydrocarbons. 2. A kilometres-thick stratum must be deposited on top of this mother rock to create sufficiently high temperature and pressure. 3. There must have been cracks above the mother rock that would enable the hydrocarbons to migrate up to higher strata. 4. Here there must be a porous stratum with space to absorb oil and gas, like a sponge absorbs water. This stratum, which can be made up of sand or chalk, is called a reservoir rock. 5. Next, the reservoir rock must be topped by an impermeable stratum, such as clay, through which the oil cannot penetrate and "escape" to the surface. were assessed as being able to meet 29 years of consumption. The current assessment is that known and estimated reserves will meet another 35 years of consumption, in part because alternative forms of energy are also gaining ground. Perhaps it goes without saying that determining the volume of the world's total oil reserves is not easy. There is so much uncertainty about the assessment that at one point it was believed that the OPEC countries possessed two-thirds of all of the world's known oil reserves, but at another time, this was assessed to be only one-third! The fact that Canada is considered as having the biggest oil reserves in the world is something new. Canada is followed by Saudi Arabia (because tar sand is also included today, even though it requires a different recovery technology). Top 3 oil-producing countries in Europe: UK NO DK 1.3 Predictions about the future of the oil adventure There have been many predictions of an abrupt end to the oil adventure over the years. In the early 1930s, the world's oil reserves were believed to be able to last for only another fifteen years a very short time in relation to the rate of oil consumption at the time. In 1975, the reserves

4 Theme Booklet Page Denmark's oil adventure Denmark is a player in the global oil-production industry. There are five important oil-producing countries in Europe: Norway, the UK (Scotland), Denmark, Germany and the Netherlands. Denmark has Europe's third-highest oil exports and is ranked 45th at world level. Denmark's Maersk Oil is involved in oil exploration and oil production all over the world. From a global perspective, Denmark's oil fields in the North Sea produce only 0.5% of the world's total oil, and around 7% of Europe's oil. High oil prices have probably stimulated oil exploration and help to prolong it, just as technological oil-production methods are developing rapidly. Originally it was believed that only 6% of the oil in chalk reservoirs in the Danish North Sea basin would be profitable to produce. Today, improved technology, such as water flooding and horizontal drilling, has increased this potential rate of recovery to 25 30%. Thanks to these improvements in technology, Maersk Oil has been able to develop oil fields once considered uneconomical to produce from. However, there remain several unexploited but discovered oil fields in the Danish sector of the North Sea, which new technology may make it possible to produce from in the future. Danish sector North Sea oil fields Source:

5 Theme Booklet Page Geological conditions in the North Sea The North Sea basin was formed more than 260 million years ago during the Early Permian Period when the substrata began to sink. Initially, the basin was more clearly divided into three sub-basins: The Danish Basin, the North German Basin and the Central Graben. The differences between these basins disappeared later on. Throughout most of its existence, the North Sea basin has been covered by water, but sedimentation has also been extensive. The geological development of sea and sedimentation, particularly in the Central Graben, led to the formation large deposits of oil and gas. Some deposits are thick, impenetrable layers of clay, which have sealed oil and gas reservoirs since the Tertiary Period. Most of Denmark's oil and natural gas is produced from porous limestone reservoirs from the Upper Cretaceous (96 65 million years ago) and Danian (65 61 million years ago) periods, whereas a lesser volume of oil is produced from sandstone reservoirs from the Jurassic ( million years ago) and Paleocene (61 53 million years ago) periods. There are 19 fields currently producing oil, where the fields Dan, Gorm, Skjold and Halfdan have produced most of the oil, and the fields Dan, Tyra, Halfdan and Harald most of the natural gas. 1.6 The battle for North Sea oil Norway, Denmark and other countries entered into an agreement on the North Sea oil fields in The countries agreed on a centre line in the sea between the countries as an economic border. Germany would not recognise the centre line, however, because it left Germany with too small a section of the continental shelf in the North Sea. Instead, Germany intended to observe the "coastline principle" according to which territorial waters are apportioned. The International Court upheld Germany's views in part in Denmark and the Netherlands argued that the division along the centre line was natural and expedient, but the court ruled that there was no precedence for this perception. If Germany's position had been accepted from the outset, the Ekofisk field, the richest in the North Sea, would not have gone to Norway but to Denmark. Initially, there was only one concession holder in Denmark's oil exploration sector: A.P. Møller - Mærsk. At the time, however, the company did not possess oilproduction expertise. Therefore, DUC (Danish Underground Consortium) was formed. It comprised three companies: Maersk, Shell and Chevron. North Sea oil fields

6 Theme Booklet Page The state's entry into the oil adventure Oil crises took place in 1973 and The crises aroused great concern within the then Danish government and there was uncertainty as to whether Maersk could "keep pace" with the oil production. For this reason, political pressure compelled the company to relinquish more and more of its offshore areas to other operators (in '76, '79, '81 and '82). Today, the Danish state is also a member of DUC (2013) through the company Nordsøfonden (20%). Concessions (permits, licences) under this division are granted through calls for tenders, where interested companies submit tenders for continental shelf areas (seabed areas less than 200 metres deep, bordering on mainland). Interest is generally great, because excellent, promising new oil finds have been made in the North Sea in recent years. Thirty-one parties have already registered their interest in what is now the seventh round of tendering that concluded in late This is twice as many participants as in the last round in The facts that a lot of oil is still recoverable in the North Sea, and that new technologies are enabling the production of ever increasing volumes of oil from substrata is good news for Denmark. Since 1964, 2,700 exploratory wells have been drilled in the North Sea, which has resulted in around 800 finds of oil. The oil on which these exploratory efforts are based translates into roughly 100 billion barrels of oil. 3D-visuals of drills in the Danish part of North Sea

7 Theme Booklet Page 7 2. Theme: "Sedimentology" Theme booklet Oil and oil geology are actually the result of chemical processes that took place deep inside the earth over millions of years. Most of the oil and gas in Denmark's sector of the North Sea is found in substrata that are million years old. 2.1 Organic sediments There are three types of sediment: inorganic, organic and chemical. Organic sediment is particularly important in this context, because it is the decomposition of organic material, primarily algae and plankton in the sea, that formed the oil. Hundreds of millions of years ago, the sea floor was low in oxygen. As a result, dead animals and plants that ended up there did not rot but were deposited as organic sediments in substrata and slowly pushed downward over the ages. Pressure from new overlying strata increased the pressure and temperature around the sediments, which was ideal for transforming the organic residue into oil. The remains of the original organisms that could not be included in the chemical transformation process fossilised into layers of limestone or siliceous sedimentary rock. Rocks that can form oil or gas are called source rocks. A porous or permeable rock where the oil or gas collects after migrating is called a reservoir rock. Click here to watch an animated film about how oil is formed or type watch?v=nrviabfquic in your browser. 2.2 Oil formation At the right pressure and temperature, a chemical process will take place in which the various components (fats, fatty acids, proteins, etc.) are slowly converted into hydrocarbons (the chemical designation for oil and gas). The temperature must be between 100 and 150 degrees Celsius. The ideal pressure and temperature conditions are called the "oil window". The correct temperature is usually found at depths of 2 3 kilometres below the surface. 70% of the crude oil formed will never be found. According to conservative estimates, up to 70% of the crude oil ever formed will never be found because it evaporated into the atmosphere long ago. 2.3 Traps Density and pressure conditions in the dense source rock where oil and gas were formed force them away from the source rock. Oil and gas migrate upwards because they are lighter than the water contained in the rocks. Oil or gas that does not dissipate completely but which accumulates in a reservoir rock requires the existence of an impermeable layer covering the reservoir to create a trap. There are three types of trap all of which comprise a porous stratum covered by a dense impermeable stratum. Traps can form in folded strata where the trap is created in rising folds or, for instance, by salt vertically intruding into overlying rock from below to create a salt diapir/dome. The third type of trap is created by faults, in which the strata are displaced in relation to one another. North Sea oil is often located at fault traps or in salt diapirs (domes). Oil cannot form close to the earth s surface, as temperatures and pressure levels are usually not high enough.

8 Theme Booklet Page 8 Core samples of North Sea Oil Source:

9 Theme Booklet Page Crude oil density and sulphur content The oil that exists in natural underground reservoirs is called crude oil. Crude oil is a mixture of hydrocarbons that remain fluid at atmospheric pressure after being brought up to the surface. Crude oil is not a "pure" product. There are wide regional differences in the chemical composition of crude oil. For instance several different hydrocarbons in varying phases appear as gas or fluid in crude oil. Also, crude oil contains a number of non-hydrocarbons, like sulphur and metals, which can affect its quality. Two of the most important quality parameters of crude oil are therefore density and sulphur content. Crude oil is called "light" if it has a low density content of sulphur and heavy natural components such as metal oxides. Light crude oil has a higher market price, solely because it is cheaper to process at an oil refinery into petrol or diesel oil. The opposite is obviously true of heavy crude oil. Crude oil is called "sweet" if it has a low content of sulphur. Crude oil high in sulphur is called "sour". The figure below depicts typical crude oils in relation to density and sulphur content. According to the figure, "North Sea Brent" is a relatively sweet, light oil whose average market price is high. Density and sulphur content of selected crude oils Source:

10 Theme Booklet Page Theme: "Seismology" Theme booklet Seismic measurements are conducted to get information about substrata. These measurements are specifically used by the oil industry to determine the location of oil reservoirs. 3.1 Seismic measurements A seismic measurement is performed by sending seismic waves from a sound source into substrata. When a seismic wave meets different geological strata, some of the wave is reflected to the surface. Sound waves move faster through hard materials than soft materials. After this, the reflected wave is captured by geophones (microphones designed to listen to substrata) located in the area. The results form an image of the subsurface geology. The image can be used to find geological structures which could contain oil or gas if the right conditions are present. Seismic measurement Source: NFG

11 Theme Booklet Page Gravimetric measurements In addition to seismic measurements, gravimetric measurements are used to locate oil reservoirs. These are gravity measurements taken from an aeroplane or helicopter which can help to identify whether the rocks below are dense (heavy) or saturated with oil or gas. The technology is based on the laws of physics stating that gravitational acceleration at the surface is affected by the density of the rocks in the substrata. The greater a rock's density, the greater the gravitational acceleration. By measuring variations in gravitational acceleration across an area, it is possible to map the dispersion of heavy and light materials below the surface. Gravimetric measurements Nederst på ovenstående figur ses en geologisk model med angivelse af A geological model indicating density in g/cm3 (kg/m3 x 10-3) is shown at the bottom of the figure below. massefylde i g/cm³ (kg/m³ x 10-3). Kilde: geologi.dk/oliegas Source: D, 3D and 4D seismic analyses Two-dimensional (2D) seismic analyses provide a crosssection of substrata. Collecting 2D seismic lines into a finely meshed network forms a three-dimensional (3D) image of the substrata. This is called 3D seismic imaging. When 3D seismic data are retrieved from the same area at annual intervals and compared, a fourth dimension arises: time. 4D seismic imaging can be used to depict the changes that have occurred in a producing oil field over time. 4D seismic imaging also makes it possible to determine the direction in which the oil has flowed towards the production wells and to determine which areas of a field have not been sufficiently drained. Oil companies can use this knowledge to optimise the oil recovery process and set up supplementary wells at optimal locations. Offshore seismic analyses In the course of a few seconds, seismic analyses can generate millions of data that have to be processed by powerful computers. When data is collected at sea, the seismic equipment is towed by a specially converted measurement vessel. Seismic waves emitted by an air gun towed by the ship are captured by sensitive hydrophones (microphones designed for underwater use). The hydrophones are positioned along cables 5 8-kilometres in length towed by the ship, and from here the hydrophones can capture the reflected seismic signals.

12 Theme Booklet Page 12 Horizontal well Maersk Oil has become a leader in the industry in terms of long-range horizontal well drilling, thanks to the development of excellent expertise in the fields of geocontrol systems, drill-bit positioning and charting, as well as well drilling and stimulation. Maersk Oil was the first oil company to use horizontal drilling technology in the North Sea and has become an expert in developing wells with patterns of closely spaced horizontal well lines. Lessons learnt in this field enable Maersk Oil to recover gas and oil from densely positioned oil fields. Horizontal wells were first used in the light limestone of the Dan field in Denmark's sector of the North Sea, in Since then, horizontal wells have become the preferred technology of the entire oil industry for developing impermeable reservoirs. The Halfdan Oil Field in Denmark's North Sea sector and the Al Shaheen Oil Field in the Persian Gulf off of Qatar were both developed using horizontal oil wells, including a number of auxiliary side-track wells. This enables the wells to cover a larger section of the reservoir and saves platform capacity. Maersk Oil developed pioneering technology in the field of horizontal drilling. The whole industry now uses this same technology.

13 Theme Booklet Page 13 If the recovery process takes place in shallow waters, the method is the same, but requires smaller vessels and shorter drill strings. For offshore seismic analyses, special consideration must always be shown to marine mammals, such as porpoises, which communicate using sound signals. For this reason, the Danish Energy Agency must approve the analysis programmes in advance. 3.4 Terminology for seismic analyses The properties and layering of the various rocks are differentiated by analysing seismic data during oil exploration. Source rocks and reservoir rocks A source rock usually contains sufficient quantities of organic material that at the right temperature and pressure conditions can can be converted into hydrocarbons (oil and gas). However, oil/gas does not have to stay in the rock afterwards. A reservoir rock, on the other hand, can contain oil/gas. Reservoir rock is porous and contains water, oil or gas (fluids) in the void between the grains of mineral, i.e. in the pores. Porosity indicates the volume of pores and thus how much space is available for fluids in the rock. The ability of fluids to penetrate the pores is called permeability. It indicates the ease with which fluids can flow through the rock. Migration and seal When hydrocarbons are formed in a source rock, a natural flow, called migration, will begin if the pressure is sufficiently high. This is because oil and gas are lighter than the water in the pores. Therefore, oil and gas migrate upwards. The migration can take place through pores and cracks and along faults in the various substrata. If the hydrocarbons migrate to a reservoir rock with a seal, the oil/gas can collect here. A seal of a trap (see section 2.3) is a dense, overlying cap rock such as salt or shale through which the oil/gas cannot penetrate. A seismic profile of Denmark's North Sea sector. The profile is 40 kilometres long and extends from the surface to a depth of about 4 kilometres. A salt dome (salt diapir) is visible in the middle of the profile.

14 Theme Booklet Page Theme: "Oil well" Theme booklet The very first oil well in modern times was established in Back then, a pole equipped with a chisel at the end was repeatedly hammered down into the ground. Today, a rotating drill bit is used to dig down into substrata. 4.1 Exploratory wells An oil well serves two obvious purposes. First, to determine whether an oil reservoir is found at the drilling site. Secondly, to make it possible to recover and produce oil (or gas). Once geologists and geophysicists have completed their preliminary work, exploratory wells are made first to determine whether actual production wells can be commissioned. Even the finest seismic measurements cannot unequivocally identify an oil field's actual potential for oil production. The exploratory wells' profiles and a meticulous technological survey of the drilling profile's rocks form the basis for constructing a geological "scenario" of sorts. This "scenario" tells something about the area's general geological structure and the rocks' properties that are relevant to oil. Making an oil well is a costly procedure, usually in excess of USD 55 million. The price depends on the depth of the well, whether the well is drilled onshore or offshore and whether technical complications arise. But the price also depends on the scope of the measurements conducted during the drilling process. 4.2 Drilling workplaces Drilling for oil on the sea floor is a complicated process. It takes place from drilling rigs or drilling platforms, which come in different varieties depending on requirements and needs. DRILLSHIP SEMI-SUBMERSIBLE JACK-UP RIG DRILLING BARGE Operates at water depths up to 12,000 ft. Operates at water depths up to 10,000 ft. Operates at water depths up to 500 ft. Operates in shallow waters LANDRIG

15 Theme Booklet Page 15 Jack-up rigs A jack-up rig is usually used in shallow water and stands on steel legs affixed to the sea floor. Once it has been put into place, the actual drilling process is not very different from a oil derrick on land. The system which hoists the rig up/down to its three legs is like a jack screw. This enables the rig to be relocated with relative ease for new jobs once its current task is completed. Jack-up rigs are used particularly in the North Sea, Persian Gulf and the Red Sea. Ultra Harsh Jack-up Rig These rigs are particularly suited for working in particularly stormy areas with rough seas. The rigs are usually held in place by anchors but GPS positioning is also used. Semi-submersible rigs can be used at water depths of 60 3,000 metres and are suited for the shallow continental shelf (at depths of 0 to 200 metres) found in the North Sea. Drillship A marine vessel modified to drill oil and gas wells equipped with a drilling derrick. Typically employed in deep and ultra-deep waters from 2,000 to more than 10,000 feet. 4.3 "Anatomy" of an oil well On the drilling rig, a drill bit containing three sharp conical rollers is screwed onto a long steel pipe (drill string). The drill bit crushes rock into fine, gravel-like material. The drill string is suspended from a drilling tower where it is rotated by a motor. Now the drill string is lowered from the deck down through a thick steel pipe to the sea floor and rotated to make the drill grind its way down into the substrata. Once the drill bit has worked its way a few hundred metres into the substrata, it is replaced. If particularly interesting strata are found along the way, the drill bit is briefly replaced by a type that is capable of removing a well core, which is brought to the surface for further investigation. Watch an animated film about drilling for oil. Click here or type in your browser. At deeper depths, however, different types of anchoring are used for both drilling and production platforms. For obvious technical reasons, it is crucial that the rig is firmly in place and does not move from the position chosen. In these situations, GPS is a crucial auxiliary aid. The drill bit grinds into the substrata Semi-submersible rigs Semi-submersible rigs are widely used in deep-water operations. These platforms are based on a hull of sorts primarily comprising pontoons that can be filled with water as required. This makes them very stable and seaworthy and it is possible to keep the structure afloat and firmly upright at the same time. It is relatively easy to move this type of rig from one place to another.

16 Theme Booklet Page 16 For every thirty metres of drilling, the drilling manager must stop the motor and attach a new section of drilling pipe before the drilling can continue. The interconnected pipe sections are called the drill string. They keep the wellbore open and free of incident materials. The wellbore's sizes varies depending on the depth. At the surface, the hole diameter is usually cm. Further down, the diameter of the wellbore narrows to 7 15 cm. There are a few open holes in the steel pipes that allow the oil in the surrounding strata to seep into the well from where it can be pumped up to the surface. Temperatures and pressure It is easy to imagine how drilling into rocks like granite and dense shale could cause overheating. To counteract this, drilling fluid (drilling mud) is used during the drilling process to lubricate, cool and carrying out drill cuttings to the platform where the fluid is cleansed and recirculated. Another property of drilling fluid is that it forms a lining of the borehole so the wellbore does not collapse during the work, When drilling at great depths, the drill bit will encounter highly pressurised water, gas or oil. In these instances, the long column of drilling fluid regulates the pressure as its weight and the pressure with which it is conveyed serves as a counterweight to prevent an uncontrolled blowout of substrata material to the surface. Illustration of water being sprayed into a well to press out the oil.

17 Theme Booklet Page Theme: "Oil production and exploration" Theme booklet Producing crude oil is a lengthy, complex process. After geological surveys, comprising geological surface charting, seismic analyses and exploratory wells, followed by analyses of the penetrated rocks, the next step is to determine whether it is profitable to start up a production process. 5.1 Oil production The rate of recovery from new oil fields is often uncertain. Oil prices are an important factor in deciding whether it is profitable to invest in producing oil at a new oil field. In 1999, the price of one barrel of oil was USD 11. This price had risen to USD 100 by early Over the next 25 to 30 years, the price is expected to stabilise at USD When the price per barrel is low, small oil fields are unprofitable, whereas high prices can send the industry into overdrive. Many wells sometimes more than 30 need to be made before an oil field is put into production. Whether a proven deposit can be put into production depends on the porosity and permeability of the reservoir rock and the actual oil saturation. The term "oil in place" denotes the capacity calculated for the oil field. More than 90% of all Danish oil wells are drilled in the western part of Denmark's North Sea sector where Denmark's oil and gas fields are also located. Watch an animated film about how oil is stored in substrata. Click here or type watch?v=opmjdiai-go in your browser. 300,000 barrels of oil are pumped up from the North Sea every day 5.2 Maintaining oil production The recovery of oil from oil fields, cannot last forever. Oil wells frequently need to be stimulated in order for production to continue. This can be done by pumping water or gas into substrata through a nearby well. Seawater can also be pumped down into substrata. More than 300,000 barrels of oil and more than 500,000 barrels of water are pumped up from North Sea oil fields every day. At the same time, 800,000 barrels of water are pumped back down. If a company wants to extend an oil field's lifespan, the company submits an application for extension. The extension applied for may extend the life of the field by up to 30 years, because an exploratory well-drilling programme usually ends near the expiry of a licensing period.

18 Theme Booklet Page Production costs The total costs of crude oil exploration and production are called "upstream costs". This figure is arrived at by adding lifting costs and finding costs. Lifting costs are defined as the cost of operating and maintaining the wells with associated equipment and for bringing up the oil/gas to the surface. Finding costs are defined as the costs of exploration and exploratory wells, the costs for licences/rights and the cost of extended exploration for reserves in adjacent areas. Costs for producing crude oil and natural gas, USA average Lifting costs Finding costs Total upstream costs USD USD USD Onshore USD USD USD Offshore USD USD USD Middle East average USD 9.89 USD 6.99 USD ,618 cubic feet of gas = 1 barrel of olie. More than half of all oil produced is used to produce more than 6,000 different products which you are familiar with in everyday life, such as spectacles Source: Eia.gov As the table shows, production costs in the Middle East are far lower than in the US and much lower than in Denmark's oil fields as well. To calculate the costs of transporting crude oil to a refinery and further processing the oil into products, even more costs have to be added. The most important single offshore cost factor is the price of leasing a drilling rig. Drilling rigs are usually leased from rig owners and the medium sized cost of a mediumsized drilling rig varries from 160, ,000 USD per day. Drilling down to a depth of 4,000 metres for instance could be carried out in about 100 days, if everything goes according to plan. This does not include the cost of crew, lining pipe, drilling fluid, drill bits, transport and a wide range of other services.

19 Theme Booklet Page Refining crude oil Crude oil is a raw material that is unusable as is. Crude oil has to be processed into oil products like petroleum, jet fuel, petrol, diesel oil, fuel oil and liquid gases, which are used for paint, plastic and thin fibres like nylon and terylene that are woven into fabric. Crude oil is made of many different components (molecules) each of which has a different boiling point. This makes it possible to separate oil into several fractions by heating it. This process is called distillation. By contrast, natural gas is made up of only one type of molecule, overwhelmingly methane, which is why it only needs to be cleansed before it can be used. Once oil has been refined, it is loaded onto small product tank ships that are designed to transport several different kinds of oil products. The product tank ships convey the various oil products to ports. It is the refinery's job to deliver the products we need. Crude oils vary greatly. Some produce lots of petrol and only a little fuel oil. The reverse is true of others. Therefore, a refinery will chose crude oils that produce most of the products demanded by local consumers. 20% petrol and gas, up to 165 o 15% petroleum, o 28% light gas oil, o 37% heavy gas oil, o Distillation Crude oil tank Desalter Cracking Fired heater Distillation residue

Game Guide THE QUEST FOR OIL. A computer game about gaining and applying detailed insights into the geographical underground and global oil industry.

Game Guide THE QUEST FOR OIL. A computer game about gaining and applying detailed insights into the geographical underground and global oil industry. Game Guide THE QUEST FOR OIL A computer game about gaining and applying detailed insights into the geographical underground and global oil industry. Winning in Quest for Oil Quest for Oil can be played

More information

Offshore Structures. Offshore Drilling Equipment

Offshore Structures. Offshore Drilling Equipment Offshore Structures Offshore Drilling Equipment The drill string is lowered through a conduit (riser). The drill string consists of a drill bit, drill collar and drill pipe. Drill pipe sections are added

More information

Oil and Gas Terms. Anticline: An arch of stratified rock layers that may form a trap for hydrocarbons.

Oil and Gas Terms. Anticline: An arch of stratified rock layers that may form a trap for hydrocarbons. Oil and Gas Terms American Petroleum Institute (API): The API is the trade organization for the oil and gas industry, which establishes standards governing industry operations, safety and the manufacturing

More information

Reluctant Oil Well. see it!

Reluctant Oil Well. see it! see it! What s it all about then? This experiment is all about oil. In this experiment you will be extracting glycerol (which represents oil) from a two dimensional oil well called a Hele-Shaw cell (after

More information

Operations in the Arctic areas? New challenges: Exploration Development Production

Operations in the Arctic areas? New challenges: Exploration Development Production Operations in the Arctic areas? New challenges: Exploration Development Production The oil and gas cycle Life cycle of oil and gas (time) 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) Activity In-house study and get licenses: Find

More information

********** An short and simple explanation of how oil is converted into gasoline and then brought to you, the consumer.

********** An short and simple explanation of how oil is converted into gasoline and then brought to you, the consumer. ********** An short and simple explanation of how oil is converted into gasoline and then brought to you, the consumer. CEC-180-2008-008 July 2008 CONTENTS [St e p 1 ] SOURCES [Step 2] extraction **************

More information

Excerpts for Rock Talk Vol 7 No.2 Colorado Geological Survey

Excerpts for Rock Talk Vol 7 No.2 Colorado Geological Survey Excerpts for Rock Talk Vol 7 No.2 Colorado Geological Survey Oil, petroleum, hydrocarbon words that have become popular in our modern-day vernacular, but what do they really mean to us? What is oil? How

More information

[]n. Craving energy. Oil and gas formation. Oil and gas formation. Resources: Fossil Fuels. Supplying our energy needs: Source of energy in the US

[]n. Craving energy. Oil and gas formation. Oil and gas formation. Resources: Fossil Fuels. Supplying our energy needs: Source of energy in the US Craving energy Supplying our energy needs: Source of energy in the US Resources: Fossil Fuels Energy consumption in the US Reading: Ch 13 Oil and gas formation Oil and gas formation 1. Need accumulation

More information

UPSTREAM OIL AND GAS INDUSTRY IN KENYA

UPSTREAM OIL AND GAS INDUSTRY IN KENYA UPSTREAM OIL AND GAS INDUSTRY IN KENYA INTRODUCTION What is Upstream Oil and Gas? The petroleum industry is broadly divided into three segments namely: upstream (exploration and production), mid-stream

More information

Nonrenewable Natural Gas. Natural Gas Basics. How Was Natural Gas Formed?

Nonrenewable Natural Gas. Natural Gas Basics. How Was Natural Gas Formed? Did You Know? Because natural gas is colorless, odorless, and tasteless, mercaptan (a chemical that smells like sulfur) is added before distribution, to give it a distinct unpleasant odor (it smells like

More information

Oil and Gas Steve Oliver

Oil and Gas Steve Oliver English for Global Industries Oil and Gas Steve Oliver Contents Sections 1 Oil and Gas 2 Working on a Rig 3 Drilling Operations 4 Geological and Geophysical Operations 5 Producing and Delivering Units

More information

Module No. # 02. Impact of oil and gas industry on marine environment

Module No. # 02. Impact of oil and gas industry on marine environment Health, Safety and Environmental Management in Petroleum and offshore Engineering Dr. Srinivasan Chandrasekaran Department of Ocean Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Madras Module No. # 02 Lecture

More information

PRIVATE EQUITY INSIGHTS

PRIVATE EQUITY INSIGHTS In this Energy Investment Education Whitepaper, we discuss, Why It Is Financially Better To Own A Portfolio Of Producing Oil & Gas Working Interest Instead of Producing Royalty Interest. Paul Anthony Thomas

More information

Introduction to Petroleum Geology

Introduction to Petroleum Geology Introduction to Petroleum Geology I. The Basic Overview a. Petroleum Geology application of geology (study of Earth, materials and processes) to the exploration and production of oil and natural gas i.

More information

GAS WELL/WATER WELL SUBSURFACE CONTAMINATION

GAS WELL/WATER WELL SUBSURFACE CONTAMINATION GAS WELL/WATER WELL SUBSURFACE CONTAMINATION Rick Railsback Professional Geoscientist CURA Environmental & Emergency Services rick@curaes.com And ye shall know the truth and the truth shall make you free.

More information

Petroleum Geologist. Task. Questions for the Petroleum Geologist What geologic processes form petroleum? Where in the earth is petroleum found?

Petroleum Geologist. Task. Questions for the Petroleum Geologist What geologic processes form petroleum? Where in the earth is petroleum found? Petroleum Geologist Task As the geologist, you are responsible for understanding and explaining how oil formed and where it is found. Take advantage of all the information in the geoscenario to successfully

More information

Introduction to Oil & Gas Industry, Accounting & Financial Statement Analysis. Copyright by Wall Street Prep, Inc. All rights reserved 1

Introduction to Oil & Gas Industry, Accounting & Financial Statement Analysis. Copyright by Wall Street Prep, Inc. All rights reserved 1 Introduction to Oil & Gas Industry, Accounting & Financial Statement Analysis Copyright by Wall Street Prep, Inc. All rights reserved 1 A number of distinct yet interconnected sectors There are a number

More information

Fossil Energy Study Guide: Oil

Fossil Energy Study Guide: Oil Petroleum or crude oil is a fossil fuel that is found in large quantities beneath the Earth s surface and is often used as a fuel or raw material in the chemical industry. It is a smelly, yellow-to-black

More information

Certificate Programs in. Program Requirements

Certificate Programs in. Program Requirements IHRDC Online Certificate Programs in OIL AND GAS MANAGEMENT Program Requirements IHRDC 535 Boylston Street Boston, MA 02116 Tel: 1-617-536-0202 Email: certificate@ihrdc.com Copyright International Human

More information

Oil Gas expo 2015 is comprised of 13 Main tracks and 131 sub tracks designed to offer comprehensive sessions that address current issues.

Oil Gas expo 2015 is comprised of 13 Main tracks and 131 sub tracks designed to offer comprehensive sessions that address current issues. OMICS Group cordially invites participants from all over the world to attend International Conference and Expo on Oil and Gas, scheduled during November, 16-18, 2015 at Dubai, UAE mainly focused on the

More information

OIL AND GAS. www.shell.us/alaska

OIL AND GAS. www.shell.us/alaska 2 C H A P T E R t w o : OIL AND GAS Offshore Exploration www.shell.us/alaska Offshore Exploration Understanding how oil and gas* are formed gives us important information for the first stage of petroleum

More information

OUR CONVERSATION TODAY

OUR CONVERSATION TODAY OUR CONVERSATION TODAY Our goal is to raise the level of awareness around the natural gas supply chain among key stakeholders in order to facilitate positive working relationships and more informed decision

More information

OFFSHORE FIELD DEVELOPMENT

OFFSHORE FIELD DEVELOPMENT OFFSHORE FIELD DEVELOPMENT OPTIONS & STRATEGY By: Nguyen Ngoc Hoan M.Sc of Petroleum Engineering Hoannn@pidc.com.vn PRESENTATION CONTENT Field Development Consideration Field Development Options & Strategy

More information

Integrated Oil Companies

Integrated Oil Companies Integrated Oil Companies Loretta Bu Zhou Fang Suvayan Roy Patrick He Artur Shikhaleev Yang Zeng 1 Key Questions 2 Upstream, Midstream, Downstream, Equipment and Services Companies THE OIL SUPPLY CHAIN

More information

The Future of Energy in Louisiana! March 2014

The Future of Energy in Louisiana! March 2014 The Future of Energy in Louisiana! March 2014 1! GNO, Inc. Overview! GNO, Inc. is the economic development organization serving the ten parishes of Southeast Louisiana.! Logo! Business Development! Business

More information

Well-logging Correlation Analysis and correlation of well logs in Rio Grande do Norte basin wells

Well-logging Correlation Analysis and correlation of well logs in Rio Grande do Norte basin wells Well-logging Correlation Analysis and correlation of well logs in Rio Grande do Norte basin wells Ricardo Afonso Salvador Pernes (March, 2013) ricardo.pernes@ist.utl.pt Master thesis Abstract During drilling

More information

Gas storage industry primer

Gas storage industry primer Gas storage industry primer Gas storage industry primer General Underground natural gas storage facilities are a vital and complementary component of the North American natural gas transmission and distribution

More information

Objectives. Describing Waterflooding. Infill Drilling. Reservoir Life Cycle

Objectives. Describing Waterflooding. Infill Drilling. Reservoir Life Cycle Objectives Describing Waterflooding Definition Objectives Candidates Patterns Oil, water, and gas saturations Fractional flow Performance measures Practices and problems Reservoir monitoring 1 2 Reservoir

More information

Geothermal. . To reduce the CO 2 emissions a lot of effort is put in the development of large scale application of sustainable energy.

Geothermal. . To reduce the CO 2 emissions a lot of effort is put in the development of large scale application of sustainable energy. Geothermal Energy With increasing fossil fuel prices, geothermal energy is an attractive alternative energy source for district heating and industrial heating. In recent years the use of geothermal energy

More information

CO2 Enhanced Oil Recovery

CO2 Enhanced Oil Recovery CO2 Enhanced Oil Recovery Institute for 21st Century Energy U.S. Chamber of Commerce www.energyxxi.org The mission of the U.S. Chamber of Commerce s Institute for 21st Century Energy is to unify policymakers,

More information

The Shale Gale Also Brings a Data Blizzard Author:

The Shale Gale Also Brings a Data Blizzard Author: The Shale Gale Also Brings a Data Blizzard Author: Jim Crompton, Subject Matter Expert Times, they are a-changing. The U.S. is the closest it has been in almost 20 years to achieving energy self-sufficiency,

More information

SPE-139516 Life beyond 80 A Look at Conventional WAG Recovery beyond 80% HCPV Injection in CO2 Tertiary Floods David Merchant, Merchant Consulting

SPE-139516 Life beyond 80 A Look at Conventional WAG Recovery beyond 80% HCPV Injection in CO2 Tertiary Floods David Merchant, Merchant Consulting CMTC-440075-MS SPE-139516 Life beyond 80 A Look at Conventional WAG Recovery beyond 80% HCPV Injection in CO2 Tertiary Floods David Merchant, Merchant Consulting Copyright 2015, Carbon Management Technology

More information

Fossil Energy Study Guide: Oil

Fossil Energy Study Guide: Oil LOOKING DOWN AN OIL WELL Ever wonder what oil looks like underground, down deep, hundreds or thousands of feet below the surface, buried under millions of tons of rock and dirt? If you could look down

More information

N O T E S. Environmental Forensics. Identification of Natural Gas Sources using Geochemical Forensic Tools. Dispute Scenarios

N O T E S. Environmental Forensics. Identification of Natural Gas Sources using Geochemical Forensic Tools. Dispute Scenarios Environmental Forensics N O T E S V o l u m e 2 9 Identification of Natural Gas Sources using Geochemical Forensic Tools By Paul Boehm, Ph.D. and Tarek Saba, Ph.D. F o r m o r e i n f o r m a t i o n o

More information

Waterflooding. A Tried and True Technique for Secondary Oil Recovery. Houston Bar Association Oil, Gas and Mineral Law Section March 26, 2013

Waterflooding. A Tried and True Technique for Secondary Oil Recovery. Houston Bar Association Oil, Gas and Mineral Law Section March 26, 2013 Waterflooding A Tried and True Technique for Secondary Oil Recovery Houston Bar Association Oil, Gas and Mineral Law Section March 26, 2013 F. J. Deacon Marek, P.E President Dallas, Texas Brian R. Sullivan,

More information

ADX ENERGY. Sidi Dhaher Well test Briefing Live Webcast, 4 July 2012. Wolfgang Zimmer, Paul Fink

ADX ENERGY. Sidi Dhaher Well test Briefing Live Webcast, 4 July 2012. Wolfgang Zimmer, Paul Fink ADX ENERGY Sidi Dhaher Well test Briefing Live Webcast, 4 July 2012 Wolfgang Zimmer, Paul Fink Decision to test ASX announcement, 3 October 2011 2 Decision to test: First Evidence Wellsite geologists (highly

More information

Topics: The Petroleum System. Origin of Petroleum. Arguments for biogenic origin. Google search : Origin of Petroleum : Hugoton Gas Field (Kansas)

Topics: The Petroleum System. Origin of Petroleum. Arguments for biogenic origin. Google search : Origin of Petroleum : Hugoton Gas Field (Kansas) The Petroleum System Topics: Origin of Petroleum Controversy Carbon Cycle Global Implications Petroleum System Gas Oil Water Origin of Petroleum Long standing debate: Where does rock oil come from? Organic

More information

Automatic Back-Flushing Filter AutoFilt RF9.

Automatic Back-Flushing Filter AutoFilt RF9. Automatic Back-Flushing Filter AutoFilt RF9. AutoFilt RF9 Clearing the Way. The Challenge: In response to the Tier III standard which will come into effect in 2016, the International Maritime Organization

More information

The concepts developed in this standard include the following: Oceans cover about 70% of the surface of the Earth.

The concepts developed in this standard include the following: Oceans cover about 70% of the surface of the Earth. Name Date Grade 5 SOL 5.6 Review Oceans Made by SOLpass - www.solpass.org solpass100@comcast.net Reproduction is permitted for SOLpass subscribers only. The concepts developed in this standard include

More information

Assessment of Undiscovered Technically Recoverable Oil and Gas Resources of the Nation s Outer Continental Shelf, 2011(Includes 2014 Atlantic Update)

Assessment of Undiscovered Technically Recoverable Oil and Gas Resources of the Nation s Outer Continental Shelf, 2011(Includes 2014 Atlantic Update) Assessment of Undiscovered Technically Recoverable Oil and Gas Resources of the Nation s Outer Continental Shelf, 211(Includes 214 Update) Using a play based assessment methodology, the Bureau of Ocean

More information

Oil & Gas Industry Recent Developments

Oil & Gas Industry Recent Developments Oil & Gas Industry Recent Developments By Dr. Hilmar R. Zeissig Houston International Business Corp. For RIAS BERLIN COMMISSION U.S. Energy Program in Texas Houston, Texas, April 27, 2015 Typical Downstream

More information

U.S. Energy Outlook. Oil and Gas Strategies Summit May 21, 2014 New York, NY. By Adam Sieminski, EIA Administrator

U.S. Energy Outlook. Oil and Gas Strategies Summit May 21, 2014 New York, NY. By Adam Sieminski, EIA Administrator U.S. Energy Outlook May 21, 214 New York, NY By Adam Sieminski, EIA Administrator U.S. Energy Information Administration Independent Statistics & Analysis www.eia.gov The U.S. has experienced a rapid increase

More information

DANISH ENERGY AGENCY S GUIDELINES ON SAFETY- AND HEALTH RELATED CONDITIONS ON OFFSHORE INSTALLATIIONS, ETC. HEALTH & SAFETY CASES

DANISH ENERGY AGENCY S GUIDELINES ON SAFETY- AND HEALTH RELATED CONDITIONS ON OFFSHORE INSTALLATIIONS, ETC. HEALTH & SAFETY CASES DANISH ENERGY AGENCY S GUIDELINES ON SAFETY- AND HEALTH RELATED CONDITIONS ON OFFSHORE INSTALLATIIONS, ETC. HEALTH & SAFETY CASES REV. 0 December 2012 TABLE OF CONTENT TABLE OF CONTENT... 2 DOCUMENT CONTROL...

More information

Ocean Floor Continental Slope Begins at the Continental Shelf Very sharp drop to depths over 2 miles Covered with thick layers of sand, mud, and rocks

Ocean Floor Continental Slope Begins at the Continental Shelf Very sharp drop to depths over 2 miles Covered with thick layers of sand, mud, and rocks Ocean Floor Continental Shelf Begins at the shoreline Gently slopes underwater Average depth of 430 feet Thick layers of sand, mud, and rocks The beach is part of the Continental Shelf Ocean Floor Continental

More information

Introduction. The following is an outline of the contents of this paper: Definition of Artificial Lift Page 2. How an Oil Well is Produced Page 2

Introduction. The following is an outline of the contents of this paper: Definition of Artificial Lift Page 2. How an Oil Well is Produced Page 2 Introduction Canadian Oilwell Systems Company and it s subsidiaries are suppliers of oil well Electric Submersible Pumping systems (ESPs). Such pumps are used to lift oil from oil wells so that the oil

More information

WELL LOGGING TECHNIQUES WELL LOGGING DEPARTMENT OIL INDIA LIMITED

WELL LOGGING TECHNIQUES WELL LOGGING DEPARTMENT OIL INDIA LIMITED WELL LOGGING TECHNIQUES WELL LOGGING DEPARTMENT OIL INDIA LIMITED The Hydrocarbon E & P Process In the exploration process, a most probable hydrocarbon bearing rock structure is defined based on seismic

More information

ASX ANNOUNCEMENT 17 JUNE 2014

ASX ANNOUNCEMENT 17 JUNE 2014 ASX ANNOUNCEMENT 17 JUNE 2014 Sunbird-1 oil zone verified offshore Kenya Historic first-ever oil column discovered offshore East Africa Sunbird-1 well, completed in March in area L10A, intersected a gross

More information

EAGLE FORD. Oil and Natural Gas Fact Book

EAGLE FORD. Oil and Natural Gas Fact Book EAGLE FORD Oil and Natural Gas Fact Book Major Phases in an Oil and Natural Gas Development EXPLORATION APPRAISAL PRODUCTION Abandonment & Reclamation Seismic Testing Production Lifecycle of an Onshore

More information

Understanding Hydraulic Fracturing

Understanding Hydraulic Fracturing Understanding Hydraulic Fracturing Natural gas is a safe, abundant and economical source of energy for the planet. North America has relied on natural gas for heating homes and buildings, as a fuel source

More information

The rock cycle. Introduction. What are rocks?

The rock cycle. Introduction. What are rocks? The rock cycle This Revision looks at the three types of rock: sedimentary, igneous and metamorphic. It looks at how they are formed, the weathering of rocks and the way one form of rock turns into another,

More information

http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/oceans narrated by sylvia earle/oceans overview 71% is covered by the Earth's Ocean

http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/oceans narrated by sylvia earle/oceans overview 71% is covered by the Earth's Ocean Chapter 13 Exploring the Oceans Section 1 Earth's Ocean List the major divisions of the global ocean. Describe the history of Earth's oceans Identify the properties of ocean water. Describe the interactions

More information

AGM Presentation. 24 June 2013

AGM Presentation. 24 June 2013 AGM Presentation 24 June 2013 1 Introduction 2012 review Implications of 2012 drilling programme Funding & Forward Plan 2 2012 Review Equity fund raising Farm-outs Drilling Loligo Scotia 3 Farm-outs to

More information

Refinery Equipment of Texas. Mini - Refinery Feasibility Overview

Refinery Equipment of Texas. Mini - Refinery Feasibility Overview Mini - Refinery Feasibility Overview Introduction This paper is intended to provide information, answer questions, and assist the owner or project developer in making informed buying decisions. A mini-refinery

More information

Introduction to Petroleum Geology and Geophysics

Introduction to Petroleum Geology and Geophysics GEO4210 Introduction to Petroleum Geology and Geophysics Geophysical Methods in Hydrocarbon Exploration About this part of the course Purpose: to give an overview of the basic geophysical methods used

More information

Securing the future of decom

Securing the future of decom R E Q U I R E D R E A D I N G F O R T H E G L O B A L O I L & G A S I N D U S T R Y S I N C E 1 9 7 5 AUGUST 2011 Deep thinking on the Latin American beat Floating production tales of the unexpected OFFSHORE

More information

Natural Gas Made Simple

Natural Gas Made Simple Natural Gas Made Simple Category 1 What is natural gas? 1. Natural gas is a vapour. It is made up of different gases. 2. Natural gas is made up mostly of methane. 3. Natural gas has no colour and no smell.

More information

Irresponsible of Statoil

Irresponsible of Statoil Irresponsible of Statoil Having reviewed all the available information, Bellona feels it is irresponsible of Statoil to resume production at Gullfaks C. All production from the Gullfaks C platform was

More information

Properly maintaining your septic system will help reduce the. It s Your Septic System. Homeowner s Guide. Here s How to Take Care of It

Properly maintaining your septic system will help reduce the. It s Your Septic System. Homeowner s Guide. Here s How to Take Care of It Homeowner s Guide for Maintenance and Care of On-Site Sewage Systems It s Your Septic System Here s How to Take Care of It Properly maintaining your septic system will help reduce the possibility of health

More information

GEOLOGY Vol. V Methods of Exploration and Production of Petroleum Resources - Ione L. Taylor

GEOLOGY Vol. V Methods of Exploration and Production of Petroleum Resources - Ione L. Taylor METHODS OF EXPLORATION AND PRODUCTION OF PETROLEUM RESOURCES Ione L. Taylor U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia, USA Keywords: oil, natural gas, petroleum geology, exploration, drilling, well log,

More information

AMEC 6007: Linear Velocity and Acceleration Learning Outcome. CHEM 6012: Oil and Gas Compositions and Sales Specifications Learning Outcome

AMEC 6007: Linear Velocity and Acceleration Learning Outcome. CHEM 6012: Oil and Gas Compositions and Sales Specifications Learning Outcome s/objectives Level F ADMN 6044: Post Job Management It is important to know the proper procedures for closing out a job so that rigging and equipment is maintained for future use and personnel are adequately

More information

ASimple Guide to Oil Refining

ASimple Guide to Oil Refining ASimple Guide to Oil Refining We all know that motor oil and gasoline come from crude oil. What many people do not realize is that crude oil is also the starting point for many diverse products such as

More information

Putting a chill on global warming

Putting a chill on global warming Carbon capture and storage Putting a chill on global warming SABINE SULZER SULZER PUMPS MARKUS DUSS SULZER CHEMTECH Whenever fuel is burned, carbon dioxide (CO ) is emitted into the atmosphere. The subsequent

More information

An Approach To Oil Spill Containment For Floating Drilling Operations In Canadian Beaufort Sea Pack Ice Conditions

An Approach To Oil Spill Containment For Floating Drilling Operations In Canadian Beaufort Sea Pack Ice Conditions For Floating Drilling Operations In Canadian Beaufort Sea Pack Ice Conditions Canada - US Northern Oil and Gas Research Forum Calgary, Alberta December 2 nd, 2010 An Overview An Overview Of Same Season

More information

Drilling into Science: A Hands-on Cooperative Learning Oil Exploration Activity designed for Middle School and High School Students

Drilling into Science: A Hands-on Cooperative Learning Oil Exploration Activity designed for Middle School and High School Students Drilling into Science: A Hands-on Cooperative Learning Oil Exploration Activity designed for Middle School and High School Students Lauren C. Neitzke 1, Teresa Rousseau 2, and Diane Gavin 2 1. Rutgers

More information

5.2 Transportation And Marketing Of Petroleum Liquids 1-3. 5.2.1 General

5.2 Transportation And Marketing Of Petroleum Liquids 1-3. 5.2.1 General 5.2 Transportation And Marketing Of Petroleum Liquids 1-3 5.2.1 General The transportation and marketing of petroleum liquids involve many distinct operations, each of which represents a potential source

More information

University of Cyprus

University of Cyprus University of Cyprus Engineering School A Curriculum for a Master program in Petroleum Engineering TABLE OF CONTENTS THE MASTER IN PETROLEUM ENGINEERING... 2 LIST OF COURSES... 3 A SAMPLE PROGRAM OF MASTER

More information

Cabot Oil & Gas Corporation

Cabot Oil & Gas Corporation Information you need to know regarding Cabot Oil & Gas Corporation s natural gas production activities and hydraulic fracturing About Cabot Cabot Oil & Gas Corporation (Cabot) is a leading independent

More information

REPORT. Results of petrological and petrophysical investigation of rock samples from the Siljan impact crater (Mora area)

REPORT. Results of petrological and petrophysical investigation of rock samples from the Siljan impact crater (Mora area) REPORT Results of petrological and petrophysical investigation of rock samples from the Siljan impact crater (Mora area) Flotten AB Stockholm, March 2015 This report is the result of the petrological and

More information

Exploration for natural gas

Exploration for natural gas FACT SHEET NO. 42 Exploration for natural gas Quick facts QGC holds licences from the Queensland Government called Authorities to Prospect that allow us to explore in areas known as tenements We work with

More information

Storing of CO 2 offshore Norway, Criteria for evaluation of safe storage sites

Storing of CO 2 offshore Norway, Criteria for evaluation of safe storage sites Storing of CO 2 offshore Norway, Criteria for evaluation of safe storage sites Eva Halland Norwegian Petroleum Directorate Trondheim CCS Conference June 14-16, 2011 1 29.06.2011 Storing of CO 2 offshore

More information

Ichthys Lng Securing the Future

Ichthys Lng Securing the Future Ichthys LNG Project Ichthys LNG onshore facilities plan Ichthys Lng Securing the Future Key Facts The Ichthys Field represents the largest discovery of hydrocarbon liquids in Australia in 40 years, estimated

More information

The Use of Coatings for Corrosion Control on Offshore Oil Structures. J. Peter Ault, P.E. Consultant Ocean City, NJ

The Use of Coatings for Corrosion Control on Offshore Oil Structures. J. Peter Ault, P.E. Consultant Ocean City, NJ The Use of Coatings for Corrosion Control on Offshore Oil Structures J. Peter Ault, P.E. Consultant Ocean City, NJ Protective coatings are ubiquitous on offshore oil structures. As with most situations,

More information

Safety Challenges in the Arctic

Safety Challenges in the Arctic Safety Challenges in the Arctic International Conference on Integrated Operations in the Petroleum Industry Trondheim, 25.09.13 Børre Johan Paaske, DNV GL Agenda Defining the Arctic Safety and environmental

More information

March 2015 MEGATRENDS IN THE OIL AND GAS INDUSTRY

March 2015 MEGATRENDS IN THE OIL AND GAS INDUSTRY March 2015 MEGATRENDS IN THE OIL AND GAS INDUSTRY Cautionary Statement The following presentation includes forward-looking statements. These statements relate to future events, such as anticipated revenues,

More information

Geotechnical Investigation using Standard Penetration Test (SPT) in Rangamati, Bandarban and Khagrachari Towns

Geotechnical Investigation using Standard Penetration Test (SPT) in Rangamati, Bandarban and Khagrachari Towns 1. Introduction 1.1 Scope of Work The Asian Disaster Preparedness Centre (ADPC) is implementing the project Seismic Hazard and Vulnerability Mapping for Rangamati, Bandarban and Khagrachari Municipality.

More information

Broadband seismic to support hydrocarbon exploration on the UK Continental Shelf

Broadband seismic to support hydrocarbon exploration on the UK Continental Shelf Broadband seismic to support hydrocarbon exploration on the UK Continental Shelf Gregor Duval 1 1 CGGVeritas Services UK Ltd, Crompton Way, Manor Royal Estate, Crawley, RH10 9QN, UK Variable-depth streamer

More information

Oil and Gas Exploration and Production Oil and gas exploration and production... 22a-472-1

Oil and Gas Exploration and Production Oil and gas exploration and production... 22a-472-1 Department of Environmental Protection Sec. 22a-472 page 1 (4-97) TABLE OF CONTENTS Oil and Gas Exploration and Production Oil and gas exploration and production... 22a-472-1 Department of Environmental

More information

How big data is changing the oil & gas industry

How big data is changing the oil & gas industry How big data is changing the oil & gas industry The advent of the digital oil field helps produce cost-effective energy while addressing safety and environmental concerns. Finding and producing hydrocarbons

More information

Mixtures. reflect. How is seawater different from pure water? How is it different from rocky soil?

Mixtures. reflect. How is seawater different from pure water? How is it different from rocky soil? reflect Everything around us is made out of tiny bits of matter. These particles may combine in different ways to produce new materials. Sometimes we need to separate the parts of a material. If we know

More information

C H A P T E R O N E : The Origins of Oil and Gas. www.shell.com/us/alaska

C H A P T E R O N E : The Origins of Oil and Gas. www.shell.com/us/alaska Algae, Bacillariophyta Taken by a scanning electron microscope 1 C H A P T E R O N E : The Origins of Oil and Gas www.shell.com/us/alaska Sandstone Close-up of textured pattern on a sandstone Organic Origins

More information

An Introduction to Oil and Gas Well Servicing

An Introduction to Oil and Gas Well Servicing An Introduction to Oil and Gas Well Servicing Educational Material from the IOM 3 Oil and Gas Division The global network for the materials cycle Introduction The Institute of Materials, Minerals & Mining

More information

1 What is the purpose of this document?

1 What is the purpose of this document? Executive Summary Comparing the Oil and Gas Drilling Regulatory Regimes of the, the, the U.K,, and 1 What is the purpose of this document? The National Energy Board (NEB) regulates offshore oil and gas

More information

The Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill Part I. Unit Conversion

The Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill Part I. Unit Conversion The Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill Part I. Unit Conversion Why? The Deepwater Horizon oil spill (also known as the BP oil spill) began on 4/20/2010 and ended when the well was capped on 7/15/2010. The spill

More information

hs2 Ground A non-technical guide

hs2 Ground A non-technical guide hs2 Ground Investigations A non-technical guide Contents HS2 ground investigations 1 Essential Q&A 2 2 In-ground investigation techniques 9 2.1 Cable percussion borehole 10 2.2 Rotary core borehole 12

More information

Texas: An Energy and Economic Analysis

Texas: An Energy and Economic Analysis Texas: An Energy and Economic Analysis Posted on 9/30/2013 Texas leads the nation in oil and natural gas reserves and production. In just over 2 years, Texas has doubled its oil production with large quantities

More information

Click on the icons to go to the other modules. oil and gas. exploration and production

Click on the icons to go to the other modules. oil and gas. exploration and production Click on the icons to go to the other modules. oil and gas exploration and production module 3 BP energy education programme 2008 Learning Area, Outcomes and Phase Learning Area Outcomes Phase Program

More information

GAO OIL AND GAS. Information on Shale Resources, Development, and Environmental and Public Health Risks

GAO OIL AND GAS. Information on Shale Resources, Development, and Environmental and Public Health Risks GAO United States Government Accountability Office Report to Congressional Requesters September 2012 OIL AND GAS Information on Shale Resources, Development, and Environmental and Public Health Risks GAO-12-732

More information

Unconventional Oil and Gas Production Drives Trends in Water Management and Treatment

Unconventional Oil and Gas Production Drives Trends in Water Management and Treatment Unconventional Oil and Gas Production Drives Trends in Water Management and Treatment Jelena Stanic, Global Water Intelligence A research report, Water for the Onshore Oil and Gas, by Global Water Intelligence

More information

Understanding Well Construction and Surface Footprint

Understanding Well Construction and Surface Footprint Understanding Well Construction and Surface Footprint Well Construction Timeline Well Site Planning & Preparation Drilling Stage 1: Planning and Preparation Acquire Surface Lease Agreement Determination

More information

OPTIONS FOR COMMERCIAL GAS DEVELOPMENT OF MARGINAL FIELDS

OPTIONS FOR COMMERCIAL GAS DEVELOPMENT OF MARGINAL FIELDS OPTIONS FOR COMMERCIAL GAS DEVELOPMENT OF MARGINAL FIELDS Gabriel N. Bujulu Principal Petroleum Engineer TANZANIA PETROLEUM DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION PRESENTATION OUTLINE! Introduction! Origin of Natural

More information

How To Use A Water Source Heat Pump

How To Use A Water Source Heat Pump Geothermal Energy Using Water-Source Heat Pumps By VIRSTAR Corporation Geothermal Expertise Since 1978 All information contained herein is the exclusive property of VIRSTAR Corporation, all rights reserved.

More information

Factory owners must ensure the boiler is:

Factory owners must ensure the boiler is: Factory owners must ensure the boiler is: * Registered with the Boilers and Pressure Vessels Division, Labour Department * Examined by an appointed examiner and has a valid certificate of fitness * Supervised

More information

Hedonic prices for crude oil

Hedonic prices for crude oil Applied Economics Letters, 2003, 10, 857 861 Hedonic prices for crude oil Z. WANG Department of Economics, Monash University, PO Box 197, Caulfield East, Victoria 3145, Australia Email: Zhongmin.Wang@BusEco.monash.edu.au

More information

Fossil Energy Study Guide: Natural Gas

Fossil Energy Study Guide: Natural Gas Natural gas is, in many ways, the ideal fossil fuel. It is clean, easy to transport, and convenient to use. Industrial users use almost half of the gas produced in the United States. A large portion is

More information

Perspectives for the Danish Sector of the North Sea. Challenges and opportunities ahead!

Perspectives for the Danish Sector of the North Sea. Challenges and opportunities ahead! Perspectives for the Danish Sector of the North Sea Challenges and opportunities ahead! Presentation Energinet.dk Offshore Forum 28 May 2014 July 30, 2015 page 1 Presentation agenda 1 2 3 Oil Gas Denmark,

More information

Ch6&7 Test. Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

Ch6&7 Test. Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. Ch6&7 Test Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. Which of the following does NOT change the form of existing rock? a. tremendous pressure c.

More information

Collecting and Analyzing Big Data for O&G Exploration and Production Applications October 15, 2013 G&G Technology Seminar

Collecting and Analyzing Big Data for O&G Exploration and Production Applications October 15, 2013 G&G Technology Seminar Eldad Weiss Founder and Chairman Collecting and Analyzing Big Data for O&G Exploration and Production Applications October 15, 2013 G&G Technology Seminar About Paradigm 700+ 26 700+ 29 7 15,000+ 15+ 200M+

More information

The material of which a petroleum reservoir. Effects of the Workover Fluid on Wellbore Permeability. t e c h n o l o g y

The material of which a petroleum reservoir. Effects of the Workover Fluid on Wellbore Permeability. t e c h n o l o g y Effects of the Workover Fluid on Wellbore Permeability Workover fluids used to kill oil wells for many subsurface production operations can cause many damaging problems to the formation near the wellbore.

More information

Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill. BP 2010 Gulf of Mexico Oil Spill

Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill. BP 2010 Gulf of Mexico Oil Spill Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill BP 2010 Gulf of Mexico Oil Spill Sean Edward Paquette Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Hartford, Connecticut MANE 6960H01 (Air and Water Pollution Prevention and Control Engineering)

More information

Teacher s notes. Overview. The arguments. Lead-in. Key words. Describing a process and checking for understanding

Teacher s notes. Overview. The arguments. Lead-in. Key words. Describing a process and checking for understanding Level: Intermediate upwards Timing: 90 minutes plus Material needed: One copy of the student worksheet, Part A or B of the article and Vocabulary record per student Group size: Any Overview This lesson

More information