Cell Proliferation and Cancer
|
|
- Rosalind Griffith
- 8 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Geneticist: _Amit Singh Teacher: _Stanley C Hughes Cell Proliferation and Cancer Misconceptions: 1. Cancer does not come from outside but it is a transition of our own cells into cancerous cells. 2. Cancer is caused only by smoking or other carcinogens. 3. I can prevent cancer by not smoking or using other carcinogens. 4. There is only one type of cancer. State Standards: 1. Summarize the general processes of cell division and differentiation, and explain why specialized cells are useful to organisms and explain that complex multicellular organisms are formed as highly organized arrangements of differentiated cells. 2. Illustrate the relationship of the structure and function of DNA to protein synthesis and the characteristics of an organism. 3. Explain that a unit of hereditary information is called a gene, and genes may occur in different forms called alleles (e.g., gene for pea plant height has two alleles, tall and short). 4. Describe that spontaneous changes in DNA are mutations, which are a source of genetic variation. When mutations occur in sex cells, they may be passed on to future generations; mutations that occur in body cells may affect the functioning of that cell or the organism in which that cell is found. 5. Describe advances in life sciences that have important long-lasting effects on science and society (e.g., biological evolution, germ theory, biotechnology and discovering germs). 6. Analyze and investigate emerging scientific issues (e.g., genetically modified food, stem cell research, genetic research and cloning). Major science concepts: 1. Genetic basis of cancer 2. Scienttific Research is ongoing and advancing constantly 3. DNA replication and gene mutations 4. Genetics of cell cycle and cell division Learning outcomes: Students will be able to: 1. Explain what factors lead to cancer. 2. To integrate their knowledge of cell structure, division, and function and relate them to understand how cancer develops. 3. Explain the difference between benign, malignant, and metastatic tumors 4. List and determine the differences between at least 5 different types of cancers
2 Student Skills: 1. Research internet 2. Analysis of information from videos and powerpoints 3. Writing 4. Production of multimedia 5. Discussion Resources: Video From HHMI Biology: The Dynamics of Life by Glencoe Since the information may require a lot of referencing we will use: Reference Material: Cell and Molecular Biology of Cell Gerald M Karpe Cancer Biology National Cancer Institute (NCI) American Cancer Society (ACS) Suggested sites for students to find information for their Power Point/Webquest Flow Chart of Concepts Cell Types and Organelles Cell Cycle Mitosis/Meiosis Mendelian and Human Genetics DNA replication, mutations Development of Cancer Cells Applied Genetics Protein Synthesis 2
3 Outline of Teaching Plan ENGAGEMENT: Cancer Statistics and Introduction, pre-test (1, 52 minute period), Movie on Cancer HHMI (2, 52 minute periods), EXPLORATION Webquest visit list of websites provided by us. The students will then produce a 10 slide power point on the cancer of their choice. (1, 52 minute period + outside class time) EXPLANATION Power point produced by Dr. Singh to further explain the genetic aspects of cancer and cancer development. (2, 52 minute periods) ELABORATION The students will then produce a 10 slide power point presentation on the cancer of their choice. The students must have general characteristics, history, genes involved, symptoms, conventional care, unconventional care and cancer statistics. (outside class time involved) EVALUATION Pre Test (15 minutes) Post Test (15 minutes) Power point produced by students will be graded 3
4 Assessment Strategy: Formative assessment The students will then produce a 10 slide power point presentation on the cancer of their choice. The students must have general characteristics, history, genes involved, symptoms, conventional care, unconventional care and cancer statistics as at least one slide in their power points. The students may work in pairs. Each type of cancer will only be researched by one group. Summative assessment (Be sure to match these to your objectives/learning outcomes.) This is a copy of the pre and post test questions. 1. What is the word that describes uncontrolled cell growth forming malignant tumors that can result in the invasion of surrounding healthy tissues? A. Mitosis B. Cancer C. Diabetes D. Clumping E. Meiosis 2. How does cancer develop in the human body? A. Cancer is an infectious disease which results from contact with a patient suffering from cancer. B. New sets of cells get introduced from the outside which starts dividing without any control and cause tumors C. Our own cells change their nature and start dividing in an uncontrolled fashion and form tumors. D. All of the above E. None of the above 5. What is the most important property of a cancer cell? A. its chromosome complement B. its loss of growth control C. its size D. its secretions E. its inability to divide 6. What generally happens if cancer cells are introduced into a host animal? A. nothing happens; they do not survive in a host B. they are converted to normal cells in the host C. they generally cause tumors in the host animal D. the host animal s immune system destroys the transformed cancer cells. E. Both A and D 7. Which statement below is a correct statement about the abilities of normal cells and cancer cells to grow and divide when cultured under conditions favorable for cell growth? 4
5 A. Malignant cells grow and divide at a somewhat faster rate B. Normal cells grow and divide at a faster rate than malignant cells C. Malignant and normal cells grow and divide at similar rates D. Neither type of cell grows well in culture E. Normal cells do not grow at all, while malignant cells grow rapidly 8. What enzyme possessed by cancer cells is not found in normal cells that results in cancer cells ability to divide indefinitely and not die off? A. Telomerase B. RNA polymerase C. DNA-directed DNA polymerase D. Reverse transcriptase E. RNA-directed DNA polymerase 9. Who made the first known correlation between environmental agents and cancer development? A. Harry Potter B. Percival Pott C. Percival Lowell D. Charles Darwin E. Archibald Garrod 10. What do all of the environmental agents that can cause cancer have in common? A. They can all alter genes B. They are all soluble in water C. They are all made of nucleotides D. They are all made of amino acids E. They can alter proteins present in the cell cytoplasm that are responsible for the onset of cancer 11. Why do some viruses transform normal cells into cancer cells? A. They take over the normal cells and cause them to make progeny viruses B. They carry genes whose products interfere with the cell s normal-growth regulating activities C. They carry genes whose products interfere with the cell s normal bioenergetics pathways D. They carry genes whose products interfere with the cell s normal secretory activities. E. Both B and D 12. What types of genetic alterations might make it possible for humans to develop cancer? A. those that are inherited from their parents B. viral line mutations C. those that occur during a human s lifetime D. automatic mutations 5
6 E. Both A and C 13. What types of genetic alterations might make it possible for humans to develop cancer? A. those that a parent obtains from his child B. mutations that occur in sex cells C. those that occur in eggs after menopause D. somatic mutations E. Both B and D 14. Studies of identical twins suggest that. A. the genes we inherit have a significant influence on our risks of developing cancer B. the greatest impact on cancer development comes from genes altered during our lifetime C. genes play a very small role in cancer development D. genes play no role in cancer development E. Both A and B 15. Cancer results from the uncontrolled growth of a single cell and is therefore considered to be. A. Polyclonal B. Biclonal C. Monoclonal D. variant E. Obstreperous 16. Another work for a malignant transformation is. A. Oncorariness B. Ontogenesis C. Cancerogenesis D. Tumorigenesis E. Oncogenation 17. Which cells below possess unlimited growth potential and are able to give rise to all other types of cells? A. stem cells B. progenitor cells C. differentiated end products of a tissue D. anatomical cells E. Both B and C 18. Which cells generally lack the ability to divide? A. stem cells B. progenitor cells C. cells that are differentiated and are the end products of tissue D. anatomical cells E. Both B and C 6
7 19. You are studying two cell lines, one malignant and one normal. You carry out an experiment in which you fuse malignant and normal cells. What is likely to happen? A. all of the hybrid (fused) cells behave like malignant cancer cells B. some of the hybrid cells lose malignant traits C. some of the hybrid cells gained more extreme malignant traits D. most of the hybrids dies shortly after fusion E. the hybrids began to fuse together spontaneously making giant multinucleate cells 20. The fusion of malignant and normal cells results in some cases in the loss of malignant traits. What do these results suggest? A. Normal cells possess factors that can suppress uncontrolled cancer cell growth B. They suggest the existence of oncogenes C. Malignant cancer cells posses something that suppresses uncontrolled cancer cell growth D. They suggested the existence of cancer-causing genes E. Both B and D 21. Mutant forms of tumor suppressor genes act in a dominant fashion, both copies of the gene must be before their function is lost. A. mutated or deleted B. preserved C. reserved D. conserved E. both A and D 22. How can one identify oncogenes? A. By identifying the DNA suspected of containing the oncogene into cultured cells and looking for altered growth properties B. By fusing two normal cells together C. By fusing two malignant cells together D. By introducing the DNA suspected of containing the oncogene into cultured cells looking for altered nuclear membrances E. B,C, and D only 23. What was the initial explanation for the sensitivity of cancer cells to radiation therapy and chemotherapy as compared to normal cells? A. Cancer cells are sensitive to radiation and chemotherapy because they divide more rapidly B. Cancer cells are less resistant to drugs or radiation because once they sustain genetic damage, they either progress through the cell cycle while repair is incomplete and they may undergo apoptosis 7
8 C. Cancer cells are sensitive to radiation and chemotherapy because they divide more slowly D. Cancer cells are less resistant to drugs or radiation because once they sustain genetic damage, they either arrest the cell cycle until repair is complete or undergo apoptosis E. Cancer cells are sensitive to radiation and chemotherapy because they will not undergo apoptosis 8
9 Cancer: Where friends turn foe Amit Singh, Center for Tissue Regeneration & Engineering at Dayton (TREND) Department of Biology, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH, Normal body cells grow, divide and die in an orderly fashion.. Cancer cells are different because they continue to divide and grow.. Cancer cells form as a result of damaged DNA. Cancer (L. Crab) Statistics. Second most common cause of death in US. One in 3 Americans may die of cancer US Mortality, 2001 No. of % of all Rank Cause of Death deaths deaths 1. Heart Diseases 700, Cancer 553, Cerebrovascular diseases 163, Chronic lower respiratory diseases 123, Accidents (Unintentional injuries) 101, Diabetes mellitus 71, Influenza and Pneumonia 62, Alzheimer s disease 53, Nephritis 39, Sarcoma rise from connective tissue such as muscle or bone and are more common in younger people. Carcinomas which occur in epithelial tissue and are more common in older people. It includes lung, breast, prostate, and colon. Leukemia Lymphoma 10. Septicemia 32, Source: US Mortality Public Use Data Tape 2001, National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Incidence of new cancer cases & deaths in US. What is Cancer? Types of Cancer (nature) 1 2 Metastasis cancer cells penetrate into lymphatic system and blood vessels Benign tumors do not penetrate (invade) adjacent tissues, nor do they spread to distant sites. They remain localized and surgical excision can be curative in many cases. Benign tumors generally do not spread by invasion or In contrast, malignant tumors have a propensity metastasis to invade contiguous tissues. Moreover, owing to their ability to gain entrance into blood and lymph vessels, cells from a malignant Malignant neoplasm can tumors be transported are to capable distant sites, of where spreading subpopulations by invasion of malignant cells take up residence, grow, and again invade as satellite tumors (called metastases). and metastasis 1
10 7/13/2010 Growth pattern Benign Malignant TABLE I Characteristics of Benign and Malignant Tumors Characteristics Benign Malignant Growth pattern expansive infiltrative Rate of growth slow fast differentiation good atypical, poor metastasis absent typical 8 Normal squamous epithelial cells of the cervix. Uniform shape with central nucleus. Abnormal cells (carcinoma in situ) preinvasive cancer in cervix. Heterogenous shape & large nuclei Early detection can help save lives or prolong quality of life 2
11 Human Genome Project Molecular Biology & Informatics Chromosome X Bioinformatics ~ bp DNA ~ genes ~ protein ~ interaction 1 human cell Cancer cell do not grow faster than normal cells Rather, their growth is just uncontrolled In normal tissues, the rates of new cell growth and old cell death are kept in balance In cancer, due to loss of normal growth control this balance is disrupted due to 1) uncontrolled cell growth or 2) loss of apoptosis Serum deprivations affect growth of normal and transformed cells Normal Growth Scenario 1 fertilized egg 50x cell divisions/lifetime Cancer cells grow regardless of presence or absence of exogenous growth factors. Proliferation Differentiation Death 3
12 Cellular Equilibrium Proliferation Differentiation Death Disruption of cellular equilibrium leads to Cancer: Renewing Proliferating Transit Exiting Proliferation Differentiation Death Stem cells as the target of carcinogens Stem cell Post mitotic Differentiated Normal senescent differentiated cell Benign tumor Grade 2 malignancy Grade 3 or 4 malignancy In cancer, both genotype and phenotype keep changing over time Normal cell First mutation Second mutation Third mutation Fourth or later mutation Malignant cells What causes Cancer? Oncogenes Cancer is caused by alterations or mutations in the genetic code Can be induced in somatic cells by: Carcinogenic chemicals Radiation Some viruses Heredity - 5% Apoptosis Angiogenesis Cell cycle Tumor Suppressor Inv. and Mets Hanahan and Weinberg, Cell 100: 57,
13 What is the molecular basis of cancer? Theories of cancer genesis Standard Dogma Proto oncogenes (Ras melanoma) Tumor suppressor genes (p53 various cancers) Modified Dogma Mutation in a DNA repair gene leads to the accumulation of unrepaired mutations (xeroderma pigmentosum) Cancer is a genetic disease. Mutations in genes result in altered proteins Cancer: genome disease Most cancers result from mutations in somatic cells Some cancers are caused by mutations in germline cells Cancer: Genome Dısease Loss of DNA Gain of DNA Changes in nucleotides Epigenetic effects Signs for genomic changes in cancer Changes in chromosome numbers Aneuploidy Chromosomal changes Increase in DNA copy number 15 different region Loss in chromosomal regions Micro changes Microsatellite changes Nucleotide changes Chromosomal changes in the genome of cancer cells: tip of the iceberg Deletion Duplication Reciprocal translocation Ring Chromosome Large deletions or insertions SKY chromosome painting: breast cancer Normal SKY chromosomes are not multicolored. Chromosomes in breast cancer appear multicolored because they have exchanged genetic material. Terminal Deletion Insertion Inversion Robertsonian Translocation Isochromosomes Abnormal chromosome complement from a breast cancer cell line 5
14 DNA Loss in cancer cells: beyond coincidence. Chromosom al loss: Mostly, it is a sign for the loss of a tumor suppress or gene Glio blastoma multiformi CDKN2 locus PTEN locus RB1 locus??? locus p53 locus Cancer: Genome Dısease Loss of DNA Gain of DNA Changes in nucleotides Epigenetic effects Nucleotide changes in the genome of cancer cells: unseen site of the iceberg Nucleotide Deletions Nucleotide Insertions Nucleotide Substitutions med.ac.jp/genet/cai e.htm The causes of genomıc changes ın cancer:hereditary predisposition Genes Disease Function Inheretance Cancer Risk FA Genes F-A DNA Damage respose? OR Lösemi XP Genes NER Type X-P DNA Repair OR Skin Ca. BLM Bloom DNA Helicase? OR Various cancers WRN Werner DNA Helicase? OR Sarcoma RECQ4 Rothmund- Thomson DNA Helicase OR Sarcoma MLH1, MSH2, PMS1, PMS2 BRCA1, BRCA2 MMR DNA Repair DNA Repair OD OR OD Colon, Endometrium Ca. Lösemi, NF1 Breast, Ovary, Prostate, Pancreas Ca OR Lymphoma, A-T ATM DNA Damage sense? Leukemia OD Breast Ca.? p53 Li-Fraumeni DNA Damage sense OD Various cancers Cancer: Genome Dısease Genetic and Epigenetic Silencing of Tumor Suppressor Genes Loss of DNA Gain of DNA Changes in nucleotides Epigenetic effects Plass
15 Causes of genomıc changes ın cancer Normal Cell Carcinogenic Chemicals Point mutations UV Radiation Damaged DNA Replication errors Viruses Rearrangements (deletion, translocation..) Cancer Cell Alters DNA of genes controlling cell proliferation. (Proliferation becomes abnormal) Approximately 90 95% of all cancers are sporadic. 5 10% are inherited. Tumor Suppressor genes (brakes: both copy loss) Proto oncogenes (accelerators, one copy loss) Genes Playing Role in Cancer Oncogenes: mutated forms of proto oncogenes. Proto oncogenes code for cellular proteins which regulate normal cell growth and differentiation. Cancer-Associated Mutations Oncogenes Tumor suppressor genes DNA repair genes Carcinogen Normal Cancer Proto-oncogenes Mutated or activated oncogenes Tumor suppressor Loss genes or mutation of Tumor suppressor genes Tumor suppressor genes DNA repair genes Cell growth Malignant and transformation proliferation activating genes deactivating genes Cell cycle genes Cell cycle checkpoint genes Cell death genes Cell signaling genes Cellular differentiation genes Cellular senescence genes Metastasis/invasion genes The result: Revolution in cancer treatment: Smart Bullets Period Overproduction of growth factors Flooding of the cell with replication & division signals Uncontrolled stimulation in the intermediary pathways Cell growth by elevated levels of transcription factors 1. Immunotherapy: antibodies or immune cells to attack tumor cells 2. Inhibit the activity of cancer promoting proteins 3. Prevent the growth of blood vessels that nourish tumor 7
16 Spontaneous remission: Passive Immunotherapy: Treat patients by administering antibodies Humanized antibodies. Example Herceptin against Her2 for Breast cancer Rituxan for non hodgkins B cell lymphoma HERCEPTIN Active immunotherapy: involve person s own immune system to fight cancer Genetically modify host immune cell, grow in culture and then reintroduce into host to kill the cancer cells STI-571 Tumor Progression Multiple mutations lead to colon cancer Genetic changes > tumor changes Cellular Stage 0 Colorectal Cancer Stage I Colorectal Cancer Known as cancer in situ, meaning the cancer is located in the mucosa (moist tissue lining the colon or rectum) Removal of the polyp (polypectomy) is the usual treatment The cancer has grown through the mucosa and invaded the muscularis (muscular coat) Treatment is surgery to remove the tumor and some surrounding lymph nodes 8
17 Stage II Colorectal Cancer The cancer has grown beyond the muscularis of the colon or rectum but has not spread to the lymph nodes Stage II colon cancer is treated with surgery and, in some cases, chemotherapy after surgery Stage II rectal cancer is treated with surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy Stage III Colorectal Cancer The cancer has spread to the regional lymph nodes (lymph nodes near the colon and rectum) Stage III colon cancer is treated with surgery and chemotherapy Stage III rectal cancer is treated with surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy Stage IV Colorectal Cancer The cancer has spread outside of the colon or rectum to other areas of the body Stage IV cancer is treated with chemotherapy. Surgery to remove the colon or rectal tumor may or may not be done Additional surgery to remove metastases may also be done in carefully selected patients Activation mechanisms of proto-oncogenes proto oncogene > oncogene DNA Loss in cancer cells 9
18 Metaplasia an adaptive substitution of one type of adult tissue to another type of adult tissue under stress a more vulnerable type of tissue will be replaced by another more capable of withstanding stress Dysplasia An abnormality in cell size, appearance, with or without a disorganized growth pattern Neoplasia A disease of cells characterized by alteration of normal growth regulatory mechanisms Desmoplasia The formation and proliferation of connective tissue in response to neoplastic growth Definitions Neoplasm (new growth) abnormal mass of tissue, the growth of which exceeds and is uncoordinated with the normal tissues Tumor a non specific term meaning lump or swelling. Often syn. for neoplasm Cancer any malignant neoplasm or tumor Metastasis discontinuous spread of a malignant neoplasm to distant sites Neoplastic progression Benign or malignant neoplasms can acquire increasingly aggressive features Most malignant neoplasms arise de novo Some malignant neoplasms are thought to be preceded by preneoplastic conditions 10
19 Gene expression profiling of 2 different leukemias Microarray can be used to determine chopice of treatment. A good signature based on 70 selected genes can be used a marker Patients with poor signature are treated aggressively Activation of a proto oncogene to an oncogene Role of prb in regulating cell cycle p53: the guardian of the genome 53K Dalton 1990: tumor suppressor gene, mutation: Li Fraumeni syndrome p53 P21 Inhibit cyclin dependent kinase G1 to S Bax Initiate apotosis 11
20 Model for p53 function Cancer cell do not grow faster than normal cells Rather, their growth is just uncontrolled In normal tissues, the rates of new cell growth and old cell death are kept in balance In cancer, due to loss of normal growth control this balance is disrupted due to 1) uncontrolled cell growth or 2) loss of apoptosis 12
21 Oncogenes proto oncogene = ras Oncogene = mutated ras Always activated Always stimulating proliferation Amino acid substitutions in Ras family proteins (inactivates GTPase) amino acid position Ras gene Tumor c-ras (H, K, N) Gly Ala Gln normal cells H-ras Gly Ala Leu lung carcinoma Val Ala Gln bladder carcinoma K-ras Cys Ala Gln lung carcinoma Arg Ala Gln lung carcinoma Val Ala Gln colon carcinoma N-ras Gly Ala Lys neuroblastoma Gly Ala Arg lung carcinoma Murine sarcoma virus H-ras Arg Thr Gln Harvey strain K-ras Ser Thr Gln Kirsten strain p53 Phosphyorylated p53 activates transcription of p21 gene p21 Cdk inhibitor (binds Cdk cyclin complex > inhibits kinase activity) Cell cycle arrested to allow DNA to be repaired 13
22 Summary of Experience and Reflections The lesson planning stage worked well. We came up with strong ideas on content that is not covered well in the curriculum in the state of Ohio. Our strategy was to incorporate content that would be personal and useful, therefore interesting to each student. We choose Cancer and cell proliferation for our topic. We used the conference time for brain-storming and initial planning purposes. We consulted the Ohio State standards to make sure that our topic was within the state and local curriculum. Although there is no mention of cancer in the state standards or local curricular goals, mutations, cell proliferation, and the cell cycle are topics that are required to be covered in the state standards. We followed the 5 E lesson planning strategy set forth by the conference. For the engagement we used statistics from the American Cancer Society to bring to light the affect that cancer has on the world. We used a pre-test to gauge what students knew about cancer. Then we watched a lecture by Burt Vogelstein of HHMI. For the exploration part of the lesson we gave students a small research project where they would look at different types of cancers and produce a power point to inform other students of their findings. The third portion of the lesson was the explanation where Dr. Singh brought in a power point and lectured the students on the basics of cancer development. The fourth portion elaboration is complete with the students finishing their research on the cancer type that they choose. The evaluation process started with a pre-test and ended with a post-test. The students scored significantly higher on the post test than the pretest. The third part of the evaluation was the power point. Reflection I like our lesson plan very well but there are a few things that I would like to improve about it. First I would like to incorporate a lab portion to the lesson plan. This would give students a practical example of how scientist would study the content. Second I would like to change the pre-test and post-test. Adjusting the questions to fit the knowledge base of the students and to fit the standards set forth in the curriculum would be my next revision to our lesson plan. The questions need to be reworded to fit the ability of 9 th and 10 th grade students. The information given in the lecture needs to better match the questions given in the test. Third I would like to take a field trip to the genetics labs at the University of Dayton. This is a difficult maneuver to pull off. It is difficult to get field trips approved through the high school. The genetics labs are not built to have 90 students trek through them in short amounts of time. I would like to enhance the power point presentation by uploading them to the schools moodle website. This would allow students to see each others work without taking the time to present them during the week. Having Dr. Singh come in and speak with the students was very rewarding. The students enjoyed having a speaker talk to them about research subjects. The conference, meetings, food, hotel, travel and work done in Seattle, was interesting and fun. I enjoyed the conference very much. The location was great. I appreciated the atmosphere, weather, the ease of moving around the city, and the interesting things to do in Seattle. The conference itself was pleasing. It had a good mix of speakers, time to get know each other, and working on the ideas for our lesson plan. Content was appropriate and
23 understandable and useful. My only suggestion is the speakers from the previous GENA workshop need to keep in mind that most biology teachers have average students, and we do not teach a genetics course. If we include the cell cycle, Mendelian genetics, human genetics, DNA, applied genetics, and evolution we spend less than one quarter of our school year on genetics. Biology teachers at my high school feel that genetics is very important to the curriculum of biology. However we are required to cover many other topics during the school year. Increasing the amount of time standard biology courses spend on genetics will be a difficult sell with the curriculum directors. Trying to expand the courses available to include a genetics course would allow genetics to be explored in more detail, and keep students and teachers more up to date in the genetics world. 2
What is Cancer? Cancer is a genetic disease: Cancer typically involves a change in gene expression/function:
Cancer is a genetic disease: Inherited cancer Sporadic cancer What is Cancer? Cancer typically involves a change in gene expression/function: Qualitative change Quantitative change Any cancer causing genetic
More informationTypes of Cancers [-oma growth ]!
Cancer: disease of transcription factors and replication 1 Uncontrolled cell growth and division -> immortalized cells -> tumor growth -> metastasis (cells float away from tumor and spread throughout the
More informationCHAPTER 2: UNDERSTANDING CANCER
CHAPTER 2: UNDERSTANDING CANCER INTRODUCTION We are witnessing an era of great discovery in the field of cancer research. New insights into the causes and development of cancer are emerging. These discoveries
More informationMutations: 2 general ways to alter DNA. Mutations. What is a mutation? Mutations are rare. Changes in a single DNA base. Change a single DNA base
Mutations Mutations: 2 general ways to alter DNA Change a single DNA base Or entire sections of DNA can move from one place to another What is a mutation? Any change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA Here
More informationLESSON 3.5 WORKBOOK. How do cancer cells evolve? Workbook Lesson 3.5
LESSON 3.5 WORKBOOK How do cancer cells evolve? In this unit we have learned how normal cells can be transformed so that they stop behaving as part of a tissue community and become unresponsive to regulation.
More informationMUTATION, DNA REPAIR AND CANCER
MUTATION, DNA REPAIR AND CANCER 1 Mutation A heritable change in the genetic material Essential to the continuity of life Source of variation for natural selection New mutations are more likely to be harmful
More informationReport series: General cancer information
Fighting cancer with information Report series: General cancer information Eastern Cancer Registration and Information Centre ECRIC report series: General cancer information Cancer is a general term for
More informationCancer: DNA Synthesis, Mitosis, and Meiosis
Chapter 5 Cancer: DNA Synthesis, Mitosis, and Meiosis Copyright 2007 Pearson Copyright Prentice Hall, 2007 Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. 1 What Is Cancer? Benign tumors do not invade surrounding tissue
More informationFrequently Asked Questions About Ovarian Cancer
Media Contact: Gerri Gomez Howard Cell: 303-748-3933 gerri@gomezhowardgroup.com Frequently Asked Questions About Ovarian Cancer What is ovarian cancer? Ovarian cancer is a cancer that forms in tissues
More informationHow Cancer Begins???????? Chithra Manikandan Nov 2009
Cancer Cancer is one of the most common diseases in the developed world: 1 in 4 deaths are due to cancer 1 in 17 deaths are due to lung cancer Lung cancer is the most common cancer in men Breast cancer
More informationCell Division Mitosis and the Cell Cycle
Cell Division Mitosis and the Cell Cycle A Chromosome and Sister Chromatids Key Points About Chromosome Structure A chromosome consists of DNA that is wrapped around proteins (histones) and condensed Each
More informationLesson 3 Reading Material: Oncogenes and Tumor Suppressor Genes
Lesson 3 Reading Material: Oncogenes and Tumor Suppressor Genes Becoming a cancer cell isn t easy One of the fundamental molecular characteristics of cancer is that it does not develop all at once, but
More information1 Mutation and Genetic Change
CHAPTER 14 1 Mutation and Genetic Change SECTION Genes in Action KEY IDEAS As you read this section, keep these questions in mind: What is the origin of genetic differences among organisms? What kinds
More informationSpecial report. Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) Genomic Biology 3020 April 20, 2006
Special report Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) Genomic Biology 3020 April 20, 2006 Gene And Protein The gene that causes the mutation is CCND1 and the protein NP_444284 The mutation deals with the cell
More informationCancer SBL101. James Gomes School of Biological Sciences Indian Institute of Technology Delhi
Cancer SBL101 James Gomes School of Biological Sciences Indian Institute of Technology Delhi All Figures in this Lecture are taken from 1. Molecular biology of the cell / Bruce Alberts et al., 5th ed.
More informationThe Biological Basis of Cancer. Annie Young, Professor of Nursing, University of Warwick, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire
The Biological Basis of Cancer Annie Young, Professor of Nursing, University of Warwick, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire Aim of Presentation By the end of this presentation you will: Be
More informationDepartment of BioScience Technology Chung Yuan Christian University 2015/08/13
Department of BioScience Technology Chung Yuan Christian University 2015/08/13 Cancer Cells Cancer, the 1st leading cause of death, is an example of a disease that arises from abnormalities in cell function
More informationContents. molecular biology techniques. - Mutations in Factor II. - Mutations in MTHFR gene. - Breast cencer genes. - p53 and breast cancer
Contents Introduction: biology and medicine, two separated compartments What we need to know: - boring basics in DNA/RNA structure and overview of particular aspects of molecular biology techniques - How
More informationCytotoxic and Biotherapies Credentialing Programme Module 2
Cytotoxic and Biotherapies Credentialing Programme Module 2 1. The Cell Cycle 2. Cancer Therapies 3. Adjunctive Therapies On completion of this module the RN will State the difference between a normal
More informationguides BIOLOGY OF AGING STEM CELLS An introduction to aging science brought to you by the American Federation for Aging Research
infoaging guides BIOLOGY OF AGING STEM CELLS An introduction to aging science brought to you by the American Federation for Aging Research WHAT ARE STEM CELLS? Stem cells are cells that, in cell cultures
More informationAppendix C DNA Replication & Mitosis
K.Muma Bio 6 Appendix C DNA Replication & Mitosis Study Objectives: Appendix C: DNA replication and Mitosis 1. Describe the structure of DNA and where it is found. 2. Explain complimentary base pairing:
More informationBiochemistry of Cancer Cell
Biochemistry of Cancer Cell Prof. Taha Kumosani Prof. Taha Kumosani http://biochemistry4all.com/taha/5.htm Cancer: an Overview Paleopathologists Dinosaur bones Egyptians Papyrus Autopsis Hippocrates Carcinoma
More informationCancer: Cells Behaving Badly
Cancer: Cells behaving badly It s quite likely your body is harboring precancerous cells. Don t panic: this doesn t mean you have cancer. Many of us have cells here and there with defense mechanisms that
More informationIntroduction. Cancer Biology. Tumor-suppressor genes. Proto-oncogenes. DNA stability genes. Mechanisms of carcinogenesis.
Cancer Biology Chapter 18 Eric J. Hall., Amato Giaccia, Radiobiology for the Radiologist Introduction Tissue homeostasis depends on the regulated cell division and self-elimination (programmed cell death)
More informationUnit 1 Higher Human Biology Summary Notes
Unit 1 Higher Human Biology Summary Notes a. Cells tissues organs body systems Division of labour occurs in multicellular organisms (rather than each cell carrying out every function) Most cells become
More informationCANCER EXPLAINED. Union for International Cancer Control Union Internationale Contre le Cancer
MEDIA FACTSHEET CANCER EXPLAINED What is cancer? Cancer is a disease which occurs when changes in a group of normal cells within the body lead to uncontrolled growth causing a lump called a tumour; this
More informationThe Immune System and Disease
Chapter 40 The Immune System and Disease Section 40 1 Infectious Disease (pages 1029 1033) This section describes the causes of disease and explains how infectious diseases are transmitted Introduction
More informationThe Human Genome Project. From genome to health From human genome to other genomes and to gene function Structural Genomics initiative
The Human Genome Project From genome to health From human genome to other genomes and to gene function Structural Genomics initiative June 2000 What is the Human Genome Project? U.S. govt. project coordinated
More informationGuided Notes: Chapter 9 Cellular Reproduction
Guided Notes: Cellular Reproduction When do cells divide? Cells grow and function normally until they become too. Cell size is because increases faster than This means that there is not enough area on
More informationBIOLOGY REDISCOVERING. Cell Biology and Cancer. Molecular to Global Perspectives. Introduction
REDISCOVERING BIOLOGY Molecular to Global Perspectives We now understand a lot about cancer. We know that it results from a series of genetic changes having to do with cell division and growth control
More informationOne out of every two men and one out of every three women will have some type of cancer at some point during their lifetime. 3
1. What is cancer? 2. What causes cancer?. What causes cancer? 3. Can cancer be prevented? The Facts One out of every two men and one out of every three women will have some type of cancer at some point
More informationCancer can occur at almost any organ in the body
Cancer can occur at almost any organ in the body There are many different types of cancers affecting different parts of the body. A cancer, or tumor, can occur in any organ or tissue of the human body.
More informationOvarian Cancer. in Georgia, 1999-2003. Georgia Department of Human Resources Division of Public Health
Ovarian Cancer in Georgia, 1999-23 Georgia Department of Human Resources Division of Public Health Acknowledgments Georgia Department of Human Resources......B. J. Walker, Commissioner Division of Public
More informationEstimated New Cases of Leukemia, Lymphoma, Myeloma 2014
ABOUT BLOOD CANCERS Leukemia, Hodgkin lymphoma (HL), non-hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), myeloma, myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) and myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) are types of cancer that can affect the
More informationProstate Cancer Screening
Prostate Cancer Screening The American Cancer Society and Congregational Health Ministry Team June Module To access this module via the Web, visit www.cancer.org and type in congregational health ministry
More informationCancer is the leading cause of death for Canadians aged 35 to 64 and is also the leading cause of critical illness claims in Canada.
Underwriting cancer In this issue of the Decision, we provide an overview of Canadian cancer statistics and the information we use to make an underwriting decision. The next few issues will deal with specific
More informationUnderstanding series. new. directions. 1-800-298-2436 LungCancerAlliance.org. A guide for the patient
Understanding series LUNG CANCER: new treatment directions 1-800-298-2436 LungCancerAlliance.org A guide for the patient TABLE OF CONTENTS What s New in lung cancer? Advancements...4 Changes in genes that
More informationwww.njctl.org PSI Biology Mitosis & Meiosis
Mitosis and Meiosis Mitosis Classwork 1. Identify two differences between meiosis and mitosis. 2. Provide an example of a type of cell in the human body that would undergo mitosis. 3. Does cell division
More informationThe TV Series. www.healthybodyhealthymind.com INFORMATION TELEVISION NETWORK
The TV Series www.healthybodyhealthymind.com Produced By: INFORMATION TELEVISION NETWORK ONE PARK PLACE 621 NW 53RD ST BOCA RATON, FL 33428 1-800-INFO-ITV www.itvisus.com 2005 Information Television Network.
More informationIf and when cancer cells stop dividing, they do so at random points, not at the normal checkpoints in the cell cycle.
Cancer cells have escaped from cell cycle controls Cancer cells divide excessively and invade other tissues because they are free of the body s control mechanisms. Cancer cells do not stop dividing when
More informationFulfilling the Promise
Fulfilling the Promise Advancing the Fight Against Cancer: America s Medical Schools and Teaching Hospitals For more than a century, the nation s medical schools and teaching hospitals have worked to understand,
More informationDal germinale al somatico nella identificazione di tumori ereditari
Modena 18-19 novembre 2010 Dal germinale al somatico nella identificazione di tumori ereditari Laura Ottini Tendencies to develop cancer can be inherited Fletcher & Houlston, 2010 Cancer is a genetic disease
More informationLecture 6: Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms (RFLPs)
Lecture 6: Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms (RFLPs) Single nucleotide polymorphisms or SNPs (pronounced "snips") are DNA sequence variations that occur
More informationYour Immune System & Lung Cancer Treatment
Your Immune System & Lung Cancer Treatment Immunotherapy and Lung Cancer Immunotherapy is quickly developing as an important approach to treating many forms of cancer, including lung cancer. Immunotherapy
More informationChapter 13: Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles
Name Period Chapter 13: Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles Concept 13.1 Offspring acquire genes from parents by inheriting chromosomes 1. Let s begin with a review of several terms that you may already know.
More information4.1 3T12 and 312 are immortalized cell lines with transforming potential:
DISCUSSION CHAPTER 4 4.1 3T12 and 312 are immortalized cell lines with transforming potential: Transformation of a normal cell with finite number of divisions into a tumorigenic cell of potentially infinite
More informationCellular Reproduction
9 Cellular Reproduction section 1 Cellular Growth Before You Read Think about the life cycle of a human. On the lines below, write some of the stages that occur in the life cycle of a human. In this section,
More informationACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA (AML),
1 ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA (AML), ALSO KNOWN AS ACUTE MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA WHAT IS CANCER? The body is made up of hundreds of millions of living cells. Normal body cells grow, divide, and die in an orderly
More informationLecture 7 Mitosis & Meiosis
Lecture 7 Mitosis & Meiosis Cell Division Essential for body growth and tissue repair Interphase G 1 phase Primary cell growth phase S phase DNA replication G 2 phase Microtubule synthesis Mitosis Nuclear
More informationtargeted therapy a guide for the patient
targeted therapy FOR LUNG CANCER a guide for the patient TABLE OF CONTENTS lung cancer basics... 2-3 Gene changes... 4-5 Testing... 7-8 Targeted therapy... 9-11 Drugs Targeting EGFR... 12 Drugs Targeting
More informationDNA Damage and Repair
infoaging guides BIOLOGY OF AGING DNA Damage and Repair An introduction to aging science brought to you by the American Federation for Aging Research DNA BASICS DNA stands for deoxyribonucleic acid. The
More informationIntroduction: Tumor Swelling / new growth / mass. Two types of growth disorders: Non-Neoplastic. Secondary / adaptation due to other cause.
Disorders of Growth Introduction: Tumor Swelling / new growth / mass Two types of growth disorders: Non-Neoplastic Secondary / adaptation due to other cause. Neoplastic. Primary growth abnormality. Non-Neoplastic
More informationGenetic Testing in Research & Healthcare
We Innovate Healthcare Genetic Testing in Research & Healthcare We Innovate Healthcare Genetic Testing in Research and Healthcare Human genetic testing is a growing science. It is used to study genes
More information1. When new cells are formed through the process of mitosis, the number of chromosomes in the new cells
Cell Growth and Reproduction 1. When new cells are formed through the process of mitosis, the number of chromosomes in the new cells A. is half of that of the parent cell. B. remains the same as in the
More informationGene mutation and molecular medicine Chapter 15
Gene mutation and molecular medicine Chapter 15 Lecture Objectives What Are Mutations? How Are DNA Molecules and Mutations Analyzed? How Do Defective Proteins Lead to Diseases? What DNA Changes Lead to
More informationCancer Genomics: What Does It Mean for You?
Cancer Genomics: What Does It Mean for You? The Connection Between Cancer and DNA One person dies from cancer each minute in the United States. That s 1,500 deaths each day. As the population ages, this
More information1400 Telegraph Bloomfield Hills, MI 48302 248-334-6877-Phone number/248-334-6877-fax Number CANCER TREATMENT
1400 Telegraph Bloomfield Hills, MI 48302 248-334-6877-Phone number/248-334-6877-fax Number CANCER TREATMENT Learning that your pet has a diagnosis of cancer can be overwhelming. We realize that your pet
More informationCystic Fibrosis Webquest Sarah Follenweider, The English High School 2009 Summer Research Internship Program
Cystic Fibrosis Webquest Sarah Follenweider, The English High School 2009 Summer Research Internship Program Introduction: Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an inherited chronic disease that affects the lungs and
More informationUpdate in Hematology Oncology Targeted Therapies. Mark Holguin
Update in Hematology Oncology Targeted Therapies Mark Holguin 25 years ago Why I chose oncology People How to help people with possibly the most difficult thing they may have to deal with Science Turning
More informationOBJECTIVES By the end of this segment, the community participant will be able to:
Cancer 101: Cancer Diagnosis and Staging Linda U. Krebs, RN, PhD, AOCN, FAAN OCEAN Native Navigators and the Cancer Continuum (NNACC) (NCMHD R24MD002811) Cancer 101: Diagnosis & Staging (Watanabe-Galloway
More informationProstate Cancer Screening. A Decision Guide for African Americans
Prostate Cancer Screening A Decision Guide for African Americans This booklet was developed by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Published
More informationBrain Cancer. This reference summary will help you understand how brain tumors are diagnosed and what options are available to treat them.
Brain Cancer Introduction Brain tumors are not rare. Thousands of people are diagnosed every year with tumors of the brain and the rest of the nervous system. The diagnosis and treatment of brain tumors
More informationThe following information is only meant for people who have been diagnosed with advanced non-small cell
Important information for people with advanced non-small cell lung cancer The following information is only meant for people who have been diagnosed with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). NSCLC
More informationLEUKEMIA LYMPHOMA MYELOMA Advances in Clinical Trials
LEUKEMIA LYMPHOMA MYELOMA Advances in Clinical Trials OUR FOCUS ABOUT emerging treatments Presentation for: Judith E. Karp, MD Advancements for Acute Myelogenous Leukemia Supported by an unrestricted educational
More informationBreast Cancer. The Pathology report gives an outline on direction of treatment. It tells multiple stories to help us understand the patient s cancer.
Breast Cancer What Does the Pathology Report Say Normal Cells The Pathology report gives an outline on direction of treatment. It tells multiple stories to help us understand the patient s cancer. Non-Invasive
More informationThe sequence of bases on the mrna is a code that determines the sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide being synthesized:
Module 3F Protein Synthesis So far in this unit, we have examined: How genes are transmitted from one generation to the next Where genes are located What genes are made of How genes are replicated How
More informationCCR Biology - Chapter 9 Practice Test - Summer 2012
Name: Class: Date: CCR Biology - Chapter 9 Practice Test - Summer 2012 Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. Genetic engineering is possible
More informationCommon Cancers & Hereditary Syndromes
Common Cancers & Hereditary Syndromes Elizabeth Hoodfar, MS, LCGC Regional Cancer Genetics Coordinator Kaiser Permanente Northern California Detect clinical characteristics of hereditary cancer syndromes.
More informationA disease of populations of cells that live, divide, invade and spread without regard to normal limits
1 Targeted Cancer Therapies Mark McKeage Medical Oncology Specialist Professor in Clinical Pharmacology 2 Cancer Definition- A disease of populations of cells that live, divide, invade and spread without
More informationDNA, RNA, Protein synthesis, and Mutations. Chapters 12-13.3
DNA, RNA, Protein synthesis, and Mutations Chapters 12-13.3 1A)Identify the components of DNA and explain its role in heredity. DNA s Role in heredity: Contains the genetic information of a cell that can
More informationDirector of Nursing & Patient Services. Rayson Homes Ltd. Everybody Deserves High Quality Care
How Cancer Develops, Grows & Spreads Maria Vincent Director of Nursing & Patient Services Rayson Homes Ltd Everybody Deserves High Quality Care Each year more than a quarter of a million people are newly
More informationName: Class: Date: ID: A
Name: Class: _ Date: _ Meiosis Quiz 1. (1 point) A kidney cell is an example of which type of cell? a. sex cell b. germ cell c. somatic cell d. haploid cell 2. (1 point) How many chromosomes are in a human
More informationco-sponsored by the Health & Physical Education Department, the Health Services Office, and the Student Development Center
Cancer is a group of more than 100 related diseases. Normally, cells grow and divide to produce more cells to keep the body healthy. Sometimes, this process goes wrong. New cells form when the body doesn
More informationNew strategies in anticancer therapy
癌 症 診 療 指 引 簡 介 及 臨 床 應 用 New strategies in anticancer therapy 中 山 醫 學 大 學 附 設 醫 院 腫 瘤 內 科 蔡 明 宏 醫 師 2014/3/29 Anti-Cancer Therapy Surgical Treatment Radiotherapy Chemotherapy Target Therapy Supportive
More informationBioBoot Camp Genetics
BioBoot Camp Genetics BIO.B.1.2.1 Describe how the process of DNA replication results in the transmission and/or conservation of genetic information DNA Replication is the process of DNA being copied before
More informationCancer of the Cervix
Cancer of the Cervix WOMENCARE A Healthy Woman is a Powerful Woman (407) 898-1500 A woman's cervix (the opening of the uterus) is lined with cells. Cancer of the cervix occurs when those cells change,
More informationpatient education Fact Sheet PFS007: BRCA1 and BRCA2 Mutations MARCH 2015
patient education Fact Sheet PFS007: BRCA1 and BRCA2 Mutations MARCH 2015 BRCA1 and BRCA2 Mutations Cancer is a complex disease thought to be caused by several different factors. A few types of cancer
More informationEarly Prostate Cancer: Questions and Answers. Key Points
CANCER FACTS N a t i o n a l C a n c e r I n s t i t u t e N a t i o n a l I n s t i t u t e s o f H e a l t h D e p a r t m e n t o f H e a l t h a n d H u m a n S e r v i c e s Early Prostate Cancer:
More informationStem Cell Quick Guide: Stem Cell Basics
Stem Cell Quick Guide: Stem Cell Basics What is a Stem Cell? Stem cells are the starting point from which the rest of the body grows. The adult human body is made up of hundreds of millions of different
More informationUnderstanding Cancer Basics
Goals & Objectives Section 1 Understanding GOALS Participants will learn how a cancer diagnosis is made and become familiar with common medical words used when describing cancer. Participants will be able
More informationNOVEL PLATFORMS FOR CANCER DIAGNOSIS
NOVEL PLATFORMS FOR CANCER DIAGNOSIS Luca Beneduce, Ph.D. Founded in 2001 and headquartered in Venice (Italy) Xeptagen is a privately held biotech company funded by venture capital. Xeptagen s mission
More informationChapter 12: The Cell Cycle
Name Period Chapter 12: The Cell Cycle Overview: 1. What are the three key roles of cell division? State each role, and give an example. Key Role Reproduction Growth and development Tissue removal Example
More informationGENE REGULATION. Teacher Packet
AP * BIOLOGY GENE REGULATION Teacher Packet AP* is a trademark of the College Entrance Examination Board. The College Entrance Examination Board was not involved in the production of this material. Pictures
More informationTargeted Therapies in Lung Cancer
Targeted Therapies in Lung Cancer I Edited by: Simona Carnio Thoracic Oncology Division - St Luigi Hospital Orbassano (TO) - Italy Silvia Novello Department of Oncology - University of Torino - Italy Why
More informationClinical Cancer Research: Alternative IRB Models and Enhancing Progress
Clinical Cancer Research: Alternative IRB Models and Enhancing Progress Lowell E. Schnipper, M.D. Berenson Professor of Medicine Chief, Hematology-Oncology Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Dynamics of Clinical
More informationEvolution (18%) 11 Items Sample Test Prep Questions
Evolution (18%) 11 Items Sample Test Prep Questions Grade 7 (Evolution) 3.a Students know both genetic variation and environmental factors are causes of evolution and diversity of organisms. (pg. 109 Science
More informationLung Cancer. This reference summary will help you better understand lung cancer and the treatment options that are available.
Lung Cancer Introduction Lung cancer is the number one cancer killer of men and women. Over 165,000 people die of lung cancer every year in the United States. Most cases of lung cancer are related to cigarette
More information7.012 Quiz 3 practice
MIT Biology Department 7.012: Introductory Biology - Fall 2004 Instructors: Professor Eric Lander, Professor Robert A. Weinberg, Dr. Claudette Gardel 7.012 Quiz 3 practice Quiz 3 on Friday, November 12th
More informationBreast Cancer. Presentation by Dr Mafunga
Breast Cancer Presentation by Dr Mafunga Breast cancer in the UK Breast cancer is the second most common cancer in women. Around 1 in 9 women will develop breast cancer It most commonly affects women over
More informationCHAPTER 9 CELLULAR REPRODUCTION P. 243-257
CHAPTER 9 CELLULAR REPRODUCTION P. 243-257 SECTION 9-1 CELLULAR GROWTH Page 244 ESSENTIAL QUESTION Why is it beneficial for cells to remain small? MAIN IDEA Cells grow until they reach their size limit,
More informationMetastasis. Brookdale Hospital, Brooklyn, New York 11212, USA; 2 Cambridge, MA 02138, USA ma8080@gmail.com
Metastasis Ma Hongbao 1, Margaret Ma 2, Yang Yan 1 1 Brookdale Hospital, Brooklyn, New York 11212, USA; 2 Cambridge, MA 02138, USA ma8080@gmail.com Abstract: Cancer begins when cells in a part of the body
More informationCCR Biology - Chapter 5 Practice Test - Summer 2012
Name: Class: Date: CCR Biology - Chapter 5 Practice Test - Summer 2012 Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. If a cell cannot move enough material
More informationGenes and Cancer. What are genes? Dominant vs. recessive genes
Genes and Cancer Advances in science have improved our knowledge of the inner workings of cells, the basic building blocks of the body. All living things are made of cells. Complex animals such as humans
More informationPART 3.3: MicroRNA and Cancer
BIBM 2010 Tutorial: Epigenomics and Cancer PART 3.3: MicroRNA and Cancer Dec 18, 2010 Sun Kim at Indiana University Outline of Part 3.3 Background on microrna Role of microrna in cancer MicroRNA pathway
More informationNational Cancer Institute Research on Childhood Cancers. In the United States in 2005, approximately 9,510 children under age 15 will be
CANCER FACTS N a t i o n a l C a n c e r I n s t i t u t e N a t i o n a l I n s t i t u t e s o f H e a l t h D e p a r t m e n t o f H e a l t h a n d H u m a n S e r v i c e s National Cancer Institute
More informationAP BIOLOGY 2010 SCORING GUIDELINES (Form B)
AP BIOLOGY 2010 SCORING GUIDELINES (Form B) Question 2 Certain human genetic conditions, such as sickle cell anemia, result from single base-pair mutations in DNA. (a) Explain how a single base-pair mutation
More informationColon and Rectal Cancer
Colon and Rectal Cancer What is colon or rectal cancer? Colon or rectal cancer is the growth of abnormal cells in your large intestine, which is also called the large bowel. The colon is the last 5 feet
More informationAppendix 2 Molecular Biology Core Curriculum. Websites and Other Resources
Appendix 2 Molecular Biology Core Curriculum Websites and Other Resources Chapter 1 - The Molecular Basis of Cancer 1. Inside Cancer http://www.insidecancer.org/ From the Dolan DNA Learning Center Cold
More informationAn Introduction to PROSTATE CANCER
An Introduction to PROSTATE CANCER Being diagnosed with prostate cancer can be a life-altering experience. It requires making some very difficult decisions about treatments that can affect not only the
More informationScience Highlights. To PSA or not to PSA: That is the Question.
Science Highlights June 2012 by Ann A. Kiessling, PhD at the To PSA or not to PSA: That is the Question. The current raucous debate over the commonly used PSA blood test to screen for prostate cancer,
More information