The Health of Pacific Children and Young People in New Zealand

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3 The Health of Pacific Children and Young People in New Zealand This Report was prepared for the Ministry of Health by Elizabeth Craig, Seini Taufa, Catherine Jackson and Dug Yeo Han on behalf of the New Zealand Child and Youth Epidemiology Service, July 2008 This Report was produced as a result of a contract between the Ministry of Health the NZ Child and Youth Epidemiology Service, a joint venture between the Paediatric Society of New Zealand and Auckland UniServices. While every endeavour has been made to use accurate data in this Report, there are currently some variations in the way data is collected from District Health Boards and other agencies that may result in errors, omissions and inaccuracies in the information contained in this Report. The NZ Child and Youth Epidemiology Service does not accept liability for any inaccuracies arising from the use of this data in the production of these reports, or for any losses arising as a consequence thereof. i

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5 List of Contributors This report arose from a contract between the Ministry of Health and Auckland UniServices Ltd (on behalf of the New Zealand Child & Youth Epidemiology Service (a joint venture between the Paediatric Society of NZ and Auckland UniServices Ltd)). NZCYES Staff Dr Elizabeth Craig, Seini Taufa, Dr Catherine Jackson, Dug Yeo Han Ministry of Health Staff Dr Debbie Ryan, Sandra Moore, Natalie Thomsen, Dr Pat Tuohy, Annie Bermingham, Nadine Bowen Guest Editorial Writing Group Pefi Kingi, Seini Taufa, Lana Perese, Dr Teuila Percival, Karlo Mila-Schaaf, Dr Minnie Strickland Members of the Pacific Child and Youth Health Reference Group Dr Josephine Aumea Herman, Dr Minnie Strickland, Dr Siale Alo Foliaki, Dr Teuila Percival, Dr Tule Fanakava Misa, Dr Peggy Fairburn-Dunlop, Ausaga Faasalele Tanuvasa, Elaine Ete-Rasch, Eseta Finau, Jesse Kokaua, Lana Perese, Metua Fa asisila, Siloma Masina, Tai ivao Siniva Cruickshank, Violani Willis, Karlo Mila- Schaaf, Pefi Kingi, Gafa Faitotoa The Following Organisations Kindly Contributed Data for Use in this Report The Ministry of Health Statistics New Zealand The Ministry of Education The Ministry of Social Development Plunket Action on Smoking and Health (ASH) Child, Youth and Family The New Zealand Police The National Audiology Centre Youthline 0800WHATSUP Telephone Counselling Service The Blind and Low Vision Education Network New Zealand (BLENNZ) Sports and Recreation New Zealand (SPARC) Cover Artwork: Elements Taken from a Self Portrait by Michael Lea Creating a Spiritual and Cultural Identity in a Colonial Background Report Graphics by Imelda Morgan i

6 Table of Contents List of Contributors...i Table of Contents...ii List of Figures...v List of Tables... xiv INTRODUCTION... 1 Introduction... 3 DEMOGRAPHY AND THE MEASUREMENT OF ETHNICITY... 7 The Measurement of Ethnicity... 9 Pacific Children & Young People in New Zealand: Demographic Profile SOCIOECONOMIC AND CULTURAL DETERMINANTS Cultural Identity Viewpoint: Cultural Determinants of Health by Pefi Kingi Religious Affiliation Pacific Language Retention Economic Standard Of Living Viewpoint: Socioeconomic and Family Factors by Seini Taufa Children in Families with Restricted Socioeconomic Resources Children Reliant on Benefit Recipients Young People Reliant on Benefits Household Crowding Education: Knowledge and Skills Participation in Early Childhood Education Educational Attainment at School Leaving Secondary School Retention Rates School Stand-Downs, Suspensions, Exclusions and Expulsions Service Provision and Utilisation Viewpoint: Support Services Provided by the Non-Regulated Health Workforce by Lana Perese Primary Health Care Provision and Utilisation RISK AND PROTECTIVE FACTORS Nutrition, Growth and Physical Activity Breastfeeding Overweight and Obesity Nutrition Physical Activity Substance Use Exposure to Cigarette Smoke in the Home Tobacco Use in Young People Alcohol Related Harm INDIVIDUAL AND WHANAU HEALTH AND WELLBEING ii

7 Viewpoint: Illness and Hospitalization in New Zealand Pacific Children by Teuila Percival Total Morbidity and Mortality Most Frequent Causes of Hospital Admissions and Mortality Whanau Wellbeing Family Composition Perinatal - Infancy Low Birth Weight: Small for Gestational Age and Preterm Birth Infant Mortality Well Health Viewpoint: Maternal and Well Child Issues by Minnie Strickland Immunisation Hearing Screening Oral Health Safety Total and Unintentional Injuries Injuries Arising from Assault CYF Notifications Family Violence Infectious Disease Serious Bacterial Infections Meningococcal Disease Rheumatic Fever Serious Skin Infections Tuberculosis Gastroenteritis Respiratory Disease Lower Respiratory Tract Morbidity and Mortality in Children Bronchiolitis Pertussis Pneumonia Bronchiectasis Asthma Chronic Conditions Diabetes and Epilepsy Cancer Disability Disability: An Introduction Prevalence Estimates for Selected Causes of Disability Congenital Anomalies Evident at Birth Blindness and Low Vision Permanent Hearing Loss Viewpoint: Pacific Youth: Key Messages by Karlo Mila-Schaaf Mental Health Issues Experienced by Callers to Telephone Counselling Services Mental Health Inpatient Admissions Self-Harm and Suicide iii

8 Sexual and Reproductive Health Teenage Pregnancy Sexually Transmitted Infection THE NEW ZEALAND CHILD AND YOUTH HEALTH INDICATOR FRAMEWORK AND APPENDICES Introduction to the NZ Child and Youth Health Indicator Framework Limitations of Current Indicators Appendix 1: The National Minimum Dataset Appendix 2: The Birth Registration Dataset Appendix 3: National Mortality Collection Appendix 4: ESR Sexual Health Data Appendix 5: New Zealand Cancer Registry Appendix 6: NZ Deprivation Index Appendix 7: Police Boundaries Appendix 8: SPARC Regional Sports Trusts Appendix 9: National Well Child Tamariki Ora Schedule Appendix 10: Statistical Significance Testing and Its Use in This Report References iv

9 List of Figures Figure 1. Breakdown of Pacific Births by Ethnic Group, New Zealand Figure 2. Distribution of Births by Ethnicity and NZ Deprivation Index Decile, New Zealand Figure 3. Proportion of Pacific Births by NZ Deprivation Index Decile Using Two Different Ethnicity Classifications, New Zealand (1 of 2) Figure 4. Proportion of Pacific Births by NZ Deprivation Index Decile Using Two Different Ethnicity Classifications, New Zealand (2 of 2) Figure 5. Proportion of the New Zealand Population Who Were Under 25 Years of Age by Ethnicity at the 2006 Census Figure 6. Proportion of Pacific Young People Aged Years Stating That They Had No Religion by Ethnicity, New Zealand at the 2006 Census Figure 7. Proportion of Pacific Young People Aged Years Speaking Pacific Languages by Ethnic Group, New Zealand at the 2006 Census Figure 8. Distribution of Births by NZ Deprivation Index Decile (NZDep2001) and Ethnicity, New Zealand Figure 9. Distribution of Births by Ethnicity and NZ Deprivation Index Decile, New Zealand Figure 10. Proportion of Population with Incomes Below the Poverty Line (Net-of- Housing-Cost Income <60% Line Benchmarked to 1998 Median) by Family Type, Selected Years Figure 11. Proportion of Economic Family Units with Incomes Below Poverty Line (Net of Housing Cost Incomes <60% Line Benchmarked to 1998 median) by Income Source, Selected Years Figure 12. Proportion of Economic Family Units with Incomes Below Poverty Line (Net of Housing Cost Incomes <60% Line Benchmarked to 1998 median) by Ethnicity, Selected Years Figure 13. Distribution of Living Standards for Families with Dependent Children by Family Type and Income Source, NZ Living Standards Survey Figure 14. Distribution of Living Standards for Families with Dependent Children by Family Ethnicity, NZ Living Standards Survey Figure 15. Proportion of Children Under 18 Years of Age With a Parent Receiving a Main Income-Tested Benefit by Benefit Type, New Zealand Figure 16. Proportion of Children Under 18 Years of Age with a Parent Receiving a Main Income-Tested Benefit by Age, New Zealand Figure 17. Young People Aged Years Receiving a Domestic Purposes Benefit or Emergency Maintenance Allowance by Ethnicity, New Zealand April Figure 18. Young People Aged Years Receiving Unemployment Benefits by Ethnicity, New Zealand April Figure 19. Young People Aged Years Receiving an Invalids or Sickness Benefit by Ethnicity, New Zealand April Figure 20. Young People Aged Years Receiving a Sickness Benefit by Cause of Incapacity, New Zealand April 2007 (n= 6,669) v

10 Figure 21. Young People Aged Years Receiving an Invalid s Benefit by Cause of Incapacity, New Zealand April 2007 (n= 6,580) Figure 22. Proportion of Crowded Households (including those without children) by Ethnicity, New Zealand at the 1986, 1991, 1996 and 2001 Censuses Figure 23. Proportion of Children and Young People 0-24 Years Living in a Crowded Household by Ethnicity, New Zealand Census 2001, Figure 24. Proportion of Children and Young People 0-24 Years Living in a Crowded Household by NZ Deprivation Index Decile, New Zealand Census 2001, Figure 25. Proportion of Children and Young People 0-24 Years Living in a Crowded Household by Ethnicity and NZ Deprivation Index Decile, New Zealand Census 2001, Figure 26. Licensed and License Exempt Early Childhood Education Enrolments by Service Type, New Zealand Figure 27. Proportion of Primary School New Entrants Who Had Previously Attended Early Childhood Education by Ethnicity, New Zealand Figure 28. Proportion of Primary School New Entrants Who Had Previously Attended Early Childhood Education by School Socioeconomic Decile, New Zealand Figure 29. Highest Educational Attainment of Secondary School Leavers, New Zealand Figure 30. Highest Educational Attainment of Secondary School Leavers by Ethnicity, New Zealand Figure 31. Highest Educational Attainment of Secondary School Leavers by Ethnic Group and School Socioeconomic Decile, New Zealand Figure 32. Apparent Senior Secondary School Retention Rates at 16, 17 and 18 Years by Gender, New Zealand Figure 33. Apparent Senior Secondary School Retention Rates at 16, 17 and 18 Years by Ethnic Group, New Zealand Figure 34. Apparent Senior Secondary School Retention Rates at 16 and 17 Years by Ethnic Group, New Zealand Figure 35. Apparent Senior Secondary School Retention Rates at 16 and 17 Years by School Socioeconomic Decile, New Zealand Figure 36. Age Standardised Tertiary Education Participation Rates by Ethnicity and Type of Qualification, New Zealand (all age groups) Figure 37. Age Standardised School Stand-Down, Suspension, Exclusion and Expulsion Rates by Ethnicity, New Zealand Figure 38. Age Standardised Stand-Down and Suspension Rates per 1,000 Students, by Gender and Ethnic Group, New Zealand Figure 39. Age Standardised Suspension Rates per 1,000 by Ethnicity and School Socioeconomic Quintile, New Zealand Figure 40. Proportion of Children and Young People Aged 0-24 Years Enrolled with a PHO by Age and Gender, New Zealand October-December Figure 41. Proportion of Children and Young People Aged 0-24 Years Enrolled with a PHO by Age and Ethnicity, New Zealand Figure 42. Proportion of Children Enrolled with Plunket Attending Tamariki Ora Well Child Visits by Core Visit, Plunket Client Information System as at Dec vi

11 Figure 43. Proportion of Children Enrolled with Plunket Attending Tamariki Ora Well Child Visits 1-5 During 2006 by Ethnicity and NZ Deprivation Index Figure 44. Number of Core Tamariki Ora Well Child Visits Undertaken by 1 Year Old Children Enrolled with Plunket During 2006 by NZ Deprivation Index Decile Figure 45. Average Number of Tamariki Ora Well Child Core and Additional Visits Undertaken by 1 Year Old Children Enrolled with Plunket During 2006 by NZ Deprivation Index Decile Figure 46. Percentage of Babies Who Were Breastfed (Any Breastfeeding) at the Time of First Contact with Plunket, New Zealand Figure 47. Percentage of Plunket Babies who were Exclusively or Fully Breastfed at <6 Weeks, 3 Months and 6 Months, New Zealand Figure 48. Percentage of Plunket Babies Who Were Exclusively or Fully Breastfed by Age and Ethnicity, New Zealand Year Ending June Figure 49. Percentage of Plunket Babies who were Exclusively or Fully Breastfed by Age and NZ Deprivation Index Decile, New Zealand Year ending June Figure 50. Proportion of Children Aged 5-14 Years Who Were Either Overweight or Obese by Age and Gender, New Zealand National Children s Nutrition Survey Figure 51. Proportion of Children Aged 5-14 Years Who Were Either Overweight or Obese, by Gender & Ethnicity, New Zealand National Children s Nutrition Survey Figure 52. Proportion of Children Aged 5-14 Years Who Were Overweight or Obese by Gender and NZ Deprivation Index Decile, NZ National Children s Nutrition Survey Figure 53. Proportion of Children Aged 5-14 Years Who Were Either Overweight or Obese by Gender and School Type (Rural / Urban), New Zealand National Children s Nutrition Survey Figure 54. Median Daily Energy Intake (kj) for Children 5-14 Years by Gender, Age, NZ Deprivation Index and Ethnicity NZ National Children's Nutrition Survey Figure 55. Mean Percentage of Energy Intake from Total Fat in Children 5-14 Years by Gender, Age, NZ Deprivation Index and Ethnicity, New Zealand National Children's Nutrition Survey Figure 56. Source of Most Food Eaten at School for Children 5-14 Years by Gender, Age, and Ethnicity, New Zealand National Children's Nutrition Survey Figure 57. Source of Most Food Eaten at School for Children 5-14 Years by Gender, and NZ Deprivation Index, New Zealand National Children's Nutrition Survey Figure 58. Households with Children 5-14 Years that could Afford to Eat Properly (Always vs. Sometimes) by Number of Children in Household, NZ Deprivation Index and Ethnicity, New Zealand National Children's Nutrition Survey Figure 59. Proportion of Households with Children 5-14 Yrs Reporting Food Runs Out Often or Sometimes Due to Lack of Money by Number of Children in Household, NZ Deprivation Index and Ethnicity, NZ National Children's Nutrition Survey Figure 60. Proportion of Children 5-14 Years in the Least and Most Active Physical Activity Quartiles by Gender, Age and Ethnicity, NZ National Children's Nutrition Survey vii

12 Figure 61. Proportion of Children 5-14 Years Who Did Not Travel to School by Active Means by Gender, Age, NZ Deprivation Index and Ethnicity, New Zealand National Children's Nutrition Survey Figure 62. Children and Young People 5-17 Years Who Were Sedentary or Relatively Inactive by Gender and Age, NZ Sport and Physical Activity Surveys Figure 63. Children and Young People 5-17 Years Who Were Sedentary or Relatively Inactive by Age and Ethnicity, NZ Sport and Physical Activity Surveys Figure 64. Children and Young People 5-17 Years Who Were Sedentary or Relatively Inactive by Parental Activity Level, NZ Sport and Physical Activity Surveys Figure 65. Proportion of Year 10 Students with Parents Who Smoke or Who Live in a Home with Smoking Inside, New Zealand ASH Surveys Figure 66. Proportion of Year 10 Students with Parents Who Smoke or Who Live in a Home with Smoking Inside by Ethnicity, New Zealand ASH Surveys Figure 67. Proportion of Year 10 Students with Parents Who Smoke or Who Live in a Home with Smoking Inside by School Socioeconomic Decile, New Zealand ASH Surveys Figure 68. Proportion of Children 0-14 Years Living in a Household with a Smoker by Ethnicity, New Zealand at the 1996 and 2006 Censuses Figure 69. Proportion of Children 0-14 Years Living in a Household with a Smoker by NZ Deprivation Index Decile, New Zealand at the 1996 and 2006 Censuses Figure 70. Proportion of Children 0-14 Years Living in a Household with a Smoker by Ethnicity and NZ Deprivation Index Decile, New Zealand at the 1996 and 2006 Censuses Figure 71. Daily vs. Never Smoking Rates in Year 10 Students, New Zealand ASH Surveys Figure 72. Daily Smoking Rates in Year 10 Students by Gender and Ethnicity, New Zealand ASH Surveys Figure 73. Daily vs. Never Smoking Rates in Year 10 Pacific Students by Ethnic Group, NZ ASH Surveys Combined Figure 74. Daily Smoking Rates in Year 10 Students by Gender and School Socioeconomic Decile, New Zealand ASH Surveys Figure 75. Daily Smoking Rates in Year 10 Students by Parents Smoking Status, New Zealand ASH Surveys Figure 76. Proportion of Young People Aged Years who were Regular Smokers by Ethnicity, New Zealand at the 1996 and 2006 Censuses Figure 77. Proportion of Young People Aged Years who were Regular Smokers by NZ Deprivation Index Decile, New Zealand at the 1996 and 2006 Censuses Figure 78. Proportion of Young People Aged yrs who were Regular Smokers by Ethnicity and NZ Deprivation Index Decile, New Zealand at the 1996 & 2006 Censuses Figure 79. Alcohol Related Hospital Admissions in Children and Young People 0-24 Years by Age, New Zealand Figure 80. Families with Dependent Children by Family Type, New Zealand at the Censuses viii

13 Figure 81. Proportion of Children <15 Years Living in One and Two Parent Households by Ethnicity, New Zealand at the 2001 and 2006 Censuses Figure 82. Proportion of Children <15 Years Living in One and Two Parent Households by NZ Deprivation Index Decile, New Zealand at the 2001 and 2006 Censuses Figure 83. Proportion of Children <15 Years Living in One and Two Parent Households by Ethnicity and NZ Deprivation Index Decile, New Zealand at the 2006 Census Figure 84. Rates of Small for Gestational Age, Preterm Birth and Low Birth Weight, New Zealand Singleton Live Births Figure 85. Rates of Small for Gestational Age by Infant s Ethnic Group, New Zealand Singleton Live Births Figure 86. Rates of Preterm Birth by Baby s Ethnic Group, New Zealand Singleton Live Births Figure 87. Infant Mortality by Cause, New Zealand Figure 88. Total, Neonatal and Post-Neonatal Mortality in New Zealand Figure 89. Total Infant Mortality Rates by Ethnicity, New Zealand Figure 90. Neonatal Mortality Rates by Ethnicity, New Zealand Figure 91. Post-Neonatal Mortality Rates by Ethnicity, New Zealand Figure 92. Immunisation Coverage for Children Enrolled on the National Immunisation Register by Milestone Age and Ethnicity, New Zealand 1 April - 1 July Figure 93. Immunisation Coverage for Children Enrolled on the National Immunisation Register by Milestone Age and NZ Deprivation Index, New Zealand 1 April - 1 July Figure 94. Audiometry Failure Rates at School Entry (5 Years), New Zealand Years Ending June Figure 95. Audiometry Failure Rates at School Entry (5 Years) by Ethnicity, New Zealand Years Ending June Figure 96. Percentage of Children Caries Free at 5 Years and Mean DMFT Scores at 12 Years by School Water Fluoridation Status, New Zealand Figure 97. Percentage of Children Caries Free at 5 Years by Ethnicity and the Fluoridation Status of their School s Water Supply, New Zealand Figure 98. Mean DMFT Scores at 12 Years by Ethnicity and the Fluoridation Status of the School s Water Supply, New Zealand Figure 99. Injury Mortality Trends for Children 0-14 Yrs, New Zealand Figure 100. Injury Mortality Trends for Young People Yrs, New Zealand Figure 101. Deaths from Unintentional Non-Transport Injuries in Children and Young People 0-24 Years, New Zealand Figure 102. Hospital Admissions ( ) and Deaths ( ) due to Unintentional Non-Transport Injuries in New Zealand Children and Young People 0-24 Years by Age and Gender Figure 103. Hospital Admissions for Unintentional Non-Transport Injuries in Children and Young People 0-24 Years by Age and Cause, New Zealand Figure 104. Deaths due to Unintentional Non-Transport Injuries in Children and Young People 0-24 Years by Ethnicity, New Zealand ix

14 Figure 105. Deaths from Land Transport Injuries in Children and Young People 0-24 Years, New Zealand Figure 106. Hospital Admissions ( ) and Deaths ( ) due to Land Transport Injuries in New Zealand Children and Young People by Age and Gender. 232 Figure 107. Hospital Admissions for Land Transport Injuries in Children and Young People 0-24 Years by Age and Type, New Zealand Figure 108. Deaths due to Land Transport Injuries in Children and Young People 0-24 Years by Ethnicity, New Zealand Figure 109. Mortality due to Injuries Arising from the Assault, Neglect or Maltreatment of Children 0-14 Years, New Zealand Figure 110. Hospital Admissions ( ) and Deaths ( ) due to Injuries Arising from the Assault, Neglect or Maltreatment of New Zealand Children by Age. 240 Figure 111. Deaths from Assault in Young People Years, New Zealand Figure 112. Hospital Admissions ( ) and Deaths ( ) due to Assault in New Zealand Young People Years by Age and Gender Figure 113. Relationship Between the Victim and Offender at Police Attendances for Family Violence Incidents, New Zealand Figure 114. Ethnicity of the Victim at Police Attendances for Family Violence Incidents, New Zealand Figure 115. Police Attendances at Family Violence Incidents Where Injuries Were Reported by Injury Type, New Zealand Figure 116. Police Attendances at Family Violence Incidents Where an Offence was Disclosed by Offence Type, New Zealand Figure 117. Hospital Admissions for Serious Bacterial Infections in Children and Young People 0-24 Years, New Zealand Figure 118. Hospital Admissions for Selected Serious Bacterial Infections in Children and Young People 0-24 Years by Age, New Zealand Figure 119. Hospital Admissions for Serious Bacterial Infections in Children and Young People 0-24 Years by Ethnicity, New Zealand Figure 120. Hospital Admissions ( ) and Deaths ( ) due to Meningococcal Disease in New Zealand Children and Young People 0-24 Years Figure 121. Hospital Admissions ( ) and Deaths ( ) due to Meningococcal Disease in New Zealand Children & Young People 0-24 Years by Age Figure 122. Hospital Admissions due to Meningococcal Disease in Children and Young People 0-24 Years by Ethnicity, New Zealand Figure 123. Hospital Admissions ( ) and Deaths ( ) from Acute Rheumatic Fever and Rheumatic Heart Disease in New Zealand Children and Young People 0-24 Years Figure 124. Hospital Admissions due to Acute Rheumatic Fever and Rheumatic Heart Disease in Children and Young People 0-24 Years by Age, New Zealand x

15 Figure 125. Hospital Admissions due to Acute Rheumatic Fever and Rheumatic Heart Disease in Children & Young People 0-24 Years by Ethnicity, New Zealand Figure 126. Hospital Admissions due to Serious Skin Infections in Children and Young People 0-24 Years, New Zealand Figure 127. Hospital Admissions due to Serious Skin Infections in Children and Young People 0-24 Years by Age, New Zealand Figure 128. Hospital Admissions due to Serious Skin infections in Children and Young People 0-24 years by Ethnicity, New Zealand Figure 129. Hospital Admissions due to Serious Skin Infections in Pacific Children and Young People 0-24 Years by Pacific Group, New Zealand Figure 130. Hospital Admissions for Tuberculosis in Children and Young People 0-24 Years, New Zealand Figure 131. Hospital Admissions for Tuberculosis in Children and Young People 0-24 Years by Age, New Zealand Figure 132. Hospital Admissions for Tuberculosis in Children and Young People 0-24 Years by Ethnicity, New Zealand Figure 133. Hospital Admissions ( ) and Deaths ( ) due to Gastroenteritis in New Zealand Children and Young People 0-24 Years Figure 134. Hospital Admissions ( ) and Deaths ( ) due to Gastroenteritis by Age in New Zealand Children and Young People 0-24 Years Figure 135. Hospital Admissions due to Gastroenteritis in Children and Young People 0-24 Years by Ethnicity, New Zealand Figure 136. Hospital Admissions due to Gastroenteritis in Pacific Children and Young People 0-24 Years by Pacific Group, New Zealand Figure 137. Hospital Admissions for Selected Lower Respiratory Tract Infections and Asthma in Children 0-14 Years, New Zealand Figure 138. Hospital Admissions due to Selected Lower Respiratory Tract Infections and Asthma in Children 0-14 Years by Age, New Zealand Figure 139. Hospital Admissions due to Lower Respiratory Tract Infections and Asthma in Children 0-14 Years by Ethnicity, New Zealand Figure 140. Hospital Admissions and Deaths due to Bronchiolitis in Infants <1 Year, New Zealand (Admissions) and (Deaths) Figure 141. Hospital Admissions and Deaths due to Bronchiolitis in Children 0-5 Years by Age, New Zealand (Admissions) and (Deaths) Figure 142. Hospital Admissions due to Bronchiolitis in Infants <1 Year by Ethnicity, New Zealand Figure 143. Hospital Admissions due to Bronchiolitis in Pacific Infants <1 Year by Pacific Group, New Zealand Figure 144. Hospital Admissions for Pertussis in Infants <1 Yr, New Zealand Figure 145. Hospital Admissions ( ) and Deaths ( ) for Pertussis in New Zealand Children and Young People 0-24 Years by Age Figure 146. Hospital Admissions due to Pertussis in Infants <1 Year by Ethnicity, New Zealand xi

16 Figure 147. Hospital Admissions and Deaths due to Pneumonia in Children and Young People 0-24 Years, New Zealand (Admissions) and (Deaths)310 Figure 148. Hospital Admissions and Deaths from Pneumonia in Children and Young People 0-24 Years by Age, New Zealand (Admissions) and (Deaths) Figure 149. Hospital Admissions due to Pneumonia in Children and Young People 0-24 Years by Ethnicity, New Zealand Figure 150. Hospital Admissions due to Pneumonia in Pacific Children and Young People 0-24 Years by Pacific Group, New Zealand Figure 151. Hospital Admissions ( ) and Deaths ( ) due to Bronchiectasis in New Zealand Children and Young People 0-24 Years Figure 152. Hospital Admissions due to Bronchiectasis in Children and Young People 0-24 Years by Age, New Zealand Figure 153. Hospital Admissions due to Bronchiectasis in Children and Young People 0-24 Years by Ethnicity, New Zealand Figure 154. Hospital Admissions and Deaths due to Asthma in Children and Young People 0-24 Years, New Zealand (Admissions) and (Deaths)320 Figure 155. Hospital Admissions and Deaths due to Asthma in Children and Young People 0-24 Years by Age, New Zealand (Admissions) and (Deaths) Figure 156. Hospital Admissions due to Asthma in Children and Young People 0-24 Years by Ethnicity, New Zealand Figure 157. Hospital Admissions for Asthma in Pacific Children and Young People 0-24 Years by Pacific Group, New Zealand Figure 158. Hospital Admissions for Diabetes in Children and Young People 0-24 Years by Age and Type, New Zealand Figure 159. Hospital Admissions for Epilepsy and Status Epilepticus in Children and Young People 0-24 Years by Age, New Zealand Figure 160. Infants with Down Syndrome or Neural Tube Defects Identified at Birth, New Zealand Figure 161. Infants Identified with Down Syndrome at Birth, New Zealand Figure 162. Infants Identified with Neural Tube Defects at Birth, New Zealand Figure 163. Visual Status of Blind and Low Vision Learners Receiving Education Services and Enrolled on the National Database, New Zealand June 2006 (n=1,153) Figure 164. Distribution of Notifications to the Deafness Database by Ethnicity, New Zealand 2004 (n=155) Figure 165. Hospital Admissions for Cochlear Implant Surgery in Children and Young People 0-24 Years by Age, New Zealand Figure 166. Ten Most Frequent Reasons for Calling the 0800WHATSUP Telephone Counselling Service, New Zealand Figure 167. Hospital Admission Rates for Mental Health Issues in Young People yrs by Age and Diagnosis, New Zealand xii

17 Figure 168. Suicide Mortality in Young People Years, New Zealand Figure 169. Hospital Admissions ( ) for Self Inflicted Injury and Deaths ( ) from Suicide in New Zealand Children & Young People by Age and Gender Figure 170. Suicide Mortality in Young People yrs by Ethnicity, New Zealand Figure 171. New Zealand s Teenage Pregnancy Rates, Figure 172. Teenage Birth Rates by Maternal Ethnic Group, New Zealand Figure 173. Birth Rates by Maternal Age and Ethnicity, New Zealand Figure 174. Teenage Birth Rates by Pacific Group, New Zealand Figure 175. Laboratory Notifications for Chlamydia in Young People Years, Selected New Zealand Regions Figure 176. Laboratory Notifications for Gonorrhoea in Young People Years, Selected New Zealand Regions Figure 177. The New Zealand Child and Youth Health Monitoring Framework Figure 178. Hospital Admissions and Deaths due to Bronchiolitis in Infants < 1 Year, New Zealand (Admissions) and (Deaths) Figure 179. Proportion of Children and Young People 0-24 Years Living in Crowded Households by Ethnicity and NZDep Index Decile, New Zealand Census 2001 & Figure 180. Proportion of Year 10 Students with Parents Who Smoke, or Who Live in a Home with Smoking Inside by School SES Decile, NZ ASH Surveys Figure 181. Proportion of Children < 15 Years who Live in a Household with a Smoker by Ethnicity and NZDep Index Decile, New Zealand at the 2006 Census Figure 182. Mean NZ Deprivation Index Decile of Births by Ethnicity, New Zealand Figure 183. Proportion of Population with Incomes Below the Poverty Line (Net-of- Housing-Cost Income <60 Percent Line Benchmarked to 1998 Median), Selected Years Figure 184. New Zealand Police Area Boundaries in the Auckland Region Figure 185. New Zealand Police Area Boundaries in the North Island Figure 186. New Zealand Police Area Boundaries in the South Island Figure 187. SPARC Regional Sports Trusts xiii

18 List of Tables Table 1. Proportion of Pacific Births Using Three Different Ethnicity Classifications, New Zealand Table 2. Number of Pacific Births by Ethnic Group, New Zealand Table 3. Distribution of Pacific Births by (Any) Ethnic Group and District Health Board, New Zealand (1 of 2) Table 4. Distribution of Pacific Births by (Any) Ethnic Group and District Health Board, New Zealand (2 of 2) Table 5. Distribution of Children and Young People 0-24 Years by Ethnicity, New Zealand at the 2006 Census Table 6. Number of Pacific Children and Young People 0-24 Years by Ethnic Group at the 1996, 2001 and 2006 Censuses Table 7. Distribution of (Any) Pacific Children and Young People 0-24 Years by Ethnicity and DHB, New Zealand at the 2006 Census (1 of 2) Table 8. Distribution of (Any) Pacific Children and Young People 0-24 Years by Ethnicity and DHB, New Zealand at the 2006 Census (2 of 2) Table 9. Proportion of Pacific Young People Aged Years Identifying with a Particular Religion by Ethnicity, New Zealand at the 2006 Census Table 10. Languages Spoken by New Zealand Young People Aged Years at the 2006 Census (n=571,176) Table 11. Proportion of Pacific Young People Years Speaking Selected Languages by Ethnic Group, New Zealand at the 2006 Census Table 12. Number of Children <18 Years with a Parent Receiving a Main Income Tested Benefit by Benefit Type, New Zealand Table 13. Number of Young People Aged Years Reliant on Benefits by Type, New Zealand April Table 14. Young People Aged Years Reliant on Benefits by Benefit Type, New Zealand April Table 15. Proportion of Children and Young People 0-24 Years Living in a Crowded Household by Ethnicity and NZ Deprivation Index Decile, New Zealand at the 2006 Census Table 16. Enrolments in Early Childhood Education by Service Type, New Zealand Table 17. Average Number of Hours of Attendance in Early Childhood Education Services by Service Type, New Zealand Table 18. Number of Suspensions in State Schools by Type of Behaviour, New Zealand Table 19. Unmet Need for General Practitioner Services in Children and Young People, New Zealand (Selected Years) Table 20. New Baby Enrolments with Plunket, New Zealand Table 21. Percentage of Plunket Babies Who Were Exclusively or Fully Breastfed at <6 Weeks by Ethnicity and DHB, New Zealand Year Ending June xiv

19 Table 22. Number and Percentage of Babies Breastfed at Two Weeks of Age by Maternal Age Group, New Zealand Table 23. Babies Who Were Breastfed at 2 Weeks of Age by Maternal Ethnic Group (Missing Responses Removed), New Zealand Table 24. Babies Who Were Breastfed at 2 Weeks of Age by Maternal Ethnic Group (Missing Responses Included), New Zealand Table 25. Definitions of Physical Activity used in the New Zealand Sport and Physical Activity Surveys for Children Aged 5-17 Years, Table 26. Proportion of Children 0-14 Years Living in a Household with a Smoker by Ethnicity and NZ Deprivation Index Decile, New Zealand at the 2006 Census Table 27. Proportion of Young People Aged Years Who Were Regular Smokers by Ethnicity and NZ Deprivation Index Decile, New Zealand at the 2006 Census Table 28. Alcohol Related Hospital Admissions in Young People Aged Years by Primary Diagnosis, New Zealand Table 29. Primary Cause of Alcohol Related Hosptal Admissions Resulting in Injury in Young People Years by Cause of Injury, New Zealand Table 30. Risk of Alcohol Related Hospital Admission in Young People Aged Years by Ethnicity and NZ Deprivation Index Decile, New Zealand Table 31. Distribution of Alcohol Related Hospital Admissions in Pacific Young People Aged Years by Pacific Group, New Zealand Table 32. Most Frequent Causes of Mortality Outside the Neonatal Period in (Any) Pacific Children and Young People 0-24 Years, New Zealand Table 33. Most Frequent Causes of Post-Neonatal Hospital Admission for (Any) Pacific Children 0-14 Years, New Zealand Table 34. Most Frequent Causes of Hospital Admission for (Any) Pacific Young People Years, New Zealand Table 35. Proportion of Children <15 Years Living in One Parent Households by Ethnicity and NZ Deprivation Index Decile, New Zealand at the 2006 Census Table 36. Risk Factors for Small for Gestational Age, New Zealand Singleton Live Births Table 37. Distribution of Small for Gestational Age in Pacific Singleton Live Births by Pacific Group, New Zealand Table 38. Risk Factors for Preterm Birth, New Zealand Singleton Live Births Table 39. Distribution of Preterm Births in Pacific Singleton Live Births by Pacific Group, New Zealand Table 40. Causes of Neonatal Mortality (0-28 days), New Zealand Table 41. Risk Factors for Infant Mortality due to Congenital Anomalies, New Zealand Table 42. Risk Factors for Infant Mortality due to Extreme Prematurity and Other Perinatal Conditions, New Zealand Table 43. Causes of Post-Neonatal Mortality ( days), New Zealand xv

20 Table 44. Risk Factors for Infant Mortality due to Sudden Unexpected Death in Infancy, New Zealand Table 45. Immunisation Schedule for Children Aged 0-11 Years, New Zealand Table 46. Proportion of Children Fully Immunised at 2 Years of Age, New Zealand 1991/92, 1996, Table 47. Number of Children Fully Immunised at 2 Years of Age by Ethnicity, New Zealand 1996, Table 48. Hospital Admissions for Selected Vaccine Preventable Diseases in Children and Young People 0-24 Years, New Zealand Table 49. Notifications of Selected Vaccine Preventable Diseases in Children and Young People 0-19 Years, New Zealand Table 50. Most Frequent Causes of Injury Related Mortality in (Any) Pacific Children and Young People 0-24 Years, New Zealand Table 51. Most Frequent Causes of Injury Related Hospital Admission for (Any) Pacific Children and Young People 0-24 Years, New Zealand Table 52. Risk Factors for Hospital Admission due to Unintentional Non-Transport Injury in Children 0-14 Years, New Zealand Table 53. Risk Factors for Hospital Admission due to Unintentional Non-Transport Injury in Young People Years, New Zealand Table 54. Hospital Admissions for Unintentional Non-Transport Injuries in Pacific Children 0-14 Years by Pacific Group, New Zealand Table 55. Hospital Admissions for Unintentional Non-Transport Injuries in Pacific Young People Years by Pacific Group, New Zealand Table 56. Hospital Admissions for Land Transport Injuries in Children and Young People 0-24 Years by Type, New Zealand Table 57. Risk Factors for Hospital Admission for Land Transport Injuries in Children 0-14 Years, New Zealand Table 58. Risk Factors for Hospital Admission for Land Transport Injuries in Young People Years, New Zealand Table 59. Hospital Admissions for Land Transport Injuries in Pacific Children 0-14 Years by Pacific Group, New Zealand Table 60. Hospital Admissions for Land Transport Injuries in Pacific Young People Years by Pacific Group, New Zealand Table 61. Risk Factors for Hospital Admission due to Injuries Arising from the Assault, Neglect or Maltreatment in Children 0-14 Years, New Zealand Table 62. Nature of Injury Arising from Assault, Neglect and Maltreatment in Hospitalised Children 0-14 Years by Age Group, New Zealand Table 63. Hospital Admissions due to Injuries Arising from Assault, Neglect and Maltreatment in Pacific Children 0-14 Years by Pacific Group, New Zealand Table 64. Risk Factors for Hospital Admission due to Injuries Arising from Assault in Young People Years, New Zealand Table 65. Distribution of Hospital Admissions due to Assault in Pacific Young People Years by Pacific Group, New Zealand xvi

21 Table 66. Number of Notifications Recorded by Child Youth and Family, New Zealand Table 67. Outcome of Assessment for Children Notified to Child Youth and Family and Investigated Further, New Zealand Table 68. Hospital Admissions ( ) and Mortality ( ) due to Serious Bacterial Infections in New Zealand Children and Young People 0-24 Years Table 69. Risk Factors for Hospital Admissions due to Serious Bacterial Infections in Children and Young People 0-24 Years, New Zealand Table 70. Distribution of Hospital Admissions for Serious Bacterial Infections in Pacific Children and Young People 0-24 Yrs by Pacific Group, New Zealand Table 71. Risk Factors for Hospital Admission due to Meningococcal Disease in Children and Young People 0-24 Years, New Zealand Table 72. Distribution of Hospital Admissions due to Meningococcal Disease in Pacific Children and Young People 0-24 Years by Pacific Group, New Zealand Table 73. Risk Factors for Hospital Admission due to Acute Rheumatic Fever in Children and Young People 0-24 Years, New Zealand Table 74. Distribution of Hospital Admissions for Acute Rheumatic Fever in Pacific Children and Young People 0-24 Years by Pacific Group, New Zealand Table 75. Distribution of Hospital Admissions for Rheumatic Heart Disease in Pacific Children and Young People 0-24 Years by Pacific Group, New Zealand Table 76. Risk Factors for Hospital Admission due to Serious Skin Infections in Children 0-14 Years, New Zealand Table 77. Risk Factors for Hospital Admission due to Serious Skin Infections in Young People Years, New Zealand Table 78. Distribution of Hospital Admissions due to Serious Skin Infections in Pacific Children 0-14 Years by Pacific Group, New Zealand Table 79. Distribution of Hospital Admissions due to Serious Skin Infections in Pacific Young People Years by Pacific Group, New Zealand Table 80. Risk Factors for Hospital Admissions due to Tuberculosis in Children and Young People 0-24 Years, New Zealand Table 81. Distribution of Hospital Admissions due to Tuberculosis in Pacific Children and Young People 0-24 Years by Pacific Group, New Zealand Table 82. Risk Factors for Hospital Admissions due to Gastroenteritis in Children 0-14 Years, New Zealand Table 83. Distribution of Hospital Admissions due to Gastroenteritis in Pacific Children 0-14 Years by Pacific Group, New Zealand Table 84. Hospital Admissions ( ) and Deaths ( ) due to Lower Respiratory Infections and Asthma in New Zealand Children 0-14 Years by Diagnosis Table 85. Risk Factors for Hospital Admission due to Lower Respiratory Tract Infections (excluding Asthma) in Children 0-14 Years, New Zealand Table 86. Distribution of Hospital Admissions due to Lower Respiratory Tract Infections in Pacific Children 0-14 Years by Pacific Group, New Zealand Table 87. Risk Factors for Hospital Admissions due to Bronchiolitis in Infants <1 Year, New Zealand xvii

22 Table 88. Distribution of Hospital Admissions due to Bronchiolitis in Pacific Infants <1 Year by Pacific Group, New Zealand Table 89. Risk Factors for Hospital Admissions due to Pertussis in Infants <1 Year, New Zealand Table 90. Distribution of Hospital Admissions due to Pertussis in Pacific Infants <1 Year by Pacific Group, New Zealand Table 91. Risk Factors for Hospital Admissions due to Pneumonia in Children 0-14 Years, New Zealand Table 92. Distribution of Hospital Admissions for Pneumonia in Pacific Children 0-14 Years by Pacific Group, New Zealand Table 93. Risk Factors for Hospital Admission due to Bronchiectasis in Children and Young People 0-24 Years, New Zealand Table 94. Distribution of Hospital Admissions due to Bronchiectasis in Pacific Children and Young People 0-24 Years by Pacific Group, New Zealand Table 95. Risk Factors for Hospital Admissions due to Asthma in Children 0-14 Years, New Zealand Table 96. Distribution of Hospital Admissions due to Asthma in Pacific Children 0-14 Years by Pacific Group, New Zealand Table 97. Hospital Admissions for Diabetes in Children and Young People 0-24 Years by Diagnosis, New Zealand Table 98. Risk Factors for Hospital Admission for Insulin Dependant Diabetes in Children and Young People 0-24 Years, New Zealand Table 99. Hospital Admissions for Epilepsy in Children and Young People 0-24 Years by Diagnosis, New Zealand Table 100. Risk Factors for Hospital Admission for Epilepsy and Status Epilepticus in Children and Young People 0-24 Years, New Zealand Table 101. Cancer Registrations in Children 0-14 Years, New Zealand Table 102. Cancer Registrations in Young People Years, New Zealand Table 103. Cancer Deaths in Children 0-14 Years, New Zealand Table 104. Cancer Deaths in Young People Years, New Zealand Table 105. Estimated Number of Pacific Children and Young People 0-24 Years with Autism in New Zealand During Table 106. Estimated Number of Pacific Children and Young People 0-24 Years with Cerebral Palsy in New Zealand During Table 107. Classification of Intellectual Disability Based on Severity and IQ Score Table 108. Number of Other Congenital Anomalies Listed at the Time of Birth in Infants with Down Syndrome, New Zealand Table 109. Number of Blind and Low Vision Learners Receiving Education Services by Region, New Zealand June Table 110. Ethnicity of Blind and Low Vision Learners Receiving Education Services and Enrolled on the National Database, New Zealand June xviii

23 Table 111. Communication Modes of Blind and Low Vision Learners Receiving Education Services and Enrolled on the National Database, New Zealand June Table 112. Number of Notifications Meeting the Criteria for Inclusion in Deafness Notification Database by Region of Residence, New Zealand Table 113. Age at Suspicion and Confirmation of Moderate or Greater Hearing Loss, New Zealand Table 114. Degrees of Hearing Loss and Associated Functional Impairment in Children Notified to a New Zealand Database, New Zealand Table 115. Degrees of Hearing Loss by Ethnicity in Children Notified to the Deafness Database, New Zealand 2004 (n=155) Table 116. Number of Admissions for Cochlear Implant Surgery in Children and Young People 0-24 Years, New Zealand Table 117. Number and Percentage of Calls to the 0800WHATSUP Telephone Counselling Service by Category, New Zealand Table 118. The Top 5 Reasons for Calling the 0800WHATSUP Telephone Counselling Service by Gender and Age, New Zealand Table 119. Calls to Youthline's Youth Help Line by Reason, New Zealand Sept Table 120. The Most Frequent Reasons for a Hospital Admission with a Mental Health Issue in Young People Years, New Zealand Table 121. Risk of Hospital Admission for Schizophrenia in Young People Years by Ethnicity, Gender and NZ Deprivation Index Decile, New Zealand Table 122. Risk of Hospital Admission for Depression in Young People Years by Ethnicity, Gender and NZ Deprivation Index Decile, New Zealand Table 123. Risk of Hospital Admission for Bipolar Affective Disorder in Young People Years by Ethnicity, Gender and NZ Deprivation Index Decile, New Zealand Table 124. Risk of Hospital Admission for Eating Disorders in Young People Years by Ethnicity, Gender and NZ Deprivation Index Quintile, New Zealand Table 125. Risk Factors for Hospital Admission for Self Inflicted Injury in Young People Years, New Zealand Table 126. Risk Factors for Suicide in Young People Years, New Zealand Table 127. Distribution of Hospital Admissions for Self Inflicted Injury in Pacific Young People Years by Pacific Group, New Zealand Table 128. Distribution of Deaths due to Suicide in Pacific Young People Years by Pacific Group, New Zealand Table 129 Teenage Birth Rates by Maternal Ethnicity and NZ Deprivation Index Decile, New Zealand Table 130. Distribution of Teenage Births (Excluding Terminations and Miscarriages) in Pacific Women by Pacific Ethnic Group, New Zealand Table 131. Gender, Ethnicity, NZ Deprivation Index Decile and Risk of Hospital Admission for Bronchiolitis in New Zealand Infants < 1 Year, xix