Nmap: Scanning the Internet
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- Samson Marshall
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1 Nmap: Scanning the Internet by Fyodor Black Hat Briefings USA August 6, 2008; 10AM Defcon 16 August 8, 2008; 4PM
2 Scan Goals Collect empirical data and use it to enhance Nmap functionality. Use the data to help knowledeable people make your scans more effective. Detect and resolve Nmap bugs and performance issues through the large scale scanning. Demonstrate techniques useful for routine scans as well as wide scale Internet scanning.
3 Scan Challenges: Determining the IP addresses to Scan Dozens of large but targeted scans rather than one giant scan. Many options: BGP routing tables, DNS zone files, registry allocation, etc. Nmap's own random IP generation: nmap ir sl n grep "not scanned" awk '{print $2}' sort n uniq >! tp; head tp >! 25M IPs; rm tp
4 Scan Challenges: Scan Source P2P scanning? Legal issues ISP response US Department of Defense response DoD JTF GNO: Joint Task Force for Global Network Operations
5 Scan Challenges: Firewalls Network conditions often differ significantly behind firewalls vs. Internet scanning Contributed data
6 Scan Challenges: Performance and Accuracy Internet scanning is long, hard work. Can be disheartening: Stats: 93:57:40 elapsed; hosts completed (2048 up), 2048 undergoing UDP Scan UDP Scan Timing: About 11.34% done; ETC: 03:21 ( 688: 41: 48 remaining) Finding and resolving performance and accuracy problems is a key goal.
7 Optimizing Host Discovery Goals Big challenge: Deciding on discovery methods Echo requests and even Nmap default discovery (TCP ACK to port 80 & echo request) are often insufficient for Internet scanning.
8 TCP Host Discovery Methods ( PS, PA) SYN packet discovery ( PS) Best against stateful filrewalls ACK packet discovery ( PA) Best against stateless firewalls
9 TCP Host Discovery Example # nmap -n -sp -PS80 sun.com Starting Nmap ( ) Host appears to be up. Nmap done: 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 0.05 seconds # nmap -n -sp -PA80 sun.com Starting Nmap ( ) Note: Host seems down. If it is really up, but blocking our ping probes, try -PN Nmap done: 1 IP address (0 hosts up) scanned in 2.07 seconds
10 TCP Host Discovery Methods: Top Ports Adding more TCP SYN and ACK probes can help, but which ports work the best?
11 Top 10 TCP Host Discovery Ports 80/http 25/smtp 22/ssh 443/https 21/ftp 113/auth 23/telnet 53/domain 554/rtsp 3389/ms term server
12 UDP Host Discovery ( PU) Closed ports better than open one because they are more likely to respond. Port 53 often worthwhile due to firewall exceptions for DNS.
13 ICMP Host Discovery Methods ( PE, PM, PP) Some systems intentionally allow echo requests, but block the others. Others block echo requests explicitly, but forget about netmask/timestamp requests. Solution: Use both echo request and one of the other two.
14 Protocol Ping ( PO) Default is to send 3 probes, for protocols 1 (ICMP), 2 (IGMP), and 4 (IP in IP)
15 Default Host Discovery Effectiveness # nmap -n -sl -ir on - grep "not scanned" awk '{print $2}' sort -n > 50K_IPs # nmap -sp -T4 -il 50K_IPs Starting Nmap ( ) Host dialup dial1.sandiego1.level3.net ( ) appears to be up. Host dialup dial1.sanjose1.level3.net ( ) appears to be up. Host firewall2.baymountain.com ( ) appears to be up. [thousands of lines cut] Host appears to be up. Host broad.ak.sn.dynamic.163data.com.cn ( ) appears to be up. Nmap done: IP addresses (3348 hosts up) scanned in seconds
![Host firewall2.baymountain.com (8.7.97.2) appears to be up. [thousands of lines cut] Host 222.91.121.22 appears to be up. Host 105.237.91.222.broad.ak.sn.](/docs-images/43/10879636/images/page_15.jpg "dynamic.163data.com.cn (222.91.237.105) appears to be up. Nmap done: 50000 IP addresses (3348 hosts up) scanned in 1598.067 seconds")
16 Enhanced Host Discovery Effectiveness # nmap -sp -PE -PP -PS21,22,23,25,80,113, PA80,113,443, source-port 53 -T4 -il 50K_IPs Starting Nmap 4.65 ( ) at :07 PDT Host sim7124.agni.lindenlab.com ( ) appears to be up. Host firewall2.baymountain.com ( ) appears to be up. Host appears to be up. Host psor.inshealth.com ( ) appears to be up. [thousands of hosts cut] Host ZM ppp.dion.ne.jp ( ) appears to be up. Host broad.ak.sn.dynamic.163data.com.cn ( ) appears to be up. Host appears to be up. Nmap done: IP addresses (4473 hosts up) scanned in seconds
![Host psor.inshealth.com (12.130.143.43) appears to be up. [thousands of hosts cut] Host ZM088019.ppp.dion.ne.jp (222.8.88.19) appears to be up. Host 105.237.91.222.broad.ak.sn.](/docs-images/43/10879636/images/page_16.jpg "dynamic.163data.com.cn (222.91.237.105) appears to be up. Host 222.92.136.102 appears to be up. Nmap done: 50000 IP addresses (4473 hosts up) scanned in 4259.281 seconds")
17 Enhanced Discovery Results Enhanced discovery: took 71 minutes vs. 27 (up 167%) Found 1,125 more live hosts (up 34%)
18 Upgrade your Nmap Many bug fixes and performance improvements in version See For even newer, try the svn release. See svn For all the goods in this presentation: svn co username guest password svn://svn.insecure.org/nmap exp/bhdc08
19 Top Ports Project A massive scan of millions of Internet IPs to determine most commonly open TCP and UDP ports. Some large organizations also contributed scan data to give a behind the firewall perspective. nmap services file augmented with frequency data for each port.
20 Default Scan Ports In Nmap 4.68: 1715 ports for TCP scans, plus 1488 for UDP scans. Ports , plus all named ports above that. With augmented nmap services: Top 1000 ports for each protocol. Finishes faster, and often finds more open ports.
21 Fast Scan ( F) Ports In Nmap 4.68: 1276 ports for TCP scans, plus 1017 for UDP scans. Includes all named ports. With augmented nmap services: Top 100 ports for each protocol.
22 Fast Scan Example Times Nmap suv F T4 scanme.nmap.org With 4.68: 1 hour, 2 minutes, 62 seconds With bhdc08: 6 minutes, 29 seconds With bhdc08 & version intensity 0 : 13 sec All three found the same open port (53)
23 New top ports and port ratio features top ports <n> scans the most commonly open <n> ports for each protocol requested. port ratio <n> (where <n> is between 0 and 1) scans all ports with a frequency of at least the given level.
24 Top 10 TCP ports 80 (http) 23 (telnet) 22 (ssh) 443 (https) 3389 (ms term serv) 445 (microsoft ds) 139 (netbios ssn) 21 (ftp) 135 (msrpc) 25 (smtp)
25 TCP effectiveness of top port values top ports 10: 48% top ports 50: 65% top ports 100: 73% top ports 250: 83% top ports 500: 89% top ports 1000: 93% top ports 2000: 96% top ports 3674: 100%
26 137 (netbios ns) 161 (snmp) 1434 (ms sql m) 123 (ntp) 138 (netbios dgm) 445 (microsoft ds) 135 (msrpc) 67 (dhcps) 139 (netbios ssn) 53 (domain) Top 10 UDP ports
27 UDP effectiveness of top port values top ports 10: 50% top ports 50: 86% top ports 100: 90% top ports 250: 94% top ports 500: 97% top ports 1017: 100% Note: p UDP data not yet available
28 Packet Rate Control min rate <packets per second> max rate <packets per second> nmap min-rate 500 scanme.nmap.org
29 Putting it all Together nmap -S [srcip] -d --max-scan-delay 10 -oa logs/tcp-allports-%t-%d -il tcpallports-1m-ips --max-retries 1 --randomize-hosts -p- -PS21,22,23,25,53,80,443 -T4 --minhostgroup min-rate 175 max-rate 300
30 Nmap News! Insecure.Org
31 Nmap Scripting Engine (NSE) # nmap -A -T4 scanme.nmap.org Starting Nmap ( ) Interesting ports on scanme.nmap.org ( ): Not shown: 1709 filtered ports PORT STATE SERVICE VERSION 22/tcp open ssh OpenSSH 4.3 (protocol 2.0) 25/tcp closed smtp 53/tcp open domain ISC BIND /tcp closed gopher 80/tcp open http Apache httpd ((Fedora)) _ HTML title: Site doesn't have a title. 113/tcp closed auth Device type: general purpose Running: Linux 2.6.X OS details: Linux (Fedora Core 5) Uptime: days (since Tue May 13 12:46: ) Nmap done: 1 IP address scanned in seconds Raw packets sent: 3464 (154KB) Rcvd: 60 (3KB)
32 NSE Demo #./nmap -PN -v -su -p53 -T4 --script=dns-test-openrecursion,dns-safe-recursion-port.nse,dns-safe-recursiontxid.nse dns-1.blackhat.com archimedes.shmoo.com Interesting ports on dns-1.blackhat.com ( ): PORT STATE SERVICE 53/udp open domain _ DNS source port randomness: ERROR: Server refused recursion _ DNS TXID randomness: ERROR: Server refused recursion Interesting ports on archimedes.shmoo.com ( ): PORT STATE SERVICE 53/udp open domain _ Nameserver open recursive querys (CVE ) (BID 136, 678): Recursion seems enabled _ DNS source port randomness: is GREAT: 51 queries in 3.2 seconds from 51 ports with std dev _ DNS TXID randomness: is GREAT: 52 queries in 3.3 seconds from 52 txids with std dev 20996
33 Zenmap GUI Insecure.Org
34 2 nd Generation OS Detection # nmap -A -T4 scanme.nmap.org [...] Device type: general purpose Running: Linux 2.6.X OS details: Linux (Fedora Core 5) More info:
35 Version Detection # nmap -A -T4 scanme.nmap.org Starting Nmap ( ) Interesting ports on scanme.nmap.org ( ): Not shown: 1709 filtered ports PORT STATE SERVICE VERSION 22/tcp open ssh OpenSSH 4.3 (protocol 2.0) 25/tcp closed smtp 53/tcp open domain ISC BIND /tcp closed gopher 80/tcp open http Apache httpd ((Fedora)) _ HTML title: Site doesn't have a title. 113/tcp closed auth Device type: general purpose Running: Linux 2.6.X Now has 4,803 signatures OS details: Linux (Fedora Core 5) Uptime: days (since Tue May 13 12:46: ) Nmap More done: info: 1 IP address scanned in seconds Raw packets sent: 3464 (154KB) Rcvd: 60 (3KB)
36 reason # nmap --reason -T4 scanme.nmap.org [...] Interesting ports on scanme.nmap.org ( ): Not shown: 1709 filtered ports Reason: 1709 no-responses PORT STATE SERVICE REASON 22/tcp open ssh syn-ack 25/tcp closed smtp reset 53/tcp open domain syn-ack 70/tcp closed gopher reset 80/tcp open http syn-ack 113/tcp closed auth reset
37 packet trace # nmap --packet-trace -p 25,113 scanme.nmap.org Starting Nmap ( ) [...] RCVD (0.1430s) TCP :25 > :46736 RA ttl=55 id=0 iplen=40 seq=0 win=0 ack= RCVD (0.1440s) TCP :113 > :46736 RA ttl=55 id=0 iplen=40 seq=0 win=0 ack= [...] Nmap done: 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 0.15 seconds
38 Advanced Traceroute # nmap traceroute scanme.nmap.org [...] TRACEROUTE (using port 22/tcp) HOP RTT ADDRESS wap.nmap-int.org ( ) [...] so mpr1.sjc2.us.above.net ( ) so mpr3.pao1.us.above.net ( ) metro0.sv.svcolo.com ( ) scanme.nmap.org ( )
39 Performance and Accuracy # nmap -T4 --max_rtt_timeout initial_rtt_timeout min_hostgroup 512 max_retries 0 -n -P0 -p80 -og pb3.gnmap /20 Starting Nmap [...] Nmap run completed IP addresses (4096 hosts up) scanned in seconds
40 TCP and IP Header Options # nmap -vv -n -ss -P0 -p ip-options "L "
41 Ncat A modern interpretation of Hobbit's venerable Netcat Supports virtually all of the Netcat 1.10 features, except the basic portscanner. Also supports SSL, IPv6, multiple platforms, connection brokering, port redirection, proxies (client, server, chaining), shell execution, access control, and more. In development since 2005, nearly ready for release. Current dev lead is Kris Katterjohn. Available from svn://svn.insecure.org/ncat (login: guest/guest)
42 Ndiff Compares two (or more) scans, displays changes (new/removed hosts, ports, changed services, etc.) Great for quick change detection with recurring scans. Perl version available from: svn://svn.insecure.org/nmap exp/ndiff
43 Nmap Network Scanning Insecure.Org
44 Top Nmap Contributors since 4.50 Aaron Leininger, Adriano Monteiro Marques, Allison Randal, Andrew J. Bennieston, Andy Lutomirski, Arturo Buanzo Busleiman, Benson Kalahar, Bill Pollock, Brandon Enright, Brian Hatch, Chad Loder, Chris Gibson, Daniel Roethlisberger, David Fifield, David Moore, Diman Todorov, Doug Hoyte, Dragos Ruiu, Dudi Itzhakov, Eddie Bell, Emma Jane Hogbin, Gisle Vanem, Guilherme Polo, HD Moore, Ithilgore, Jabra, Jah, James Messer, Jason DePriest, Jeff Nathan, Jesse Burns, Joao Medeiros, Jurand Nogiec, Kris Katterjohn, Lamont Jones, Lance Spitzner, Leigh Honeywell, Lionel Cons, Martin Macok, Max Schubert, Michael Pattrick, Mixter, Nathan Bills, Patrick Donnelly, Philip Pickering, Rainer Müller, Raven Alder, Rob Nicholls, Sebastián García, Simple Nomad, Solar Designer, Stephan Fijneman, Steve Christensen, Sven Klemm, Thomas Buchanan, Thorsten Holz, Tim Adam, Tom Duffy, Tom Sellers, Tyler Reguly, van Hauser, Vlad Alexa, Vladimir Mitrovic, William McVey, Zhao Lei
45 Questions and Resources Download Nmap from Download these slides from: Nmap Network Scanning pre release is available at: Black Hat Bookstore Sold out! No Starch booth at Defcon starting at 10AM Friday. Newest Nmap: svn://svn.insecure.org/nmap exp/bhdc08
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