Reordering of IP Packets in Internet
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1 Reordering of IP Packets in Internet Xiaoming Zhou and Piet Van Mieghem Network Architectures and Services TU Delft January 29, 2004 Xiaoming Zhou 1
2 Introduction to Reordering Problem description and definitions Experiment results Conclusion Overview Xiaoming Zhou 2
3 Introduction Existence of packet reordering (out-of-order arrival of packets at the destination) Main reason: The Parallelism in Internet components (switches) and links How are you You how.. are S (1,2,3) 2 (1,3,2) D how are you time 3 1 you how are time Xiaoming Zhou 3
4 Introduction (con.) Amount of reordering is a function of: Network load Configuration of the hardware (i.e., multiple switches in a router) and software (i.e., class-based scheduling or priority queueing) in the routers Motivation Reordering greatly impacts the performance of applications in the Internet These reordering measurements may shed light on the underlying properties of the current topology Purpose: Understanding the nature of reordering UDP 1-way measurement Xiaoming Zhou 4
5 Introduction to Reordering Problem description and definitions Experiment results Conclusion Overview Xiaoming Zhou 5
6 Problem Description and Definitions M (S 1,...,S M ) streams sent S : i (a,a,,a ) 1 2 k A Packet sequence (b,b,,b ) 1 2 P (t,t,,t ) 1 2 P Time sequence B Reordered stream and reordered packet (1,2,3,5,4,7,6) Reordered packets (L=2) Reordered packet lengths L is defined as the total number of reordered packets in an arrival stream Xiaoming Zhou 6
7 Definitions (con.) A reordered stream A B Asymmetric nature R -R AB BA M streams sent M reordered streams M streams r a A B Reordered stream ratio M R = r AB M a Xiaoming Zhou 7
8 Definitions (con.) Question: How to predict whether a reordered packet will be useful in a receiver with a finite buffer? VoIP The reordered packet length does not give sufficient information The packet lag P L (2,1,3,4,5,6,7,8) (2,3,4,5,6,7,8,1) P=1 L P=7 L PL refers to the number of packets, with sequence numbers greater than the reordered packet that are received before the reordered packet itself. Xiaoming Zhou 8
9 The time lag T L Packet sequence Definition (3) (2,3,4,5,6,7,8,1) (1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8) (t2, t3, t4, t5, t6, t7, t8,t1) A B Time sequence T L is defined as the difference between the delay tkof the reordered packet k and its expected delay t without reordering k T = t - t L k k = t -min(t,,t ) k 1 P Xiaoming Zhou 9
10 Research question Definition (4) How to investigate to which extent packets are reordered with respect to a sample of packets? Methodology (these functions are measured) Reordered streams ratio The asymmetric nature pdf of reordered packet lengths L The packet lag PL and time lag TL Xiaoming Zhou 10
11 Introduction to Reordering Problem description and definitions Experiment results Conclusion Overview Xiaoming Zhou 11
12 RIPE measurement configuration The traces and delay data measured in 12 test-boxes of RIPE TTM project One way UDP packet A delay accuracy within 10 microseconds 12 test-boxes: 3 hosts are located in NL, 2 in GB, 1 in Sweden, Slovakia, Belgium, Australia, USA, Denmark and Greece Xiaoming Zhou 12
13 Two Experiments First send byte UDP packets (N50) Tests were run from 5 to 8 PM on October 16, 2003 Second send byte UDP packets (N100) Tests were run from 5 to 8 PM on October 17, 2003 Why 3 hours? The experiment consisted of 104 unidirectional paths Reordering does not correlate with loss Xiaoming Zhou 13
14 Results of reordered stream ratio Aim: Reordered stream ratio gives insight how often reordering happened in the probe-streams Principle : R = M r AB Ma Received data UDP streams Reordered stream UDP packets Reordered UDP packets N (56%) N (60%) (6%) (5.6%) Measurement duration 3 hours 3 hours Table: Details of the packets used to measure the reordering on 104 paths Reordering quite often occurs in the probe-streams Xiaoming Zhou 14
15 Results of Reordered packet length L Aim: quantify the extent of reordering How many reordered packets in each arrival stream? Pr[L=x] Minimum reordered lengths: 0 Maximum reordered lengths: 99 Mean: 5 95%: 11 99%: 62 Long tail Pr[L=x] Minimum reordered lengths: 0 Maximum reordered lengths: 49 Mean: 2 95%: 4 99%: 32 Long tail N50 N x L=0 44% 34% Figure: The pdf of the reordered packet lengths for the 2 data sets L=1 32% 28% L=2 10% 12% others 14% 26% Most individual streams have a relatively small number of reordering events x Xiaoming Zhou 15
16 Results of Reordered packet length (2) Fitting the pdf of L on a log-log scale seems to indicate power law behavior for L Power law: Pr[L=x]=C x -b N 50 fit slope= N 100 fit slope= Pr[L=x] x Figure: The pdf of reordered packet lengths L and the power law fit Xiaoming Zhou 16
17 The packet lag PL Results of the packet lag PL Aim: Help to predict whether a reordered packet will be useful in a receiver buffer with finite limit Principle: How many packets with greater sequence numbers have been received before the reordered packet Pr[P L =k] N 50 Average:12 Standard deviation=12 90%=28 99%= % 35% 0.12 long tail Pr[P L =k] long tail N 100 Average=18 Standard deviation=20 90%=48 99%= k Figure: The pdf of packet lag for 2 data sets Packet reordering has a significant impact on UDP performance since reordering adds a high cost for recovering from the reordering on the end host k Xiaoming Zhou 17
18 Results of the packet lag PL (2) Fitting the pdf of PL on a log-lin scale seems to indicate exponential distribution for PL Exponential distribution: Pr[PL =k]=a e -ak N 50 fit:ln(pr[p L =k])= k 0.1 N 100 fit:ln(pr[p L =k])= k 5 4 Pr[P L =k] Pr[P L =k] k k Figure: The pdf of packet lag and the exponential fit for 2 data sets Xiaoming Zhou 18
19 Results of reordered time lag Aim: Time lag is a delay-based metric to more precisely evaluate the impact of reordered packets on the end hosts T = t -min(t,, t ) Principle: k 1 P min(t,,t ) 1 P N 50 Average=0.03 Variance= %= %= N 100 Average=0.03 Variance= %= %=0.4 Pr[T=x] Pr[T=x] x (%) Figure: The pdf of normalized time lag for 2 data sets Packet reordering does not have a significant impact on UDP delay since reordering does not add large delay on the end host x (%) Xiaoming Zhou 19
20 Results of Asymmetry nature Omit pairs for which the probe-streams in one of the direction were missing, leaving the data from in total 39 pairs Degree of asymmetry of reordering (DAR): Degree Of Asymmetry of reordering (DAR) DAR= Pair Index Figure: Degree of Asymmetry of Reordered streams in all 39 symmetric traces R AB R BA min(r,r ) The asymmetry of reordered streams ratios exists on all experiment pairs, but it varies greatly from testbox-to-testbox Routing policies N 50 N 100 AB BA Xiaoming Zhou 20
21 Conclusion Reordering is a frequent phenomenon in Internet Most individual streams have a relatively small number of reordering events Packet reordering has a significant impact on UDP performance but it does not add a large delay on the end hosts The asymmetry of reordered streams ratios exists on all experiment pairs, but it varies greatly from testbox-to-testbox Xiaoming Zhou 21
Reordering of IP Packets in Internet
Reordering of IP Packets in Internet Xiaoming Zhou and Piet Van Mieghem Delft University of Technology Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics, and Computer Science P.O. Box 5031, 2600 GA Delft,
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