Looking Through the Glass. Born in 1911, Thomas Lanier Williams was the second child of Cornelius and Edwina

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1 Your name, the instructor s name, the course number, and the date are doublespaced in 12-point, Times New Roman font. Dates in MLA are written in this order: day, month, and year. Name Instructor Course Date Stew Dent Mr. Smith ENG May 2011 Looking Through the Glass Page numbers appear on all pages of an MLA document. In Microsoft Office 2010, select insert, then page number, top of page and select the third option: plain number 3. Type your name before the page number so that it appears on every page. Change the size and type of font to 12 point, Times New Roman to match the rest of your paper. Dent 1 Titles are centered and written in 12-point, Times New Roman font. The title is not in bold, underlined, or italicized. Poet, author, and playwright: these are all accurate descriptions of Tennessee Williams, yet somehow, those words fail to express the broad impact of his works on American culture. in in Born in 1911, Thomas Lanier Williams was the second child of Cornelius and Edwina Williams. At age five, Thomas became very ill with diphtheria and nearly died. During his The introductory paragraph, or introduction, should set the context for the rest of your paper. Tell your readers why you are writing and why your topic is important. lengthy recovery young Thomas became more introverted, discovered the joys of reading, writing, and using his very fertile imagination (Heintzelman and Smith-Howard 4). Williams began writing stories at a very young age, and his first short story, Isolated, was published his junior high-school newspaper (Roudane xvi). He later adopted his college nickname, dropped the name Thomas, and became Tennessee Williams. Williams first critical acclaim came in 1944 when The Glass Menagerie opened in Chicago and went to Broadway. It won a Pulitzer Prize, the New York Drama Critics Circle Award and, as a film, the New York Film Critics Circle Award ( American Masters ). Like many authors, Williams often used his personal experiences as the foundation for his stories. Significant people and places in a writer s life may be vaguely alluded to or blatantly caricatured in his or her works. Tennessee Williams uses his early family life for the basic structure of many of his works including his first successful play The Glass Menagerie, vividly sketching a portrait of the interpersonal relationships and underlying tensions in his family. MLA requires double-spacing throughout the document; do not single-space any part of the document. The thesis statement usually is the last sentence of the introduction. The thesis is a clear position that you will support and develop throughout your paper. This sentence guides or controls your paper.

2 For titles, capitalize all words except articles (e.g. a, an, the) coordinating conjunctions (e.g. and, but, for, nor, so, yet) prepositions (e.g. against, between, in, of, to) the to infinitive (i.e. How to Write a Paper) Basics In-text citations are used throughout your paper when you are directly quoting, paraphrasing, or summarizing an author s work. In-text citations are the same no matter which way you choose to incorporate source material. MLA citations consist of author and page number. If the source is electronic, no page number is required. One Author (Jensen 78). Two Authors (Bell and Bishop 90). Three Authors (Clarke, Riley, and Key 85). Four or More Authors (Jenkins et al ) Short Quotations Quotations from a source of less than four lines of prose or, three lines in the case of poetry, are indicated by the use of double quotation marks. Begin the quotation with an introductory phrase. The quotation marks at the end of the passage are followed by the parenthetical citation and the sentence punctuation. Lines of poetry are separated by a slash mark. When using the author s name in the sentence, omit the name from the parenthetical citation. Quotations from an author with more than one work cited in the paper require the author s name, title of the work, and page number in the parenthetical citation. With author s name in introductory phrase: In The Glass Menagerie, Williams pens Amanda as a Southern belle, and she recalls, Among my callers were some of the most prominent young planters of the Mississippi delta (981). Without author s name in introductory phrase: In The Glass Menagerie, the mother, Amanda, is a true Southern belle, and she recalls, Among my callers were some of the most prominent young planters of the Mississippi delta (Williams 981).

3 Author with more than one work cited Tom says that Laura is terribly shy and lives in a world of her own and those things make her seem a little peculiar (Williams, The Glass Menagerie 999). Long Quotations More than four lines of prose or, three lines in the case of poetry, must be set apart from the rest of the text by indenting the entire quote one inch from the left margin and omitting the quotation marks. The introductory phrase will be followed by a colon. (Note: The punctuation for a block quote is placed at the end of the sentence, not after the parenthetical citation.) Tom sails from port to port in the Merchant Marines searching for some way to ease his guilt. In his essay Entering the Glass Menagerie, C.W.E. Bigsby comments: [Tom Wingfield] revisits the past because he knows that his own freedom, such as it is, has been purchased at the price of abandoning others, as Williams had abandoned his mother and, more poignantly, his sister. He writes the play, more significantly, perhaps, because he has not effected that escape from the past which had been his primary motive for leaving. (37) Tom s memories of his life with his mother and sister are all the more painful because they are the incarnation of Williams real-life experiences. Secondary Sources When using material quoted from another source, the originator of the quote must get credit and the citation must be provided for the secondary source; for example, you are reading Bigsby s article and in the article, Bigsby cites Devlin s work. If you want to use Devlin s ideas for your paper, you need to give credit to the original author (Devlin) and where you found the information (Bigsby s article). On the works cited page, list Bigsby s article in the correct format. Within the paper, use an introductory phrase, as shown in the example below, to credit Devlin s work; in the citation, use qtd. in and the usual citation information. This lets the reader know the information was from Bigsby, but originated with Devlin. In his book Conversations with Tennessee Williams, Albert Devlin quotes Williams as saying, the glass animals came to represent the fragile delicate ties that must be broken, that you inevitably break, when you try to fulfill yourself (qtd. in Bigsby 37).

4 Work with no author credited When no author is associated with the work to be cited, the first thing that appears on the Works Cited page, i.e., the title of the work, is used in place of the author s name. The three storms that raged across the mid-west in January and February of 1978 are collectively known as the Blizzard of 1978 ( 1978 Ohio ). (Note: A long title can be shortened in the citation, but the first words of the title must be used to signal the correct source on the Works Cited page.) MLA Works Cited Format The Works Cited page should be double-spaced (as should your entire document in MLA format) and should be in 12-point, Times New Roman font. Alphabetize sources by the first item, such as the author s last name or, if no author is given, begin with the article title. If your entry begins with the word the use the next word to alphabetize. Do not number entries on the Works Cited page. The first line of each entry should not be indented; the second, third, fourth, etc., line(s) should be indented five spaces (or ½ inch). This is called a hanging indentation. See the examples which follow. If you have a journal, newspaper, magazine article, etc., that is in print form not online simply omit any information in the examples after the page number. Titles of books, magazines, journals, and subscription databases are italicized. If no date of publication is given, use n.d. If no publisher or sponsor is given for websites, use n.p. All information was taken from The MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers, Seventh Edition (2009) and The Wadsworth Essential Reference Card to the MLA Style Manual and Guide to Scholarly Publishing, Third Edition (2008). These resources are available for purchase in the campus bookstore. You may also come to the Writing Center for assistance.

5 Table of Contents Works Cited Samples Author with More than One Work...7 Blogs...11 Book(s)...6 Electronic Book...12 Encyclopedia or other Reference Book...7 Government / Corporate Author...10 Handouts...10 Images...11 Interview Personal Communication...10 Lecture...10 Online Book...11 Online Encyclopedias and Dictionaries...12 Online Journal Article from Subscription Database (i.e. NCLive)...8 Online Magazine Article...9 Online Newspaper Article...8 Opposing Viewpoints Online Resource Center...9 Selection from an Anthology...6 Website Article...8

6 Sample MLA Citations: BOOKS Book One Author LastName, FirstName. Title of Book. Ed.[if applicable] Edition number. City, State (if not well known): Publisher, Year. Print. Smith, John. What's So Bad About Feeling Good? Ed. James Q. Jones. (Smith 127). New York: Liveright, Print. Book Two or More Authors (Note: For works with more than 3 authors, listing all names is optional. The first author s name is given followed by et al. [see example two]). Example One work with two authors Williams, Joseph M., and Gregory G. Colomb. The Craft of Argument. (Williams and Colomb 93). 3 rd ed. New York: Pearson/Longman, Print. Example Two work with more than three authors Mooney, Susan, et al. Group Prenatal Care: An Analysis of Cost. (Mooney et al. 32). Journal of Healthcare Finance 34.4 (2008): Print. Selection from an Anthology (and an edition of a book other than the first edition) Faulkner, William. A Rose for Emily. The Bedford Introduction to (Faulkner 93). Literature. Ed. Michael Meyer. 9 th ed. New York: Bedford, Print.

7 More than One Selection from the Same Anthology Chopin, Kate. The Story of an Hour. Meyer Faulkner, William. A Rose for Emily. Meyer Meyer, Michael, ed. The Bedford Introduction to Literature. 9 th ed. New York: Bedford, Print. Author with More than One Work (Chopin 15). (Faulkner 95). (Meyer 91). *Within your paper, only cite the editor if you are using his information. (Note: When listing two or more works by the same author, the first work should include the author s name. Subsequent works, listed alphabetically, begin with three dashes followed by a period.) Rash, Ron. Saints at the River. New York: Henry Holt and Company, (Rash, Saints 198). LLC., Print Serena. New York: Harper Collins, Print. (Rash, Serena 23). Encyclopedia or Other Reference Book (Note: If no author is indicated, simply begin with title of entry.) LastName, FirstName. Title of Entry. Title of Reference Book. edition. Date Published. Print Folk Art. The World Book Encyclopedia ed. Chicago: World ( Folk Art ). Book. Print. Sample MLA Citations: ONLINE The sponsor or publisher of a website is often, but not always, found at the bottom of the webpage. Look for. The sponsor pays for the website. If you cannot find a sponsor, this is a red flag that the source is not credible and should not be used.

8 The sponsor and website may have the same name like in the first example below. In this case, you must include the same name twice, italicizing only the first. Online Newspaper Article LastName, FirstName. Article Title. Website. Sponsor of Website, Date of Publication. Web. Date Accessed. Carver, Raymond, and Tess Gallagher. We Real Cool. Washington (Carver and Gallagher). Post. Washington Post, 3 Aug Web. 10 Mar Website Article (CNN, Fox, MSNBC, etc.) LastName, FirstName. Article Title in Quotations. Website. Sponsor of Website, Date of Publication. Web. Date Accessed. Jenkins, Ronald. That is That. CNN.com. Cable News Network, 10 (Jenkins). Feb Web. 9 Mar Online Journal Article from a Subscription Database (Volume and Issue) LastName, FirstName. Article Title. Journal Name. Vol.Issue (Year): Inclusive page numbers. Database. Web. Date Accessed. Doe, Jane. Why Self Esteem is Trickier Than We Thought. Popular (Doe 77). Culture 3.1 (2006): Academic Search Premier. Web. 8 Mar

9 Online Journal Article from a Subscription Database (Volume, but no Issue) Doe, John. All Kinds of Cool Stuff. Wired. 45 (2007): (Doe 155). Business Search Premier. Web. 9 Mar Opposing Viewpoints Onlinw Resource Center (Cross-Referencing) Greek, C. Ray, and Jean Swingle Greek. Animal Testing is Not (Greek and Greek). Essential for Medical Research. Mur. Hume, Mick. Experimentation on Nonhuman Primates is Vital to (Hume). Medicine. Mur. Mur, Cindy, ed. At Issue: Animal Experimentation. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center. Web. 24 May (Mur). *Within your paper, only cite the editor if you are using her information. Online Magazine Article LastName, FirstName. Article Title. Magazine Name. Month Year: Inclusive page numbers. Database. Web. Date Accessed. Smith, Bob. What Would You Do? Ideas for Healthy Living. March (Smith 17). 2007: Business Search Premier. Web. 9 Mar Online Article with No Author Article Title. Website. Sponsor of Website, Date of Publication. Web. Date Accessed Ohio Statewide Blizzard. Ohiohistorycentral.org. Ohio Historical Society, 1 July Web. 15 Mar ( 1978 Ohio ). *Use the first two or three words of long titles.

10 Other Common MLA Citations Corporation as Author Corporation or Government Agency. Title of Page. Website. Sponsor of Website, Date Page was Updated. Web. Date Accessed. Mayo Clinic Staff. High Blood Pressure (Hypertension). (Mayo Clinic Staff). MayoClinic.com. Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research, 7 Aug Web. 10 Mar Interview Personal Communication Lastname, Firstname. Personal, Telephone or Interview. Day Month Year. Smith, John. Telephone Interview. 28 Feb (Smith). Lecture Lastname, Firstname. Title of Lecture. Course Name. Institution, Location. Date. Lecture. Benton, Laura. The Romantic Period. ENG 242. CCC&TI, Caldwell (Benton). Campus. 20 Nov Lecture. Handouts Lastname, Firstname. Title of Handout. Date year. TS (for typed document). Institution, Location. Williams, Matt. MLA Tips. Spring TS. CCC&TI, Caldwell (Williams). Campus.

11 Blogs or Other Information Published Only on the Web Lastname, FirstName or Username. Title of Web Page or Article. Website. Sponsor of Website, Date Posted or Updated. Web. Date of Access. Automotive Engine youfixcars.com. Mark Gittleman, LLC., ( Automotive Engine ). Images Web. 24 May Photographs, charts, and other images should be cited within the body of your paper instead of on the Works Cited page as shown below. The information should be inserted in a text box and does not require a hanging indent. For appearances, the border of the text box is removed. Lastname, Firstname. Title of Image. Date. Type of Image. Sponsor. Web. Date Accessed. The citation information that normally would be on the Works Cited page is placed under the image. Source: MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers. n.d. Photograph. Williams College. Web. 24 May Online Book (from NCLive) LastName, FirstName. Title of Book. Print Publisher Information, Date. Database. Sponsor of Database, Date. Web. Date of Access. Dickens, Charles. Oliver Twist. Oxford UP, ebook Collection. (Dickens). EbscoHOST, n.d. Web. 26 August 2011.

12 Electronic Books LastName, FirstName. Title of Work. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year. Source. Web. Date of Access. Brown, JamesW. A Look at Martial Arts. n.p. Free-ebooks.net. Web. (Brown, 42) 26 August Online Encyclopedias and Dictionaries Title of Entry. Title of Encyclopedia or Dictionary. Publisher, Date. Web. Date of Access. Hurricane. Merriam-Webster. Merriam-Webster, Web. 26 ( Hurricane ) August 2011.