International Equity Markets. Dora Chen, Zhen Zhang, Daisy Guo, Spencer Hu,
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1 International Equity Markets Dora Chen, Zhen Zhang, Daisy Guo, Spencer Hu,
2 International Equity Markets Chapter Objective: This chapter continues discussion of international capital markets with a discussion of both the primary and secondary equity markets throughout the world. International Financial Management 2
3 Agenda A Statistical Perspective Market Structure, Trading Practices, and Costs Trading in International Equities International Equity Market Benchmarks Factors Affecting International Equity Returns ishares MSCI Case study: Huaneng International Power International Financial Management 3
4 Definition Equity securities represent the ownership claims on a company s NET assets. It plays a fundamental role in investment analysis and portfolio management. International Financial Management 4
5 A Statistical Perspective International Financial Management 5
6 A Statistical Perspective Market Capitalization of Developed Countries Market Capitalization of Developing Countries Measures of Liquidity Measures of Market Concentration International Financial Management 6
7 Market Capitalization World s equity Market Capitalization at year-end 2006: $52 trillion Developed Country Almost 83% of the market capitalization is accounted for by the developed world. Developing Country The other 17% is accounted for by developing countries in emerging markets. -Europe -Far East -Atlantic -North America -Latin America -Asia -Eastern Europe -Mideast/Africa International Financial Management 7
8 Market Capitalization of Equity Markets in Developed Countries (in Billions U.S. Dollars) International Financial Management 8
9 Market Capitalization of Equity Markets in Selected Developing Countries (in Billions U.S. Dollars) International Financial Management 9
10 Growth of Global Equity Market Recently the growth rates in these emerging markets have been strong, but with more volatility than we have here at home. From 1996 to 2006 market cap. In developed countries increased 140% from $18 Tr. to $43 Tr. Increase was not evenly distributed: 177% for Europe, 137% for North America, and 95% for Far East International Financial Management 10
11 Measures of Liquidity Liquidity refers to how quickly an asset can be sold without a major price concession. The equity markets of the developed world tend to be much more liquid than emerging markets. So, while investments in emerging markets may be profitable, the focus should be on the long term. International Financial Management 11
12 Turnover Ratio Turnover ratio = Market transactions($) Market cap International Financial Management 12
13 Turnover Ration of Equity Markets in Developed Countries (Transaction in U.S.$/Year-End Market Capitalization in U.S. $) International Financial Management 13
14 Turnover Ration of Emerging Equity Markets in Selected Developing Countries (Transaction in U.S. $/Year-End Market Capitalization in U/S/ $) International Financial Management 14
15 Measures of Market Concentration Emerging Markets tend to be much more concentrated than our markets. Concentrated in relatively few companies. That is, a few issues account for a much larger percentage of the overall market capitalization in emerging markets than in the equity markets of the developed world. International Financial Management 15
16 Percentage of Market Capitalization Represented by the 10 Largest Stocks: Emerging Equity Markets in Selected Developing Countries International Financial Management 16
17 Country and Regional Contributions to Global GDP and Equity Market Capitalization (2007) International Financial Management 17
18 Equity Markets Ranked by Total Market Capitalization at the End of 2008 (Billions of U.S. Dollars) International Financial Management 18
19 Real Returns on Global Equity Securities, Bonds, and Bills During International Financial Management 19
20 Real Returns on Global Equity Securities, During , and International Financial Management 20
21 International Comparisons of Stock Ownership in Selected Countries: International Financial Management 21
22 Market Structure, Trading Practices, and Costs International Financial Management 22
23 Market Structure Primary market: New issues are first offered Secondary market: Subsequent trading takes place -They provide Marketability and Share valuation International Financial Management 23
24 Market order Secondary Market an order for the broker to buy or sell share immediately at the market price Limit order an order to transact at a specified price (the limit price) International Financial Management 24
25 Limit or Market order? The choice is yours International Financial Management 25
26 Market Structure Dealer Market The stock is sold by dealers, who stand ready to buy and sell the security for their own account. In the U.S., the OTC market is a dealer market, NASDAQ. Agency Market/Auction Market broker take client s order through the agent, who matches it with another public order. in the U.S., each stock traded on the exchange is represented by a specialist. Automated Exchanges International Financial Management 26
27 Secondary Markets Characteristics Market structure, types of flow. Continuous (i.e. OTC, NYSE, and AMEX) Non-continuous Call market Crowed trading International Financial Management 27
28 Secondary Markets Characteristics Characteristics of Major Equity Trading Systems International Financial Management 28
29 Important Exchanges In The World- America New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) American Stock Exchange (AMEX) National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotation System (NASDAQ) International Financial Management 29
30 Important Exchanges In The World- Europe London Stock Exchange (LSE) Frankfurt Stock Exchange (FTSE) Euronext International Financial Management 30
31 Important Exchanges In The World- Europe Tokyo Stock Exchange, (TSE) Singapore Exchange, (SGX) The Stock Exchange of Hong Kong, (SEHK) International Financial Management 31
32 Standards of Major Stock Exchanges International Financial Management 32
33 Standards of Major Stock Exchanges International Financial Management 33
34 Standards of Major Stock Exchanges International Financial Management 34
35 Standards of Major Stock Exchanges International Financial Management 35
36 Trading in International Equities International Financial Management 36
37 Trading in International Equities Magnitude of International Equity Trading Cross-listing of Shares Yankee Stock Offerings American Depository Receipts Global Registered Shares International Financial Management 37
38 Magnitude of International Equities Trading 1980s,world capital markets began a trend toward greater global integration. Diversification, reduced regulation, improvements in computer and communications technology, increased demand from MNCs for global issuance. International Financial Management 38
39 Designing a Strategy to Source Equity Globally Most firms raise their initial capital in their own domestic market. But not well known enough to attract foreign investors. an international bond offering and/or cross-listing equity shares on more highly liquid foreign stock exchanges. International Financial Management 39
40 Cross-Listing of Shares A firm having its equity shares listed on one or more foreign exchanges. American Depository Receipt (ADR) Global Depository Receipt (GDR) European Depository Receipt (EDR) International Depository Receipts (IDR) Global Registered Shares (GRS) International Financial Management 40
41 Benefits of Cross-Listing Improve the liquidity Lower cost of capital Expands the investor base for a firm. May mitigate possibility of hostile takeovers. Increase its share price Increase the firms visibility International Financial Management 41
42 Costs to Cross-Listing and Selling Equity Abroad Full and Transparent disclosure Worldwide trend fuller, more transparent, and more standardized financial disclosure may have the desirable effect of lowering the cost of equity capital. Securities laws in both countries International Financial Management 42
43 Do cross-listings create value? International Financial Management 43
44 Yankee Stock Offerings Direct sale of new equity capital to U.S. public investors by foreign firms. Privatization in South America and Eastern Europe Rapid growth in the economies of the developing countries Equity sales by Mexican firms trying to cash in on NAFTA International Financial Management 44
45 Depository Receipts Negotiable certificates issued by a bank to represent the underlying shares of stock, which are held in trust at a foreign custodian bank. International Financial Management 45
46 Depository Receipts American Depository Receipt (ADR) Global Depository Receipt (GDR) International Financial Management 46
47 American Depository Receipts A receipt that represents the number of foreign shares that are deposited at a U.S. bank.(bank of New York) Foreign stocks trade on U.S. exchanges as ADRs. NYSE NASDAQ (OTC) Involved financial entities: depository bank investing financial intermediary International Financial Management 47
48 International Financial Management 48
49 Sponsored vs. Unsponsored ADRs Sponsored ADR Program Unsponsored ADR Program Direct involvement of foreign company Foreign company provide Investment information Investors have the same rights Foreign company pay depository fees No direct involvement of foreign company Foreign company provide no investment information Depository bank has the rights Investors pay depository fees International Financial Management 49
50 Sponsored ADRs Summary of the Main Features of American Depository Receipts International Financial Management 50
51 Advantages of ADRs denominated in U.S. dollars, trade on U.S. exchanges and can be bought through any broker. Prices & Dividends in U.S. dollars. Most underlying stocks are bearer securities, the ADRs are registered. Represents fraction of a shares, single share or multiple shares of foreign stock International Financial Management 51
52 Special Risks of ADRs Exchange rate risk Inflationary risk Political risk International Financial Management 52
53 ADR Pricing PADR = Conv X PFS X S International Financial Management 53
54 ADR Pricing A share of the ADR of the French firm Pari represents one share of this firm s stock that is traded on a French stock exchange. The share price of Pari was 20 euros when the French market closed. As the U.S. stock market opens, the euro is worth $1.05. What is the no-arbitrage US dollar price of an ADR? Assume that transactions costs are negligible. International Financial Management 54
55 ADR Pricing PADR = Conv X PFS X S = 1 x 20 x $1.05 = $21 International Financial Management 55
56 ADR Arbitrage What if Pari ADRs were trading at $20 when the underlying shared were trading in France at 20 euros, what would you do to earn a trading profit? International Financial Management 56
57 Global Depository Receipt Access to global markets outside home market Raise capital in the Europe and the US Reg S and ADR International Financial Management 57
58 Benefits of Depository Receipts International Financial Management 58
59 Global Registered Shares SHAREs traded globally with same price in different currencies Trade in both dollars and euros. Advantage: All shareholders have equal status and voting rights. Disadvantage: More expensive to establish a global registrar and clearing facility Limited success International Financial Management 59
60 International Equity Market Benchmarks International Financial Management 60
61 International Equity Market Benchmarks Equity Market Benchmarks Morgan Stanley Capital International (MSCI) Dow Jones World Equity Benchmark Shares (WEBS) -Country-specific baskets of stocks designed to replicate the country indexes of 20 countries and 3 regions. International Financial Management 61
62 North American Equity Market Benchmarks NAME Dow Jones Industrial Average NASDAQ Combined Composite S&P 300 TSE 300 (CA) Mexico BOLSA Index SYMBOL DJIA CCMP SPX TS300 MEXBOL International Financial Management 62
63 I Shares MSCI Country- specific baskets of stocks designed to replicate the country indexes of 21 countries and 4 regions. I Shares are exchange traded funds that trade on the American Stock Exchange and are subject to U.S. SEC and IRS diversification requirements International Financial Management 63
64 Factors Affecting International Equity Returns International Financial Management 64
65 Factors affecting equity returns Macroeconomic factor Exchange rate Industrial structure International Financial Management 65
66 Macroeconomic Factors Affect the overall economic environment Interest rate Interest rate differentials Inflation rate Employment rate, etc International Financial Management 66
67 Macroeconomic Factors The data do not support the notion that equity returns are super strongly influenced by macro factors. It is not to say that macro factors are not important, but we cannot ignore these factors. International Financial Management 67
68 Exchange Rate Exchange rate movements in a given country reinforce the stock market movements in that country. Weak relationship, so one should be careful not to confuse correlation with causality. International Financial Management 68
69 Exchange Rate Changes in exchange rates explained a larger portion of the variability of foreign bond markets than foreign equity markets. Hedging is considered to be beneficial. International Financial Management 69
70 Industrial Structure Studies examining the influence of industrial structure on foreign equity returns are inconclusive. International Financial Management 70
71 Extreme Losses in Global Equity Markets During International Financial Management 71
72 Case Study: Huaneng Power International International Financial Management 72
73 Huaneng Power International (HPI) Started in 1991 A for-profit and state-run organization A monopoly in power industry of China Mandate for growth Reliable and efficient International Financial Management 73
74 HPI s Challenge In 1994, HPI needed Rmb 34.3 billion for expansion, but domestic sources were insufficient to this huge requirement. International Financial Management 74
75 Economic Background Rapid economic growth since 1970s Serious inflation problem followed Electricity became a scare commodity Interest rate differential between China and U.S. Unstable exchange rate International Financial Management 75
76 International Financial Management 76
77 International Financial Management 77
78 International Financial Management 78
79 International Financial Management 79
80 International Financial Management 80
81 Political Background Deng Xiaoping s passing was near. Courts of the PRC was not likely to enforce against the company judgements obtained in foreign courts. No withhold tax on dividends and capital gains earned by foreigners International Financial Management 81
82 Financial Market Background China s capital market was just emerging International market perception on PRC firms new issue was not expected to be well. HPI offers guaranteed return to attract foreign investors International Financial Management 82
83 International Market Background Hong Kong market was a reliable source of capital, but it wasn t clear that whether it was saturated. NYSE, NASDAQ, and other international market offer much potential in terms of size, higher valuation, and thirst for emerging market investment. International Financial Management 83
84 Final Decision HPI decided to tap on the NYSE. HPI entered the NYSE by issuing Level III ADRs HPI adapted the U.S. GAAP. International Financial Management 84
85 Is this the right timing for HPI to raise capital overseas, and will foreign investors be interested in investing this company? International Financial Management 85
86 Domestic Issue Right Timing Inefficient self financing Bank incapable to meet capital needs Oversaturation of Hong Kong Market Need for expansion to meet growth needs International Financial Management 86
87 Right Timing U.S. investors point of view: State-run for-profit organization No tax withholding Prospective growth of stock value (driven by China s energy need) Latest equipment and technologies for efficient operation Guaranteed return International Financial Management 87
88 Is there any alternatives to stocks HPI can use to finance its expansion? International Financial Management 88
89 No alternatives Debt financing ( Corporate bond, bank loan, term loan) Increase leverage Change in debt structure and risk level Local banks do not have sufficient capital International banks might not take the risk International Financial Management 89
90 What are advantages to investors of trading in ADRs rather than the underlying stock? International Financial Management 90
91 As a foreign investor of HPI, what are the factors that can affect your equity return? International Financial Management 91
92 Factors to Consider Developing / emerging Chinese market Inflation problem Interest rate differentials Exchange rate risk Political uncertainties International Financial Management 92
93 Questions?
94 Content International Financial Management 94
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