Workplace Safety and Health Report, 2013 National Statistics

Transcription

1 Workplace Safety and Health Report, 2013 National Statistics

2 Table of contents Page Notations and List of Charts 3 List of Tables 4 Key Facts 5 Overview 6 Workplace Fatal Injuries 11 Work-related Traffic Fatal Injuries 22 Workplace Major Injuries 24 Workplace Minor Injuries 30 Occupational Diseases 37 Annex A Table A-1 Accident Frequency Rate (AFR) and Accident Severity Rate (ASR) in selected sectors, 2012 and 2013 Annex A Table A-2 Number of man-days lost to workplace incidents in selected sectors, 2012 and Annex B - Source of Data 50 Annex C - Data Coverage 51 Annex D - Concepts and Definitions 52 Workplace Safety and Health Institute, Singapore 2

3 NOTATIONS - : Nil or negligible n.a. : Not applicable/not available * : Estimated rates. The employment data excludes self-employed persons. LIST OF CHARTS Figure 1: Workplace fatal injury rate, Figure 2: Workplace major injury rate, Figure 3: Workplace minor injury rate, Figure 4: Occupational disease incidence, Figure 5: Workplace fatal injury rate for Construction, Figure 6: Workplace fatal injury rate for Marine, Figure 7: Workplace fatal injury rate for Manufacturing, Figure 8: Noise-induced Deafness incidence, Figure 9: Top 5 Industries with back injury cases with ergonomic risks Workplace Safety and Health Institute, Singapore 3

4 LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1: Number of workplace injuries and occupational diseases, 2012 and 2013 Table 1.2: Key workplace safety and health indicators, 2012 and 2013 Table 1.3: Workplace Accident Frequency Rate, Table 1.4 Workplace Accident Severity Rate, Table 1.5: Number of workplace fatal injuries by industry, 2012 and 2013 Table 1.6: Workplace fatal Injury rate by industry, 2012 and 2013 Table 1.7: Number of workplace fatal injuries by incident types and agents, 2012 and 2013 Table 1.8: Number of workplace fatal injuries by industry and incident types, 2012 and 2013 Table 1.9: Number of work-related traffic fatal injuries by industry, 2013 Table 1.10: Number of work-related traffic fatal injuries by type of vehicles, 2013 Table 1.11: Number of work-related traffic fatal injuries by occupation and road user types, 2013 Table 1.12: Number of workplace major injuries by industry, 2012 and 2013 Table 1.13: Workplace major injury rates by industry, 2012 and 2013 Table 1.14: Types of workplace major injury, 2012 and 2013 Table 1.15: Number of workplace major injuries by key incident types and key incident agents, 2012 and 2013 Table 1.16: Top 3 incident types for workplace major injuries by industry, 2013 Table 1.17: Number of workplace minor injuries by industry, 2012 and 2013 Table 1.18: Workplace minor injury rates by industry, 2012 and 2013 Table 1.19: Number of workplace minor injuries by key incident types and key incident agents, 2012 and 2013 Table 1.20: Top 3 incident types for workplace minor injuries by industry, 2013 Table 1.21: Types of workplace minor injury, 2012 and 2013 Table 1.22: Number of confirmed occupational disease cases by industry, 2012 and 2013 Table 1.23: Occupational disease incidence rates by industry, 2012 and 2013 Table 1.24: Number of confirmed occupational diseases by type, 2012 and 2013 Table 1.25: Number of confirmed NID cases by industry, 2012 and 2013 Table 1.26: NID incidence rates by industry, 2012 and 2013 Table 1.27: Number of confirmed OSD cases by industry, 2012 and 2013 Table 1.28: Top 5 causative agents of OSD, 2013 Workplace Safety and Health Institute, Singapore 4

5 KEY FACTS Workplace fatal injury rate remained at 2.1, but number of workplace minor injuries rose in 2013 The Ministry of Manpower will include back injury cases due to ergonomic risks 1 as cases of work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WRMSD), an occupational disease (OD), with effect from For the 2013 OD statistics, we have reflected the estimated number of back injury cases and adjusted the statistics as shown in parenthesis. This is to signal its importance and to drive efforts for the prevention of WRMSD at the workplace. Including these cases will make WRMSD the second most common OD in Singapore. Overview of the 2013 statistics on workplace safety and health in Singapore: Workplace injuries 59 workers (73 including work-related traffic fatal injuries) were fatally injured at work, a rate of 2.1 (2.3 including work-related traffic fatal injuries) per 100,000 employed persons. 589 workers sustained major injuries at work, a rate of 20.7 per 100,000 employed persons. 11,467 (11,253 after excluding back injury cases due to ergonomic risks) workers encountered less severe injuries (i.e. minor injuries), a rate of 403 (396) per 100,000 employed persons. 633,416 man-days were lost at work, a rate of 91 man-days lost per million manhours worked (i.e. accident severity rate). 1.7 incidents occurred at work for every million man-hours worked (i.e. accident frequency rate). Work-related Traffic Fatal Injuries 14 workers were fatally injured from work-related traffic accidents. Occupational diseases 673 occupational disease (OD) cases (887 including back injury cases due to ergonomic risks) were confirmed this year, an incidence rate of 23.7 (31.2 including back injury cases due to ergonomic risks) per 100,000 employed persons. Leading OD is noise-induced deafness with 564 cases. Second most common OD is work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WRMSD) with 237 cases, with inclusion of back injury cases due to ergonomic risks. 1 Back injury cases due to ergonomic risks were included as minor injuries in previous Annual WSH Statistics Reports. Workplace Safety and Health Institute, Singapore 5

6 OVERVIEW Workplace Injuries For the year of 2013, the overall number of reported workplace injuries increased by 9.0% as compared to same period last year (Table 1.1). The number of workplace fatal injuries saw a slight increase from 56 in 2012 to 59 in 2013 (Table 1.1). Workplace fatal injury rate remained at 2.1 per 100,000 employed persons in 2012 and 2013 (Table 1.2). Workplace major injuries remained about the same, 589 in 2013 compared to 588 in Workplace major injury rate was 20.7 per 100,000 employed persons as at 2013, down from 21.6 in the same period last year. Workplace minor injuries saw an increase of 9.5% from the previous year (10,469 in 2012 to 11,467 in 2013). Workplace minor injury rate was 403 per 100,000 employed persons in 2013, up from 384 in Table 1.1: Number of workplace injuries and occupational diseases, 2012 and Workplace Injuries 12,115 (11,901) 11,113 Fatal Injuries Major Injuries Minor Injuries 11,467 (11,253) 10,469 Work-related Traffic Fatal Injuries Occupational Diseases (OD) 673 (887) 987 Figures in parentheses refer to figures which include/exclude back injury cases due to ergonomic risks as WRMSD cases in Occupational Disease statistics. Data are not strictly comparable with 2012 data. Workplace Safety and Health Institute, Singapore 6

7 Table 1.2: Key workplace safety and health indicators, 2012 and 2013 Per 100,000 employed persons Workplace Injury Rate (418) 407 Fatal injury rate Major Injury rate Minor Injury rate 403 (396) 384 Accident Frequency Rate 3 1.7(1.7) 1.7 Accident Severity Rate 4 91 (91) 88 Occupational Diseases Incidence Rate (31.2) 36.2 Figures in parentheses refer to figures which include/exclude back injury cases due to ergonomic risks as WRMSD cases in the OD statistics. Data are not strictly comparable with 2012 data. Number of Workplace Fatal Injuries 90 Rate (per 100,000 employed persons) No. of Workplace Fatal Injuries Workplace Fatal Injury Rate year rolling average Figure 1: Workplace fatal injury rate, Workplace Injury Rate = No. of Fatal and Non-Fatal Workplace Injuries x 100,000 No. of Employed Persons 3 Accident Frequency Rate (AFR) = No. of Workplace Accidents Reported x 1,000,000 No. of Man-hours Worked 4 Accident Severity Rate (ASR) = No. of Man Days Lost To Workplace Accidents x 1,000,000 No. of Man-hours Worked 5 Occupational Disease Incidence = No. of Occupational Diseases x 100,000 No. of Employed Persons Workplace Safety and Health Institute, Singapore 7

8 No. of Workplace Major Injuries 600 Rate (per 100,000 employed persons) No. of Workplace Major Injuries Workplace Major Injury Rate Figure 2: Workplace major injury rate, No. of Workplace Minor Injuries 12,000 Rate (per 100,000 employed persons) ,000 8,000 6,000 4, , No. of Workplace Minor Injuries 9,504 10,469 11,467 Workplace Minor Injury Rate Figure 3: Workplace minor injury rate, A total of 633,416 man-days was lost from workplace injuries (629,550 man-days if back injury cases due to ergonomic risks are excluded), an increase of 8.6% from The accident frequency rate (AFR), which measures how often work incidents occur, remained constant at 1.7 incidents per million man-hours worked in 2013 (Table 1.3). The accident severity rate (ASR) saw an increase from 88 man-days lost for every million hours worked in 2012 to 91 in Detailed industry breakdown of the AFR, ASR and man-days lost data can be found in Tables A-1 and A-2 in Annex A. Workplace Safety and Health Institute, Singapore 8

9 Table 1.3: Workplace Accident Frequency Rate, Accident Frequency Rate (AFR) Table 1.4: Workplace Accident Severity Rate, Accident Severity Rate (ASR) Work-related Traffic Fatal Injuries There were 14 work-related traffic fatal injuries in Transportation & storage sector was the main contributor with 5 fatalities. Motorcycles were most commonly involved in workrelated traffic fatal injuries (43%). 43% of work-related traffic fatal injuries involved drivers of car & goods vehicles. Occupational diseases For occupational diseases (OD) 6, the number of cases confirmed was 673 in 2013 (887 including back injury cases due to ergonomic risks), down from 987 in the same period last year (Table 1.1). OD incidence was 23.7 confirmed cases per 100,000 employed persons (31.2 including back injury cases due to ergonomic risks), compared to 36.2 in the previous year (Table 1.2). The reduction was contributed mainly by a reduction in noise-induced deafness cases. With inclusion of back injury cases due to ergonomic risks as cases of work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WRMSD), WRMSD was the second most common OD (237 cases) after noise-induced deafness (564 cases). 6 An occupational disease is a disease contracted as a result of exposure to risk factors arising from work. Workplace Safety and Health Institute, Singapore 9

10 Figure 4: Occupational disease incidence, Workplace Safety and Health Institute, Singapore 10

11 WORKPLACE FATAL INJURIES 59 workplace fatal injuries in 2013, 56% of the fatalities were from construction sector There were 59 workplace fatal injuries in 2013, an increase from 56 workplace fatal injuries in Workplace fatal injury rate remained at 2.1 per 100,000 employed persons (Table 1.5 & Table 1.6). Workplace fatal Injuries by sector Construction Workplace fatal injury rate in Construction sector had generally shown a downward trend since Fatal injuries number and rate was at the lowest in However, there was a reversal in trend in the last two years. It remained the top contributor in 2013 with 33 fatal injuries or 56% of all workplace fatal injuries, up from 26 in same period last year (Table 1.5). The workplace fatal injury rate in the construction sector rose from 5.9 per 100,000 employed persons in 2012 to 7.0 per 100,000 employed persons in It posted the highest workplace fatal injury rate amongst the three traditionally higher risk sectors 7 (Table 1.6). Figure 5: Workplace fatal injury rate for Construction sector, The three traditionally higher risk sectors are Construction, Marine & Manufacturing. Workplace Safety and Health Institute, Singapore 11

12 Marine Marine 8 sector generally saw a decreasing trend in its workplace fatal injuries number and fatal injury rate, decreasing from 9.4 per 100,000 employed persons in 2011 to 2.7 per 100,000 employed persons in There were 3 workplace fatal injuries in 2013, compared to 6 in 2012 (Table 1.5). Figure 6: Workplace fatal injury rate for Marine sector, The marine sector includes the following activities: Shipbuilding and Ship Repair Marine Surveying Services (other than classification societies) Salvaging of distressed vessels and cargo Works carried out in the anchorage are also included. Workplace Safety and Health Institute, Singapore 12

13 Manufacturing Manufacturing sector also saw a decreasing trend in its workplace fatal injuries number and rate, from 3.1 per 100,000 employed persons in 2011 to 2.8 per 100,000 employed persons in 2012 and further to 1.4 per 100,000 employed persons in 2013 (Table 1.6). The sector had 6 workplace fatal injuries for 2013, down from 12 workplace fatal injuries for the same period last year (Table 1.5). Figure 7: Workplace fatal injury rate for Manufacturing sector, Workplace Safety and Health Institute, Singapore 13

14 Others The workplace fatal injuries number and rate in Transportation & Storage sector saw a decline with 6 cases (2.7 per 100,000 employed persons) in 2013, compared to 7 (3.2 per 100,000 employed persons) in out of the 6 cases were from its Logistics and Transport sub-sector 9, a reduction from 7 cases in 2012 for this sub-sector (Table 1.5). The fatal injury rate dropped from 8.0 per 100,000 employed persons in 2012 to 4.3 per 100,000 employed persons in Repair & Maintenance of Vehicles, Cleaning & Landscape Maintenance Activities and Real Estate Activities sectors which had no workplace fatal injuries in 2012 saw 2 workplace fatal injuries in Food & Beverage Service Activities sector, which had 1 workplace fatal injury in 2012 had no workplace fatal injury in Other sectors which had 1 workplace fatal injury each in 2013 included Agriculture & Related Service Activities, Wholesale Trade, Architectural & Engineering Services, Rental & Leasing Activities and Gambling & Betting Activities. 9 The logistics and transport sector includes the following activities: Warehousing and Storage Supporting services to land transport (excludes car management services, taxi booking services, towing services) Supporting services to water transport (exclude marine surveying services, salvaging distressed vessels & cargo) Supporting services to air transport Workplace Safety and Health Institute, Singapore 14

15 Table 1.5: Number of workplace fatal injuries by industry, 2012 and 2013 Industry All Sectors 59 (56) 56 (55) Construction Marine 3 6 Manufacturing 6 12 Tanning & Dressing of Leather 2 0 Manufacture of Non-metallic Mineral Products 1 3 Manufacture of Food Products 1 3 Metalworking 1 2 Manufacture of Other Transport Equipment 1 0 Manufacture of Petrochemical Products 0 1 Manufacture of Wood Products 0 1 Manufacture of Computer, Electronic & Optical Products 0 1 Other manufacturing industries 0 1 Agriculture & Related Services Activities 1 0 Water Supply, Sewerage & Waste Management 0 1 Wholesale Trade 1 0 Transportation & Storage 6 7 Logistics & Transport 4 7 Food & Beverage Service Activities 0 1 Telecommunications 0 1 Real Estate Activities 2 0 Architectural & Engineering Services 1 0 Advertising 0 1 Rental & Leasing Activities 1 0 Business Support Activities 0 1 Cleaning & Landscape Maintenance Activities 2 0 Gambling & Betting Activities 1 0 Repair & Maintenance of Vehicles 2 0 Note: Figures in parenthesis refer to the number of fatal incidents. Workplace Safety and Health Institute, Singapore 15

16 Table 1.6: Workplace fatal injury rate by industry, 2012 and 2013 Per 100,000 employed persons Industry All Sectors Construction Marine Manufacturing Tanning & Dressing of Leather n.a 0.0 Manufacture of Non-metallic Mineral Products Manufacture of Food Products Metalworking Manufacture of Other Transport Equipment Manufacture of Petrochemical Products Manufacture of Wood Products Manufacture of Computer, Electronic & Optical Products Other manufacturing industries Agriculture & Related Services Activities n.a 0.0 Water Supply, Sewerage & Waste Management Wholesale Trade Transportation & Storage Logistics & Transport Food & Beverage Service Activities Telecommunications Real Estate Activities Architectural & Engineering Services Advertising 0.0 n.a. Rental & Leasing Activities n.a 0.0 Business Support Activities 0.0 n.a. Cleaning & Landscape Maintenance Activities Gambling & Betting Activities n.a 0.0 Repair & Maintenance of Vehicles n.a 0.0 Workplace Safety and Health Institute, Singapore 16

17 Workplace fatal Injuries by incident types and incident agents Falls remained the leading incident type; Collapse/Failure of Structure & Equipment is an emerging issue The top incident types which accounted for 61% of total workplace fatal injuries in 2013 were (Table 1.7): Falls (Falls from Heights (FFH) 10, Slips, Trips and Falls) (17 fatal injuries, 29%) Collapse/ Failure of Structure & Equipment (10 fatal injuries, 17%) Struck by Moving Objects (9 fatal injuries, 15%) Falls (Falls from Heights (FFH), Slips, Trips and Falls) was the leading incident type in 2013, with 17 cases. Collapse/Failure of Structure & Equipment saw a significant increase from 4 workplace fatal injuries in 2012 to 10 in Collapse/Failure of Structure & Equipment involved mainly physical workplace (formwork, structures) and moving vehicles (prime mover, forklift). The cases were from Construction, Marine, Manufacturing and Logistic & Transport sectors. Struck by Moving Objects saw 9 workplace fatal injuries in 2013, up from 6 in % of these fatal injuries were hit by moving vehicles such as trucks, forklifts, prime movers. These cases were from the Construction, Marine, Logistics & Transport and Repair & Maintenance of Vehicles. 10 Falls from heights (FFH) includes fall from roof, fall from mobile work platform, fall from scaffold, fall from ladder, fall from structure and fall into depths. Workplace Safety and Health Institute, Singapore 17

18 Table 1.7: Number of workplace fatal injuries by incident types and agents, 2012 and 2013 Incident Type Incident Agents Total Workplace Fatal Injuries Falls Total Falls from Heights Total Physical Workplace - Structures 5 5 Physical Workplace- Roofs 3 0 Physical Workplace - Formwork 3 2 Means of Access- Ladders 2 1 Lifting Equipment- Cranes 1 1 Means of Access- Others 0 3 Lifting Equipment- Mobile Work Platform 0 1 Goods/Cargo 0 1 Slips, Trips & Falls 11 Total 3 3 Collapse/Failure of Structure & Equipment Struck by Moving Objects Moving Vehicles- Boat, Lorry 1 1 Physical Workplace- Floor/Level Surfaces 1 0 Animals, Plants and Insects 1 0 Means of Access - Others 0 2 Total 10 4 Physical Workplace- Structures 3 0 Moving Vehicles- Prime Mover, Forklift 2 0 Physical Workplace-Formwork 1 0 Lifting Equipment- Lifting appliances/gears 1 0 Means of Access- Scaffold 1 0 Animals, Plants and Insects 1 0 Furniture & Fittings 1 0 Goods/Cargo 0 1 Glass Items 0 1 Other Incident Agents 0 2 Total 9 6 Moving Vehicles-Prime Movers, Excavators, Lorry, Truck, Forklift 6 4 Industrial Machines 1 1 Lifting Equipment- Piling Machines 1 0 Lifting Equipment- Lifts & Hoists 1 0 Lifting Equipment- Mobile Work Platform 0 1 Electrocution Total 5 2 Caught in/between Objects Electrical Equipment 3 2 Industrial Machines 2 0 Total 5 6 Moving Vehicles- Truck, Forklift, Excavator, Prime Mover, Bus 4 3 Lifting Equipment- Piling Machines 1 0 Industrial Machines 0 2 Lifting Equipment- Cranes Slips, Trips and Falls includes Slips and Trips on same level/fall from vehicle/stairs/steps/machines/other locations. Workplace Safety and Health Institute, Singapore 18

19 Incident Type Incident Agents Crane-related Total 4 5 Lifting Equipment-Cranes 4 5 Fires & Explosion Total 2 3 Struck by Falling Objects From Heights Pressurised Equipment- Pressurised Piping / Accessories 1 0 Industrial Machines 1 2 Explosives/Flammable Substances 0 1 Total 1 3 Goods/Cargo 1 0 Moving Vehicles- Forklift 0 2 Metal Items 0 1 Drowning Total 1 3 Suffocation Total 1 0 Exposure to/contact with biological materials Cave-in of Excavation, Tunnel, etc Collapse of Formwork / Failure of its Supports Struck against Objects Dust, Gas, Liquid and Chemicals 1 0 Total 1 0 Animals, Plants and Insects 1 0 Total 0 2 Physical Workplace - Structures 0 2 Total 0 3 Physical Workplace - Formwork 0 3 Total 0 1 Moving Vehicles Prime Mover 0 1 Other Incident Types Total 3 1 Moving Vehicles 0 1 Other Incident Agents 3 0 Workplace Safety and Health Institute, Singapore 19

20 Table 1.8: Number of workplace fatal injuries by industry and incident types, 2012 and 2013 Industry All Construction Marine Manufacturing Agriculture & Related Services Activities Water Supply, Sewerage & Waste Management Wholesale Trade Transportation & Storage Logistics & Transport Total 59(56) 33(26) 3(6) 6(12) 1(0) 0(1) 1(0) 6(7) 4(7) Falls 17(17) 11(10) 0(2) 0(1) 1(0) 0(0) 1(0) 0(1) 0(1) Falls from Heights Slips, Trips & Falls Collapse/ Failure of Structure & Equipment Struck by Moving Objects 14(14) 11(9) 0(1) 0(0) 1(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(1) 0(1) 3(3) 0(1) 0(1) 0(1) 0(0) 0(0) 1(0) 0(0) 0(0) 10(4) 7(1) 1(0) 1(1) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 1(2) 1(2) 9(6) 6(3) 1(0) 0(2) 0(0) 0(1) 0(0) 1(0) 1(0) Electrocution 5(2) 1(1) 1(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 1(1) 0(1) Caught in/between objects Cranerelated Collapse of Crane Fires & Explosion Struck by Falling Objects from Heights 5(6) 2(1) 0(1) 1(4) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 1(0) 1(0) 4(5) 4(3) 0(0) 0(1) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(1) 0(1) 3(1) 3(1) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 2(3) 1(0) 0(0) 1(2) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 1(3) 0(2) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 1(1) 1(1) Drowning 1(3) 0(0) 0(3) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 1(0) 0(0) Suffocation 1(0) 0(0) 0(0) 1(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) Exposure 1(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) to/contact with biological materials Cave-in of 0(2) 0(2) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) Excavation, Tunnel, etc Collapse of 0(3) 0(3) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) Formwork/ Failure of its Supports Strike 0(1) 0(0) 0(0) 0(1) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) Against Objects Other 3(1) 1(0) 0(0) 2(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(1) 0(1) Incident Types Notes: Figures in parenthesis pertain to 2012 figures. Logistics & Transport is a sub sector of Transportation & Storage. Workplace Safety and Health Institute, Singapore 20

21 Industry Food & Beverage Service Activities Telecomm unications Real Estate Activiti es Architect ural & Engineeri ng Services Advertisi ng Rental & Leasing Activities Business Support Activities Cleaning & Landscape Maintenance Activities Gambling & Betting Activities Repair & Maintenance of Vehicles Total 0(1) 0(1) 2(0) 1(0) 0(1) 1(0) 0(1) 2(0) 1(0) 2(0) Falls 0(0) 0(1) 2(0) 0(0) 0(1) 0(0) 0(1) 1(0) 1(0) 0(0) Falls from Heights Slips, Trips & Falls Collapse/Fail ure of Structure & Equipment Struck by Moving Objects 0(0) 0(1) 1(0) 0(0) 0(1) 0(0) 0(1) 1(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 1(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 1(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 1(0) Electrocution 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 1(0) 0(0) 1(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) Caught in/between objects Cranerelated Collapse of Crane Fires & Explosion Struck by Falling Objects from Heights 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 1(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(1) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) Drowning 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) Suffocation 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) Exposure 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 1(0) 0(0) 0(0) to/contact with biological materials Cave-in of 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) Excavation, Tunnel, etc Collapse of 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) Formwork/ Failure of its Supports Strike 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) Against Objects Other 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) Incident Types Notes: Figures in parenthesis pertain to 2012 figures. Workplace Safety and Health Institute, Singapore 21

22 WORK-RELATED TRAFFIC FATAL INJURIES There were 14 work-related traffic fatal injuries in Work-related traffic fatal injuries by sector Transportation & Storage sector was main contributor to work-related traffic fatal injuries In 2013, the Transportation & Storage sector was the main contributor of work-related traffic fatal injuries with 5 fatalities. This was followed by the Food & Beverage Service Activities sector and Wholesale Trade sector with 3 and 2 work-related traffic fatal injuries respectively (Table 1.9). Construction, Education, Manufacturing and Other Personal Service Activities sectors each had 1 case. Table 1.9: Number of work-related traffic fatal injuries by industry, 2013 Industry 2013 All Sectors 14 Transportation & Storage 5 Logistics & Transport 2 Food & Beverage Service Activities 3 Wholesale Trade 2 Construction 1 Education 1 Manufacturing 1 Other Personal Service Activities 1 Work-related traffic fatal injuries by type of vehicles Motorcycles most commonly involved in work-related traffic fatal injuries Motorcycles were most commonly involved in work-related traffic fatal injuries in 2013 with 6 cases (Table 1.10). 5 cases involved large goods vehicles (LGVs) such as lorry, truck. Table 1.10: Number of work-related traffic fatal Injuries by type of vehicles, 2013 Types of Vehicles 2013 Total Work-related Traffic Fatal Injuries 14 Motorcycle 6 Large Goods Vehicles(LGVs) - Lorry, Truck 5 Car 1 Van 1 Taxi 1 Workplace Safety and Health Institute, Singapore 22

23 Work-related traffic fatal injuries by occupation and road user types 43% of work-related traffic fatal injuries involved car & light goods vehicle drivers Of the 14 work-related traffic fatal injuries, 11 victims (79%) were drivers and 3 were passengers. Car & light goods vehicle drivers accounted for 55% of all drivers and 43% of all work-related traffic fatalities (Table 1.11) in Table 1.11: Number of work-related traffic fatal injuries by occupation and road user types, 2013 Occupation Road User Types 2013 Total Work-related Traffic Fatal Injuries 14 Car & Light Goods Vehicle Drivers eg., taxi driver, chauffeur, motorcycle delivery man Total 6 Driver 6 Heavy Truck & Bus Drivers Total 2 Driver 1 Passenger 1 Construction Labourers & Related Workers Total 1 Manufacturing, Construction, Transport, Distribution and other production and operations manager Passenger 1 Total 1 Driver 1 Personal Service Workers eg., Driving Instructors Total 1 Porters, Attendants and Related Workers eg., Car park attendant Passenger 1 Total 1 Driver 1 Hotel and food and beverages services managers Total 1 Driver 1 Physical and Engineering Science Technicians Total 1 Driver 1 Workplace Safety and Health Institute, Singapore 23

24 WORKPLACE MAJOR INJURIES Major injuries remained about the same, non-traditional sectors saw an increase in cases The total number of major injuries remained about the same as in workers sustained major injuries 12 in 2013, compared to 588 in the same period last year (Table 1.12). The major injury rate reduced slightly to 20.7 per 100,000 employed persons from 21.6 per 100,000 employed persons in 2012 (Table 1.13). 60,858 man-days were lost as a result of these incidents. Workplace major injuries by sector The three traditional higher risk sectors accounted for 334 (57%) of the workplace major injuries reported (Table 1.12). Marine sector deteriorated, with 36 cases (32.8 per 100,000 employed persons) in 2013, up from 31 cases (29.1 per 100,000 employed persons) in Deterioration in major injury rate was also seen in the Water Supply, Sewerage & Waste Management, Wholesale & Retail Trade, Accommodation & Food Service Activities, Financial & Insurance Activities and Professional, Scientific & Technical Activities sectors which had an increased number of workplace major injuries in 2013 compared to the same period last year. In 2013, Construction sector saw a slight reduction to 34.5 per 100,000 employed persons compared to 35.0 per 100,000 employed persons in A slight reduction was also seen for the Manufacturing sector with 31.2 cases per 100,000 employed persons compared to 32.7 cases per 100,000 employed persons in Improvements were primarily contributed by Metalworking and Manufacture of Food, Beverages & Tobacco. A reduction in workplace major injury rates was also seen for the Logistics & Transport (36.5 per 100,000 employed persons in 2012 compared to 24.8 in 2013) and Real Estate Activities sectors (21.5 per 100,000 employed persons in 2012 to 13.6 in 2013). 12 Refer to Annex D for definition. Workplace Safety and Health Institute, Singapore 24

25 Table 1.12: Number of workplace major injuries by industry, 2012 and 2013 Industry All Sectors Construction Marine Manufacturing Metalworking Manufacture of Food, Beverages & Tobacco Manufacture of Petrochemical Products 12 4 Manufacture of Furniture 9 9 Manufacture of Wood Products 8 5 Water Supply, Sewerage & Waste Management 8 6 Wholesale & Retail Trade Wholesale Trade Retail Trade 8 9 Transportation & Storage Logistics & Transport Accommodation & Food Service Activities Accommodation 6 3 Food & Beverage Service Activities Financial & Insurance Activities Real Estate Activities Professional, Scientific & Technical Activities Administrative & Support Service Activities 8 14 Community, Social & Personal Services Education Repair & Maintenance of Vehicles 11 9 Health Activities 8 10 Other Personal Service Activities Financial & Insurance Activities include banks, finance companies, activities of holding companies. Workplace Safety and Health Institute, Singapore 25

26 Table 1.13: Workplace major injury rates by industry, 2012 and 2013 Per 100,000 employed persons Industry All Sectors Construction Marine Manufacturing Metalworking Manufacture of Food, Beverages & Tobacco Manufacture of Petrochemical Products Manufacture of Furniture Manufacture of Wood Products Water Supply, Sewerage & Waste Management Wholesale & Retail Trade Wholesale Trade Retail Trade Transportation & Storage Logistics & Transport Accommodation & Food Service Activities Accommodation Food & Beverage Service Activities Financial & Insurance Activities Real Estate Activities Professional, Scientific & Technical Activities Administrative & Support Service Activities Community, Social & Personal Services Education Repair & Maintenance of Vehicles n.a n.a Health Activities* Other Personal Service Activities n.a n.a Workplace Safety and Health Institute, Singapore 26

27 Table 1.14: Types of workplace major injury, 2012 and 2013 Major Injury Types Total Crushing, Fractures and Dislocations Amputations Hypothermia / Burns, with more than 20 MC days Multiple Injuries Concussion, with more than 20 MC days Exposure to Electric Current Blindness 3 2 Deafness 1 0 Paralysis 0 2 Asphyxia/Drowning 0 1 Workplace major injuries by incident types and agents The top three incident types, accounting for 56% of workplace major injuries were (Table 1.15): Falls (Slips, Trips and Falls) (157 injuries, 27%) Falls (Falls from Heights (FFH)) (93 injuries, 16%) Caught in/between Objects (82 injuries, 14%) Similar to workplace fatal injuries, Falls (Falls from Heights (FFH), Slips, Trips and Falls) was also the leading incident type for workplace major injuries. The top incident agent associated with Slips, Trips and Falls was Physical Workplace - Floor/Level Surfaces. The top incident agent for FFH was Means of Access - Ladders. For Caught in/between Objects, the top incident agent was Industrial Machines. 83% of these cases resulted in amputations. Workplace major injuries by injury types Crushing, Fractures and Dislocations were the leading types of injury, accounting for 52% of all workplace major injuries. This was followed by Amputations, with 132 workers suffering from complete loss or loss of use of any member/part of a member of the injured person s body in This was a reduction from 142 in 2012 (Table 1.14). The number of Hypothermia/Burns cases with more than 20 MC days almost doubled, increasing from 41 cases in 2012 to 83 cases in There were more injuries from Accommodation & Food Services and Manufacturing sectors due to contact with hot scalding liquid or Dusts, Gas, Liquids and Chemicals respectively. Workplace Safety and Health Institute, Singapore 27

28 Table 1.15: Number of workplace major injuries by key incident types and key incident agents, 2012 and 2013 Incident Type Key Incident Agents Total Workplace Major injuries Falls Total Slips, Trips and Falls Total Physical Workplace- Floor/Level Surfaces Moving Vehicles Furniture and Fittings 12 9 Means of Access - Stairs or Steps Falls from Heights Total Means of Access- Ladders Means of Access - Scaffold Physical Workplace - Structures Caught in/between Objects Total Industrial Machines Lifting Equipment Including Cranes Moving Vehicles 7 10 Metal Items 6 4 Struck by Falling Objects Total Metal Items Goods/Cargo 9 3 Lifting Equipment Including Cranes 8 8 Physical Workplace Formwork 8 2 Furniture and Fittings 6 1 Struck by Moving Objects Total Moving Vehicles Industrial Machines 5 6 Lifting Equipment Including Cranes 4 8 Industrial Hand Tools 3 2 Metal Items (excluding knives/needles) 3 6 Exposure to Extreme Temperatures Total Hot scalding liquid/steam Industrial Machines 5 2 Cut/Stabbed by Objects Total Industrial Machines Industrial Hand Tools 10 4 Workplace Safety and Health Institute, Singapore 28

29 Table 1.16: Top 3 incident types for workplace major injuries by industry, 2013 Industry Top 3 Incident Types 1 st 2 nd 3 rd All Sectors STF FFH CIBO Construction FFH STF CIBO, SBFO Marine CIBO SBFO STF Manufacturing STF CIBO SBFO Metalworking SBFO CIBO STF Manufacture of Food, Beverages & Tobacco STF,CIBO SBFO CSBO,FE,ETET Manufacture of Petrochemical Products ETHS SBMO,STF,CIBO FE,FFH Manufacture of Furniture CSBO STF - Manufacture of Wood Products CSBO SBFO STF,FFH,PA Water Supply, Sewerage & Waste Management ETET, SBMO STF - Wholesale & Retail Trade STF SBFO CIBO Wholesale Trade STF SBFO CIBO,CSBO,SBMO Retail Trade STF SBFO CIBO,FFH,OESM Transportation & Storage STF CIBO FFH Logistics & Transport STF CIBO FFH Accommodation & Food Service Activities ETET STF SBMO Accommodation ETET SBMO,STF - Food & Beverage Service Activities STF ETET SAO,SBMO,CIBO, FE Financial & Insurance Activities STF ETEC,OESM,ETE T, ETHS Real Estate Activities STF ETET - CIBO,FE,SBFO, ETHS, FFH Professional, Scientific & Technical Activities CIBO ETEC STF,SBMO Administrative & Support Service Activities STF SBMO - Community, Social & Personal Services STF SBMO, CIBO, ETET, FFH SBFO, PA Education STF OESM SBMO,SBFO, FFH, PA Repair & Maintenance of Vehicles STF CIBO SBMO, ETET, PA,FFH Health Activities STF SBMO, ETET, PA - Other Personal Service Activities CIBO, ETET SBFO, SBMO, STF - Legend: CIBO Caught In/Between Objects FE Fires & Explosion CSBO Cut/ Stabbed by Objects OESM Over-exertion and Strenuous Movements ETEC Exposure to Electric Current PA Physical Assault ETET Exposure to Extreme Temperature SAO Striking Against Objects ETHS Exposure to Hazardous Substances SBFO Struck by Falling Objects FFH Falls (Falls from Heights) SBMO Struck by Moving Objects 14 STF Falls (Slips, Trips and Falls) 14 This includes flying fragments but excludes falling objects. Workplace Safety and Health Institute, Singapore 29

30 WORKPLACE MINOR INJURIES Minor injuries saw an increase over last year, Construction sector and Marine sector recorded 26% and 18% increase in workplace minor injuries Minor injuries include all other reportable injuries that did not result in death or major injuries. Minor injuries increased from 10,469 cases in 2012 (384 per 100,000 employed persons) to 11,467 cases (403 per 100,000 employed persons) in 2013 (Table 1.17 & 1.18). There were 11,253 minor injuries (396 per 100,000 employed persons) in 2013 after excluding back injury cases due to ergonomic risks. Workplace minor injuries by sector The three traditionally higher risk sectors accounted for 49% of workplace minor injuries. Manufacturing sector remained the highest contributor with an increase in number of workplace minor injuries and minor injury rate (595 per 100,000 employed persons in 2012 to 625 per 100,000 employed persons in 2013) (Table 1.17 and 1.18). Construction sector and Marine sector recorded 26% and 18% increase in workplace minor injuries respectively and the minor injury rates increased from 441 per 100,000 employed persons in 2012 to 510 per 100,000 employed persons in 2013 and 369 per 100,000 employed persons in 2012 to 421 per 100,000 employed persons in 2013) respectively. Real Estate Activities and Professional, Scientific & Technical Activities sectors also saw an increase in workplace minor injury rate in Many sectors such as Water Supply, Sewerage & Waste Management, Wholesale & Retail Trade, Logistics & Transport, Accommodation & Food Services, Information & Communications, Financial & Insurance Activities, Administrative & Support Service Activities and Health Activities saw a reduction in workplace minor injury rates (Table 1.18). Workplace Safety and Health Institute, Singapore 30

31 Table 1.17: Number of workplace minor injuries by industry, 2012 and 2013 Industry All Sectors 11,467 (11,253) 10,469 Construction 2,423 (2,398) 1,928 Marine 462 (457) 393 Manufacturing 2,680 (2,654) 2,550 Metalworking 1,210 (1,203) 1,174 Manufacture of Food, Beverages & Tobacco 399 (396) 393 Manufacture of Non-metallic Mineral Products 188 (184) 178 Water Supply, Sewerage & Waste Management Wholesale & Retail Trade 535 (517) 541 Wholesale Trade 275 (262) 284 Retail Trade 260 (255) 257 Transportation & Storage 798 (760) 742 Logistics & Transport 488 (474) 476 Accommodation & Food Services 848 (833) 852 Accommodation 233 (227) 194 Food & Beverage Service Activities 615 (606) 658 Information & Communications (33) 40 Financial & Insurance Activities 112 (111) 120 Real Estate Activities 281 (269) 270 Professional, Scientific & Technical Activities 377 (366) 337 Legal, Accounting & Management Activities 177 (169) 145 Architectural & Engineering Activities 156 (155) 133 Administrative & Support Service Activities 317 (310) 306 Office Administrative, Office Support & Other Business Support Activities 143 (142) 148 Community, Social & Personal Services 925 (898) 941 Health Activities 268 (259) 281 Education 174 (172) 176 Other Personal Service Activities 155 (150) 162 Figures in parentheses exclude back injury cases due to ergonomic risks. Data are not strictly comparable with 2012 data. 15 Information and Communication includes publishing activities, motion picture, video and television programme production, sound recording & music publishing activities, radio & television broadcasting activities, telecommunications. Workplace Safety and Health Institute, Singapore 31

32 Table 1.18: Workplace minor injury rates by industry, 2012 and 2013 Per 100,000 employed persons Industry All Sectors 403 (396) 384 Construction 510 (505) 441 Marine 421 (417) 369 Manufacturing 625 (619) 595 Metalworking 989 (984) 963 Manufacture of Food, Beverages & Tobacco 1,000 (992) 1,037 Manufacture of Non-metallic Mineral Products 3,481 (3,407) 3,236 Water Supply, Sewerage & Waste Management Wholesale & Retail Trade 113 (109) 117 Wholesale Trade 87(83) 93 Retail Trade 163 (160) 164 Transportation & Storage 352 (336) 342 Logistics & Transport 525 (510) 543 Accommodation & Food Services 378 (372) 398 Accommodation 668 (650) 556 Food & Beverage Service Activities 325 (320) 367 Information & Communications 30 (29) 38 Financial & Insurance Activities 60 (59) 66 Real Estate Activities 318 (304) 306 Professional, Scientific & Technical Activities 170 (165) 163 Legal, Accounting & Management Activities 166 (159) 149 Architectural & Engineering Activities 243 (241) 220 Administrative & Support Service Activities 169 (166) 172 Office Administrative, Office Support & Other Business n.a n.a. Support Activities Community, Social & Personal Services 129 (126) 136 Health Activities* 331 (320) 370 Education n.a. n.a. Other Personal Activities n.a. n.a. Figures in parentheses exclude back injury cases due to ergonomic risks. Data are not strictly comparable with 2012 data. Workplace Safety and Health Institute, Singapore 32

33 Workplace minor injuries by incident types and agents Falls (Slips, Trips and Falls) remained the main area of concern for minor injuries The top three incident types that accounted for 54% of workplace minor injuries in 2013 were (Table 1.19): Falls (Slips, Trips and Falls (STF)) (2,662 injuries, 23%) Struck by Moving Objects (SBMO) (2,124 injuries, 19%) Struck by Falling Objects (SBFO) (1,407 injuries, 12%) STF which was the top incident type for workplace minor injuries were common in many sectors including Water Supply, Sewerage & Waste Management, Wholesale & Retail Trade, Logistics & Transport, Accommodation & Food Services, Information & Communications, Real Estate Activities, Financial & Insurance Activities, Professional, Scientific & Technical Activities, Administrative & Support Service Activities, Health Activities, Education and Other Personal Service Activities sectors (Table 1.20). The injuries were seen in workers who were exposed to working conditions such as wet or contaminated surfaces in these sectors. The top incident agent for STF in 2013 was Physical Workplace - Floors/Level Surfaces, accounting for 45% of STF injuries (Table 1.19). SBMO, which continued to be one of the leading incident types, contributed 19% of the total workplace minor injuries in It was also the top incident type for the three traditional higher risk sectors. 37% of SBMO injuries were caused by work involving industrial tools & machines. SBFO was commonly seen in Construction, Marine, Water Supply, Sewerage & Waste Management, Wholesale & Retail Trade, Logistics & Transport and Professional, Scientific & Technical Activities. The top incident agent for SBFO was metal items, accounting for 31% of SBFO injuries. Workplace minor injuries by injury types The top three types of injury that accounted for 82% of all workplace minor injuries were (Table 1.21): Cuts and Bruises (4,565 injuries, 40%) Crushing, Fractures and Dislocations (2,789 injuries, 24%) Sprains and Strains (2,026 injuries, 18%) Workplace Safety and Health Institute, Singapore 33

34 Table 1.19: Number of workplace minor injuries by key incident types and key incident agents, 2012 and 2013 Incident Type Key Incident Agents Total Workplace Minor injuries 11,467 (11,253) 10,469 Falls Total 3,262 2,944 Slips, Trips & Falls Total 2,662 2,449 Physical Workplace - Floor/Level Surfaces 1,202 1,119 Means of Access Stairs/ Steps Moving Vehicles Falls from Heights Total Struck by Moving Objects Struck by Falling Objects Cut/Stabbed by Objects Caught in/between Objects Over-exertion/ Strenuous Movements Strike against Objects Exposure to Extreme Temperatures Means of Access- Ladders Means of Access- Scaffold Physical Workplace- Structures Total 2,124 2,143 Industrial Hand Tools Metal Items Moving Vehicles Industrial Machines Total 1,407 1,312 Metal Items Goods/Cargo Furniture and Fittings Total 1,328 1,210 Knives and Needles Industrial Hand Tools Industrial Machines Total 1, Industrial Machines Metal Items Lifting Equipment Including Cranes Moving Vehicles Total 853 (639) 672 Goods/Cargo 261(158) 204 Human Factors 200 (174) 137 Furniture and Fittings 57 (38) 50 Total Metal Items Furniture & Fittings Industrial Machines Total Hot scalding liquid/steam Pressurised Equipments Industrial Machines Figures in parentheses exclude back injury cases due to ergonomic risks. Data are not strictly comparable with 2012 data. Workplace Safety and Health Institute, Singapore 34

35 Table 1.20: Top 3 incident types for workplace minor injuries by industry, 2013 Industry Top 3 Incident Types 1 st 2 nd 3 rd All Sectors STF SBMO SBFO Construction SBMO SBFO STF Marine SBMO STF SBFO Manufacturing SBMO STF CIBO Metalworking SBMO CIBO STF Manufacturing of Food, Beverages & Tobacco CSBO STF SBMO Manufacturing of Non-metallic Mineral Products SBMO STF CSBO Water Supply, Sewerage & Waste Management STF SBMO SBFO Wholesale & Retail Trade STF SBFO CSBO Wholesale Trade STF SBFO SBMO Retail Trade STF CSBO SBFO Transportation & Storage STF SBMO OESM, SBFO Logistics & Transport STF. SBMO SBFO CIBO Accommodation & Food Services CSBO STF ETET Accommodation STF CSBO SBFO, SBMO Food & Beverage Service Activities CSBO STF ETET Information & Communications STF SBMO CSBO Real Estate Activities STF CSBO SBMO Financial & Insurance Activities STF SBMO CSBO Professional, Scientific & Technical Activities STF SBMO SBFO Legal, Accounting & Management Activities STF OESM SBFO Architectural & Engineering Activities STF SBMO SBFO, CIBO Administrative & Support Service Activities STF SBMO CSBO Office Administrative, Office Support & Other Business STF SBMO CSBO Community, Social & Personal Services STF SBMO OESM Health Activities STF OESM SBMO Education STF OESM SBMO Other Personal Service Activities STF CSBO SBMO Exclude back injury cases due to ergonomic risks. Legend: CIBO Caught In/Between Objects SBFO Struck by Falling Objects CSBO Cut/ Stabbed by Objects SBMO Struck by Moving Objects 16 ETET Exposure to Extreme Temperature STF Falls (Slips, Trips and Falls) OESM Over-exertion and Strenuous Movements 16 This includes flying fragments but excludes falling objects. Workplace Safety and Health Institute, Singapore 35

36 Table 1.21: Types of workplace minor injury, 2012 and 2013 Minor Injury Types Total 11,467 (11,253) 10,469 Cuts and Bruises 4,565 4,307 Crushing, Fractures and Dislocations 2,789 2,675 Sprains & Strains 2,026 (1,812) 1,781 Burns Puncture Wound Multiple Injuries Bites and Stings Concussion Others 1, Figures in parentheses exclude back injury cases due to ergonomic risks. Data are not strictly comparable with 2012 data. Workplace Safety and Health Institute, Singapore 36

37 OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES Number of confirmed occupational diseases down by 32%, noise induced deafness (NID) cases saw a 35% reduction. 673 cases of occupational diseases (OD) (887 including back injury cases due to ergonomic risks) were confirmed in 2013, down from 987 cases for the same period last year (Table 1.22). The overall OD incidence stood at 23.7 (31.2 including back injury cases due to ergonomic risks) cases per 100,000 employed persons, compared to 36.2 cases in the same period of 2012 (Table 1.23). The decrease in OD cases was due to the decrease in Noise induced deafness (NID) cases which saw a 35% reduction. Occupational diseases by sector Manufacturing continued to record the highest number of OD cases, accounting for 37% of total ODs (including back injury cases due to ergonomic risks) confirmed in 2013 (Table 1.22). 65% of the ODs confirmed in this sector were from Metalworking. Metalworking posted the highest incidence of OD cases (175.0 cases per 100,000 employed persons when including back injury cases due to ergonomic risks). Workplace Safety and Health Institute, Singapore 37

38 Table 1.22: Number of confirmed occupational disease cases by industry, 2012 and 2013 Industry All Sectors 673 (887) 987 Construction 71 (96) 89 Marine 124 (129) 159 Manufacturing 305 (331) 523 Metalworking 207 (214) 265 Manufacture of Petrochemical Products 26 (27) 30 Manufacture of Transport Equipment 19 (21) 126 Manufacture of Computer, Electronic & Optical Products 16 (19) 20 Electricity, Gas & Air Conditioning Supply 3 18 Water Supply, Sewerage & Waste Management 6 4 Wholesale & Retail Trade 9 (27) 13 Transportation & Storage 21 (59) 52 Logistics & Transport 20 (34) 45 Accommodation & Food Services 3 (18) 8 Information & Communications 1 (2) 2 Financial & Insurance Activities 11 (12) 8 Real Estate Services 3 (15) 2 Professional, Scientific & Technical Activities 67 (78) 63 Architectural & Engineering Activities 63 (64) 59 Administrative & Support Service Activities 10 (17) 8 Community, Social & Personal Services 35 (62) 35 Other Personal Service Activities 13 (18) 8 Health Activities 11 (20) 7 Figures in parentheses include WRMSD-back injury cases due to ergonomic risks. Data are not strictly comparable with 2012 data. Workplace Safety and Health Institute, Singapore 38