Building Highly Available Database Applications for Apache Derby

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1 Building Highly Available Applications for Apache Emmanuel Cecchet Principal architect - Emic Networks Chief architect ObjectWeb consortium 1

2 Motivations tier should be scalable highly available without modifying the client application database vendor independent on commodity hardware Internet JDBC JDBC JDBC 2

3 Scaling the database tier Master-slave replication Cons failover time/data loss on master failure read inconsistencies scalability Web frontend App. server Master Internet 3

4 Scaling the database tier Atomic broadcast Cons atomic broadcast scalability no client side load balancing heavy modifications of the database engine Internet Atomic broadcast 4

5 Scaling the database tier SMP Cons Cost Scalability limit Web frontend App. server Internet Well-known database vendor here Well-known hardware + database vendors here 5

6 Scaling the database tier Shared disks Cons still expensive hardware availability Web frontend App. server Disks Internet Another well-known database vendor 6

7 Outline RAIDb C-JDBC and C-JDBC Scalability High availability 7

8 RAIDb concept Redundant Array of Inexpensive s RAIDb controller gives the view of a single database to the client balance the load on the database backends RAIDb levels offers various tradeoff of performance and fault tolerance 8

9 RAIDb levels RAIDb-0 partitioning no duplication and no fault tolerance at least 2 nodes SQL requests RAIDb controller table 1 table 2 & 3 table... table n-1 table n 9

10 RAIDb levels RAIDb-1 mirroring performance bounded by write broadcast at least 2 nodes SQL requests RAIDb controller Full DB Full DB Full DB Full DB Full DB 10

11 RAIDb levels RAIDb-2 partial replication at least 2 copies of each table for fault tolerance at least 3 nodes SQL requests RAIDb controller Full DB table x table y table x & y table z 11

12 RAIDb levels composition RAIDb-1-0 no limit to the composition deepness RAIDb-0 controller SQL requests RAIDb-1 controller RAIDb-0 controller table w table x & y table z table w table y table x & z RAIDb-0 controller table w table x table y table z 12

13 Outline RAIDb C-JDBC and C-JDBC Scalability High availability 13

14 C-JDBC overview Middleware implementing RAIDb 100% Java implementation open source (LGPL) Two components generic JDBC (C-JDBC ) C-JDBC Controller Read-one, Write all approach provides eager (strong) consistency Supports heterogeneous databases 14

15 architectural overview Application server DB2 C-JDBC Univ. JDBC Driver JVM C-JDBC controller with Network server JVM 15

16 Using C-JDBC as an open source for Application server C-JDBC JDBC JVM C-JDBC controller Embedded JVM 16

17 Inside the C-JDBC Controller Client application (Servlet, EJB,...) C-JDBC Client application (Servlet, EJB,...) C-JDBC Client application (Servlet, EJB,...) C-JDBC C-JDBC Controller Virtual database 1 Virtual database 2 HTTP RMI... JMX administration console Configuration Monitoring JMX Server Authentication Manager Recovery Log Request Manager Scheduler Query result cache Load balancer Authentication Manager Recovery Log Request Manager Scheduler Query result cache Load balancer dumps management Checkpointing service Backend Connection Manager JDBC Backend Connection Manager JDBC Backend Connection Manager JDBC Backend Connection Manager JDBC Backend Connection Manager Oracle JDBC Oracle 17

18 Virtual Backend Connection Manager JDBC Java client program (Servlet, EJB,...) C-JDBC Virtual database Authentication Manager Recovery Log Request Manager Request Cache Backend Connection Manager Scheduler Load balancer JDBC Backend Connection Manager JDBC gives the view of a single database establishes the mapping between the database name used by the application and the backend specific settings backends can be added and removed dynamically configured using an XML configuration file 18

19 Authentication Manager Java client program (Servlet, EJB,...) C-JDBC Virtual database Authentication Manager Recovery Log Request Manager Scheduler Request Cache Load balancer Matches real login/password used by the application with backend specific login/ password Administrator login to manage the virtual database Backend Connection Manager JDBC Backend Connection Manager JDBC Backend Connection Manager JDBC 19

20 Scheduler Backend Connection Manager JDBC Java client program (Servlet, EJB,...) C-JDBC Virtual database Authentication Manager Recovery Log Request Manager Request Cache Backend Connection Manager Scheduler Load balancer JDBC Backend Connection Manager JDBC Manages concurrency control Specific implementations for RAIDb 0, 1 and 2 Pass-through Optimistic and pessimistic transaction level uses the database schema that is automatically fetched from backends 20

21 Request cache Backend Connection Manager JDBC Java client program (Servlet, EJB,...) C-JDBC Virtual database Authentication Manager Recovery Log Request Manager Request Cache Backend Connection Manager Scheduler Load balancer JDBC Backend Connection Manager JDBC 3 optional caches tunable sizes parsing cache parse request skeleton only once INSERT INTO t VALUES (?,?,?) metadata cache column metadata fields of a request result cache caches results from SQL requests tunable consistency fine grain invalidations optimizations for findbypk requests 21

22 Load balancer 1/2 Backend Connection Manager JDBC Java client program (Servlet, EJB,...) C-JDBC Virtual database Authentication Manager Recovery Log Request Manager Backend Connection Manager Scheduler Request Cache Load balancer JDBC Backend Connection Manager JDBC RAIDb-0 query directed to the backend having the needed tables RAIDb-1 read executed by current thread write executed in parallel by a dedicated thread per backend result returned if one, majority or all commit if one node fails but others succeed, failing node is disabled RAIDb-2 same as RAIDb-1 except that writes are sent only to nodes owning the updated table 22

23 Load balancer 2/2 Backend Connection Manager Java client program (Servlet, EJB,...) C-JDBC Virtual database Authentication Manager Recovery Log Request Manager Backend Connection Manager Scheduler Request Cache Load balancer Backend Connection Manager Static load balancing policies Round-Robin (RR) Weighted Round-Robin (WRR) Least Pending Requests First (LPRF) request sent to the node that has the shortest pending request queue efficient even if backends do not have homogeneous performance JDBC JDBC JDBC 23

24 Connection Manager Backend Connection Manager JDBC Java client program (Servlet, EJB,...) C-JDBC Virtual database Authentication Manager Recovery Log Request Manager Request Cache Backend Connection Manager Scheduler Load balancer JDBC Backend Connection Manager JDBC C-JDBC provides transparent connection pooling Connection pooling for a backend no pooling blocking pool non-blocking pool dynamic pool Connection pools defined on a per login basis resource management per login dedicated connections for admin 24

25 Recovery Log Backend Connection Manager JDBC Java client program (Servlet, EJB,...) C-JDBC Virtual database Authentication Manager Recovery Log Request Manager Request Cache Backend Connection Manager Scheduler Load balancer JDBC Backend Connection Manager JDBC Checkpoints are associated with database dumps Record all updates and transaction markers since a checkpoint Used to resynchronize a database from a checkpoint JDBCRecoveryLog store log information in a database can be re-injected in a C-JDBC cluster for fault tolerance 25

26 Functional overview (read) connect execute SELECT login, connect password * mydb FROM t Client application (Servlet, EJB,...) C-JDBC C-JDBC Controller Virtual database 1 Authentication Manager Request Manager Client application (Servlet, EJB,...) C-JDBC Recovery Log Scheduler Query result cache Load balancer Backend Connection Manager JDBC Backend Connection Manager JDBC Backend Connection Manager JDBC 26

27 Functional overview (write) execute INSERT INTO t Client application (Servlet, EJB,...) C-JDBC C-JDBC Controller Virtual database 1 Authentication Manager Request Manager Client application (Servlet, EJB,...) C-JDBC Recovery Log Scheduler Query result cache Load balancer Backend Connection Manager JDBC Backend Connection Manager JDBC Backend Connection Manager JDBC 27

28 Failures execute INSERT INTO t Client application (Servlet, EJB,...) C-JDBC Client application (Servlet, EJB,...) C-JDBC No 2 phase-commit parallel transactions failed nodes are automatically disabled C-JDBC Controller Virtual database 1 Authentication Manager Recovery Log Request Manager Scheduler Query result cache Load balancer Backend Connection Manager JDBC Backend Connection Manager JDBC Backend Connection Manager JDBC 28

29 Outline RAIDb C-JDBC and C-JDBC Scalability High availability 29

30 Highly available web site Apache clustering L4 switch, RR-DNS, One-IP techniques, LVS, Tomcat clustering mod_jk (T4), mod_proxy/mod_rewrite (T5), session replication clustering C-JDBC RR-DNS Internet mod-jk Open source Parsing cache Result cache Metadata cache embedded 30

31 Result cache Cache contains a list of SQL ResultSet Policy defined by querypattern Policy 3 policies EagerCaching: variable granularities for invalidations RelaxedCaching: invalidations based on timeout NoCaching: never cached RUBiS bidding mix No cache Coherent Relaxed with 450 clients cache cache Throughput (rq/min) Avg response time 801 ms 284 ms 134 ms CPU load 100% 85% 20% C-JDBC CPU load - 15% 7% 31

32 Configuring C-JDBC as a (1/3) Client application org.objectweb.cjdbc..driver C-JDBC Driver jdbc:cjdbc://host/db C-JDBC Controller SingleDB configuration jdbc:derby:path;create=true Embedded copy c-jdbc-.jar in client application classpath Class.forName( org.objectweb.cjdbc..driver ); Connection c = DriverManager.getConnection( jdbc:cjdbc://host/db, login, password ); copy derby.jar in $CJDBC_HOME/s 32

33 Configuring C-JDBC as a (2/3) <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf8"?> <!DOCTYPE C-JDBC PUBLIC "-//ObjectWeb//DTD C-JDBC 1.1//EN" > <C-JDBC> <Virtual name="xpetstore"> <AuthenticationManager> <Admin> <User username="admin" password=""/> </Admin> <VirtualUsers> <VirtualLogin vlogin="user" vpassword= x"/> </VirtualUsers> </AuthenticationManager> <Backend name="derby ="org.apache.derby.jdbc.embeddeddriver url="jdbc:derby:c:/xpetstore;create=true" connectionteststatement="values 1"> <ConnectionManager vlogin="user" rlogin="app" rpassword="app"> <VariablePoolConnectionManager initpoolsize="1" maxpoolsize="50"/> </ConnectionManager> </Backend> 33

34 Configuring C-JDBC as a (3/3) <RequestManager> <RequestScheduler> <SingleDBScheduler level= passthrough"/> </RequestScheduler> <RequestCache> <MetadataCache/> <ParsingCache/> <ResultCache granularity="table"/> </RequestCache> <LoadBalancer> <SingleDB/> </LoadBalancer> </RequestManager> </Virtual> </C-JDBC> 34

35 Highly available web site Multiple databases choosing RAIDb level recovery log for adding nodes dynamically recovering from failures Internet 35

36 clustering with C-JDBC Client application Client application org.objectweb.cjdbc..driver C-JDBC Driver jdbc:cjdbc://host1/db C-JDBC Controller RAIDb configuration org.objectweb.cjdbc..driver C-JDBC Driver com.ibm.db2.jcc.db2driver DB2 Universal Driver for jdbc:derby:net://host2:1527/db; create=true;retrievemessagesfro mserverongetmessage=true; Network Server org.objectweb.cjdbc..driver C-JDBC Driver jdbc:cjdbc://host3/db C-JDBC Controller SingleDB configuration jdbc:derby:path;create=true Embedded 36

37 Configuring C-JDBC with Network server Virtual database configuration file <Backend name= derby1 = com.ibm.db2.jcc.db2driver url= jdbc:derby:net://localhost:1527/xpetstore;create=true;retr ievemessagesfromserverongetmessage=true; connectionteststatement="values 1"> <ConnectionManager /> </Backend> 37

38 Configuring C-JDBC with /C-JDBC Virtual database configuration file <Backend name= derby2 = org.objectweb.cjdbc..driver url= jdbc:cjdbc://host/xpetstore connectionteststatement= values 1"> <ConnectionManager /> </Backend> 38

39 Configuring C-JDBC Clustering with (1/2) <RequestManager> <RequestScheduler> <RAIDb-1Scheduler level= passthrough"/> </RequestScheduler> <RequestCache> <MetadataCache/> <ParsingCache/> <ResultCache granularity="table" /> </RequestCache> <LoadBalancer> <RAIDb-1> <RAIDb-1-LeastPendingRequestFirst/> </RAIDb-1> </LoadBalancer> 39

40 Configuring C-JDBC Clustering with (2/2) <RecoveryLog> <JDBCRecoveryLog ="com.ibm.db2.jcc.db2driver url="jdbc:derby:net://localhost:1529/xpetstore; create=true;retrievemessagesfromserverongetmessage=true;" login="app" password="app"> <RecoveryLogTable tablename="recovery" idcolumntype="bigint NOT NULL" sqlcolumnname="sqlstmt sqlcolumntype="varchar(8192) NOT NULL extrastatementdefinition=",primary KEY (id)"/> <CheckpointTable tablename="checkpoint"/> <BackendTable tablename="backendtable"/> <DumpaTable tablename= DUMPTABLE /> </JDBCRecoveryLog> </RecoveryLog> </RequestManager> </Virtual> 40

41 Controller replication <Virtual name="mydb"> <Distribution/> Internet 41

42 Outline RAIDb C-JDBC and C-JDBC Scalability High availability 42

43 C-JDBC vertical scalability allows nested RAIDb levels allows tree architecture for scalable write broadcast necessary with large number of backends C-JDBC re-injected in C-JDBC controller 43

44 C-JDBC vertical scalability RAIDb-1-1 with C-JDBC no limit to composition deepness Client program C-JDBC JVM Client program C-JDBC JVM C-JDBC controller RAIDb-1 C-JDBC Client program C-JDBC JVM C-JDBC controller RAIDb-1 JDBC C-JDBC controller RAIDb-1 JDBC C-JDBC controller RAIDb-1 JDBC 44

45 Vertical scalability Addresses JVM scalability issues Distributing large number of connections on many backends Client program C-JDBC JVM Client program C-JDBC JVM C-JDBC controller Partial replication C-JDBC Client program C-JDBC JVM C-JDBC controller Full replication DB native JDBC C-JDBC controller Full replication DB native JDBC C-JDBC controller Full replication DB native JDBC DB 1 DB 2 DB 3 DB 4 DB 5 DB 6 DB7 45

46 TPC-W benchmark (Amazon.com) Nearly linear speedups with the shopping mix Throughput in requests per minute Single Full replication Partial replication Number of nodes 46

47 Outline RAIDb C-JDBC and C-JDBC Scalability High availability 47

48 Controller replication Prevent the controller from being a single point of failure Group communication for controller synchronization C-JDBC supports multiple controllers with automatic failover Java client program C-JDBC JVM C-JDBC Controller JDBC Java client program C-JDBC JVM PostgreSQL JDBC Java client program C-JDBC JVM Java client program C-JDBC jdbc:c-jdbc://node1:25322,node2:12345/mydb JGroups JVM C-JDBC Controller PostgreSQL JDBC JDBC PostgreSQL PostgreSQL 48

49 Controller replication Client application (Servlet, EJB,...) Client application (Servlet, EJB,...) Client application (Servlet, EJB,...) C-JDBC jdbc:cjdbc://node1,node2/mydb Total order reliable multicast C-JDBC Controller Distributed Request Manager Virtual database 1 Authentication Manager Request Manager Scheduler Query result cache Load balancer C-JDBC C-JDBC C-JDBC Controller Distributed Request Manager Virtual database 2 Authentication Manager Request Manager Scheduler Query result cache Load balancer Backend Connection Manager Backend Connection Manager Backend Connection Manager Backend Connection Manager JDBC JDBC JDBC Oracle JDBC Emic 2005 Emmanuel Cecchet ApacheCon EU 2005 Oracle 49

50 Mixing horizontal & vertical scalability Client program C-JDBC JVM Client program C-JDBC JVM Client program C-JDBC JVM C-JDBC controller Full replication DB native JDBC C-JDBC C-JDBC controller Full replication C-JDBC DB 1 DB 2 C-JDBC controller Full replication DB native JDBC C-JDBC DB 3 DB 4 C-JDBC controller Full replication DB native JDBC DB 5 DB 6 DB 7 50

51 Building initial checkpoint Dump initial database using any tools (tar, zip, ) Initial checkpoint inserted in RecoveryLog EJB Container JOnAS, WebLogic, JBoss, WebSphere,... C-JDBC JVM disabled dump for initial checkpoint C-JDBC Controller Recovery Log JDBC disabled 51

52 Logging Backend is enabled All database updates are logged (SQL statement, user, transaction, ) JDBC Recovery Log dump for initial checkpoint EJB Container JOnAS, WebLogic, JBoss, WebSphere,... C-JDBC JVM C-JDBC Controller Recovery Log JDBC enabled enabled 52

53 Adding new backends 1/3 Add new backends while system online Restore dump corresponding to initial checkpoint JDBC Recovery Log dump for initial checkpoint EJB Container JOnAS, WebLogic, JBoss, WebSphere,... C-JDBC JVM enabled C-JDBC Controller Recovery Log JDBC disabled enabled disabled 53

54 Adding new backends 2/3 Replay updates from the log EJB Container JOnAS, WebLogic, JBoss, WebSphere,... C-JDBC JVM enabled JDBC Recovery Log dump for initial checkpoint C-JDBC Controller Recovery Log JDBC disabled enabled disabled 54

55 Adding new backends 3/3 Enable backends when done EJB Container JOnAS, WebLogic, JBoss, WebSphere,... C-JDBC JVM enabled JDBC Recovery Log dump for initial checkpoint C-JDBC Controller Recovery Log JDBC enabled enabled enabled 55

56 Making new checkpoints (1/3) Disable one backend to have a coherent snapshot Mark the new checkpoint entry in the log Dump with tar/zip dump for initial checkpoint... JDBC Recovery Log dump for dump last checkpoint for last checkpoint EJB Container JOnAS, WebLogic, JBoss, WebSphere,... C-JDBC JVM enabled C-JDBC Controller Recovery Log JDBC disabled enabled enabled 56

57 Making new checkpoints (2/3) Replay missing updates from log EJB Container JOnAS, WebLogic, JBoss, WebSphere,... C-JDBC JVM enabled dump for initial checkpoint... JDBC Recovery Log dump for dump last checkpoint for for last checkpoint C-JDBC Controller Recovery Log JDBC disabled enabled enabled 57

58 Making new checkpoints (3/3) Re-enable backend when done dump for initial checkpoint... JDBC Recovery Log dump for dump last checkpoint for for last checkpoint EJB Container JOnAS, WebLogic, JBoss, WebSphere,... C-JDBC JVM enabled C-JDBC Controller Recovery Log JDBC enabled enabled enabled 58

59 Handling failures A node fails! Automatically disabled but administrator fix needed dump for initial checkpoint... JDBC Recovery Log dump for dump last checkpoint for for last checkpoint EJB Container JOnAS, WebLogic, JBoss, WebSphere,... C-JDBC JVM enabled C-JDBC Controller Recovery Log JDBC disabled enabled enabled 59

60 Recovery 1/3 Restore latest dump EJB Container JOnAS, WebLogic, JBoss, WebSphere,... C-JDBC JVM enabled dump for initial checkpoint... JDBC Recovery Log dump for dump last checkpoint for last checkpoint C-JDBC Controller Recovery Log JDBC disabled enabled enabled 60

61 Recovery 2/3 Replay missing updates from log dump for initial checkpoint... JDBC Recovery Log dump for dump last checkpoint for for last checkpoint EJB Container JOnAS, WebLogic, JBoss, WebSphere,... C-JDBC JVM enabled C-JDBC Controller Recovery Log JDBC disabled enabled enabled 61

62 Recovery 3/3 Re-enable backend when done dump for initial checkpoint... JDBC Recovery Log dump for dump last checkpoint for for last checkpoint EJB Container JOnAS, WebLogic, JBoss, WebSphere,... C-JDBC JVM enabled C-JDBC Controller Recovery Log JDBC enabled enabled enabled 62

63 Demo xpetstore/ open source implementation of Petstore servlet version C-JDBC used as a for remote access xpetstore Servlet 63

64 Demo 2 xpetstore/c-jdbc/ xpetstore Servlet Recovery log embedded JMX backend1 RAIDb-1 embedded backend2 C-JDBC administration console 64

65 C-JDBC today Web site ~ hits/month ~ downloads Community 27 committers both industrial & academics c-jdbc@objectweb.org: ~300 subscribers, msgs/month translation in japanese, italian, german, chinese, turkish, french RPM on JPackage.org 65

66 Current limitations JDBC only Distributed joins Out parameters for stored procedures Some JDBC 3.0 extensions XA support through XAPool only network partition/reconciliation not supported 66

67 Conclusion RAIDb RAID-like scheme for databases C-JDBC open source middleware for database replication performance scalability high availability & C-JDBC open source for high availability solution for 67

68 Q&A Thanks to all users and contributors

69 Bonus slides 69

70 HORIZONTAL SCALABILITY 70

71 Horizontal scalability JGroups for controller synchronization Groups messages for writes only Client 1 Client... Client n Client 1 Client... Client n Controller1 Controller1 Controller2 DB1 DB2 DB3 DB4 DB1 DB2 DB3 DB4 71

72 Horizontal scalability Centralized write approach issues commit commit Controller1 Controller2 Controller1 Controller2 Controller2 DB1 DB2 DB3 DB4 DB1 DB2 DB3 DB4 DB1 DB2 DB3 DB4 commit commit???? Issues with transactions assigned to connections T1(Read) T1(Write) Controller1 Controller2 Controller1 Controller2 Controller1 Controller2 DB1 DB2 DB1 DB2 DB1 DB2 T1(R) T1(W) T1(R) T2(W) 72

73 Horizontal scalability General case for a write query DistributedVirtual@controller1 3 multicast + 2n unicast execwriterequest(abstractwriterequest) return result DistributedRequestManager Scheduler Distributed scheduling handler Write query handler Send request to all controllers Wait for schedulers replies DistributedVirtual@controller2 DistributedRequestManager Distributed scheduling handler Distributed load balancer handler Notify scheduler of completion Scheduler Load Balancer Load Balancer Distributed load balancer handler Notify scheduler of completion Send execute request order to all controllers Wait for load balancer replies Notify controllers of completion success or not DistributedVirtual@controller3 DistributedRequestManager Distributed scheduling handler Scheduler Return result Distributed load balancer handler Load Balancer Notify scheduler of completion 73

74 Horizontal scalability Solution: No backend sharing 1 multicast + n unicast [+ 1 multicast] Controller1 Controller2 Controller3 DB1 DB2 DB3 DB4 DB5 DB6 DistributedVirtual@controller1 execwriterequest(abstractwriterequest) return result DistributedRequestManager Scheduler Distributed scheduling handler Write query handler Send request to all controllers DistributedVirtual@controller2 DistributedRequestManager Distributed scheduling handler Distributed load balancer handler Wait if all backends failed Scheduler Load Balancer Load Balancer Distributed load balancer handler Wait if all backends failed Wait for load balancer replies Notify controller(s) that have failed if other have succeeded DistributedVirtual@controller3 DistributedRequestManager Distributed scheduling handler Scheduler Return result Distributed load balancer handler Load Balancer Wait if all backends failed 74

75 Horizontal scalability Issues with JGroups resources needed by a channel instability of throughput with UDP performance scalability TCP better than UDP but unable to disable reliability on top of TCP unable to disable garbage collection ordering implementation is sub-optimal Need for a new group communication layer optimized for cluster 75

76 Horizontal scalability JGroups performance on UDP/FastEthernet 76

77 USE CASES 77

78 Budget High Availability High availability infrastructure on a budget Typical ecommerce setup 78

79 OpenUSS: University Support System elearning High availability Portability Linux, HP-UX, Windows InterBase, Firebird, PostgreSQL, HypersonicSQL Enhydra server JOnAS J2EE server C-JDBC JVM Apache Enhydra Director OpenUSS OpenUSS OpenUSS OpenUSS Enhydra server JOnAS J2EE server C-JDBC JVM C-JDBC Controller Full replication Apache Enhydra Director Enhydra server JOnAS J2EE server C-JDBC JVM C-JDBC Controller Full replication Apache Enhydra Director Enhydra server JOnAS J2EE server C-JDBC JVM Firebird JDBC Firebird JDBC Emic 2005 Firebird Emmanuel Cecchet ApacheCon EU 2005 Firebird 79

80 Flood alert system Disaster recovery Independent nodes synchronized with C-JDBC VPN for security issues Flood alert system Flood alert system Flood alert system JBoss J2EE server JBoss J2EE server JBoss J2EE server C-JDBC C-JDBC C-JDBC C-JDBC Controller Full replication C-JDBC Controller Full replication > 1000 miles C-JDBC Controller Full replication MySQL JDBC MySQL JDBC MySQL JDBC MySQL MySQL MySQL 80

81 J2EE benchmarking Internet Large scale J2EE clusters emulated users 81

82 PERFORMANCE 82

83 TPC-W Browsing mix performance 83

84 TPC-W Shopping mix performance 84

85 TPC-W Ordering mix performance 85

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