Microsoft SQL Server 2012 Administration

Transcription

1 PROFESSION Microsoft SQL Server 2012 Administration Adam Jorgensen Steven Wort Ross LoForte Brian Knight WILEY John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

2 INTRODUCTION xxxvii CHAPTER 1: SQL SERVER 2012 ARCHITECTURE 1 SQL Server 2012 Ecosystem 1 New Important Features in Production DBA 2 Development DBA 2 Business Intelligence DBA and Developer 3 SQL Server Architecture 4 Database Files and Transaction Log 4 SQL Native Client 5 Standard System Databases 6 Schemas 8 Synonyms 8 Dynamic Management Objects 9 SQL Server 2012 Data Types 10 Editions of SQL Server 17 Edition Overview 17 Licensing 18 Summary 20 CHAPTER 2: INSTALLING SQL SERVER 2012 BEST PRACTICES 21 Planning the System 22 Hardware Options 22 Software and Install Options 27 Installing SQL Server 29 New Installs 30 Side-by-Side Installs 30 Upgrades 30 Unattended Installs 30 Attended Installations 36 Installing Analysis Services 40 Multidimensional and Data Mining Mode (UDM Mode) 41 Tabular Mode 42 Installing PowerPivot for SharePoint 43 Burning in the System 45

3 the CONTENTS Post-Install Configuration 45 Configuring SQL Server Settings for Performance 46 tempdb 47 Configuring SQL Server Setting for Security 49 Best Practices Analyzer (BPA) 50 SQL Server Configuration Manager 50 Back It Up 51 Uninstalling SQL Server 51 Uninstalling Reporting Services 51 Uninstalling Analysis Services 51 Uninstalling the SQL Server Database Engine 52 Troubleshooting a Failed Install 52 Summary 52 CHAPTER 3: UPGRADING SOL SERVER 2012 BEST PRACTICES 53 Why Upgrade to SQL Server 2012? 53 Risk Mitigation Microsoft Contribution 54 Independent Software Vendors and SQL Community Contributions 54 Upgrading to SQL Server In-Place Upgrading 55 Side-by-Side Upgrade 57 In-Place Upgrade versus Side-By-Side Upgrade Considerations 58 Pre-Upgrade Steps and Tools 58 Pre-Upgrade Steps 58 Pre-Upgrade Tools 59 Backward Compatibility 67 Unsupported and Discontinued Features in SQL Server SQL Server 2012 Deprecated Database Features 67 Other SQL Server 2012 Changes Affecting Behavior 68 SQL Server Component Considerations 68 Upgrading Full-Text Catalog 68 Upgrading Reporting Services 68 Upgrading to 64-Bit 69 Post-Upgrade Checks 69 Poor Query Performance After Upgrade 69 Summary 70 CHAPTER 4: MANAGING AND TROUBLESHOOTING THE DATABASE ENGINE 71 Configuration and Administration Tools 71 SQL Server Configuration Manager 72 Startup Parameters 73 x

4 Startup Stored Procedures 77 Partially Contained Databases 78 Troubleshooting Tools 79 Dedicated Administrator Connection 79 Rebuilding the System Databases 81 Management Studio 82 Reports 82 Configuring SQL Server in Management Studio 85 Filtering Objects 90 Error Logs 90 Activity Monitor 91 Monitoring Processes in T-SQL 96 sp_who and sp_who2 96 sys.dm exec_connections 97 sys.dm_exec_sql_text 97 Multiserver Management 98 Central Management Servers and Server Groups 98 SQL Server Utility 99 Trace Flags 99 Getting Help from Support 101 SQLDumper.exe 101 SQLDiag.exe 102 Summary 104 CHAPTER 5: AUTOMATING SQL SERVER 105 Maintenance Plans 106 Maintenance Plan Wizard 106 Maintenance Plan Designer 109 Automating SQL Server with SQL Server Agent 111 Jobs 112 Schedules 117 Operators 118 Alerts 121 SQL Server Agent Security 126 Service Account 126 Access to SQL Agent 126 SQL Server Agent Proxies 127 Configuring SQL Server Agent 130 General Properties 131 Advanced Properties 132 Alert System Properties 133 Job System Properties 133 XXi

5 Using CONTENTS Connection Properties 134 History Properties 134 Database Mail 134 Architecture 135 Security 135 Configuration 136 Archiving 140 Multiserver Administration 140 Using Token Replacement 140 Event Forwarding 143 Using WMI 143 Multiserver Administration Master and Target Servers 145 Summary 146 CHAPTER 6: SERVICE BROKER IN SQL SERVER Asynchronous Messaging 147 SQL Service Broker Overview 148 SQL Server Service Broker Versus Other Message Queues 148 Configuring SQL Server Service Broker 149 Enabling 149 Message Types 151 Contracts 151 Queues 152 Services 153 Routes Priorities Conversation Groups 156 Using SQL Server Service Broker 157 Sending Messages 157 Receiving Messages 160 Sending Messages Between Databases 161 Sending Messages Between Instances 162 External Activation 163 Summary 165 CHAPTER 7: SQL SERVER CLR INTEGRATION Introduction to the CLR 167 SQL Server as a.net Runtime Host 169 Application Domains 170 T-SQL versus CLR 170 Enabling CLR Integration 171 Creating CLR Assemblies 172 The Non-Visual Studio Way 172 xxii

6 Using Microsoft SQL Server Data Tools 174 Securing CLR 176 Performance Monitoring 177 Windows System Monitor 177 SQL Profiler 178 Dynamic Management Views (DMVs) 179 CLR Integration Design Goals 180 Summary 180 CHAPTER 8: SECURING THE DATABASE INSTANCE 181 Authentication Types 181 SQL Authentication 182 Windows Authentication 183 SQL Versus Windows Authentication 183 Authorizing Securables 184 Server Securables 185 Database Securables 189 Permission Chains 190 Cross Database Permission Chains 191 Row Level Security 193 Summary 194 CHAPTER 9: CHANGE MANAGEMENT 197 Creating Solutions and Projects 198 Creating a Connection 199 Creating a Project Query 200 Policy-Based Management 200 Policy-Based Management Overview 201 Policy-Based Management Step by Step 202 Scripting Policy-Based Management 209 Policy-Based Management Implementation 210 DDL Trigger Syntax 212 Database Triggers 212 Server Triggers 217 Trigger Views 218 Scripting Overview 218 sqlcmd 219 PowerShell 223 Creating Change Scripts 225 Data-Tier Applications 225 SQL Server Data Tools 229 Version Tables 229 Summary 231

7 CHAPTER 10: CONFIGURING THE SERVER FOR OPTIMAL PERFORMANCE 233 What Every DBA Needs to Know About Performance 234 The Performance Tuning Cycle 234 Defining Good Performance 235 Focus on What's Most Important 236 What the Developer DBA Needs to Know About Performance 237 Users 237 SQL Statements 237 Data Usage Patterns 238 Robust Schema 238 What the Production DBA Needs to Know About Performance 238 Optimizing the Server 239 Hardware Management 241 CPU 241 x Cache 242 Hyper-threading 243 Multicore 244 System Architecture 246 Memory 248 Physical Memory 248 Physical Address Space 248 Virtual Memory Manager 249 The Page File 249 Page Faults 250 I/O 251 Network 252 Disks 252 Storage Considerations 255 Designing a Storage System 257 Large Storage System Considerations: SAN Systems 262 Server Configuration 264 Fragmentation 269 Summary 271 CHAPTER 11: OPTIMIZING SQL SERVER Application Optimization 273 Defining a Workload 274 System Harmony Is the Goal 274 The Silent Killer: I/O Problems 274 xxiv

8 SQL Server I/O Process Model 275 Database File Placement tempdb Considerations 276 Table and Index Partitioning 279 Why Consider Partitioning? 280 Creating a Partition Function 281 Creating Filegroups 284 Creating a Partition Scheme 284 Creating Tables and Indexes 285 Data Compression 290 Row Compression 290 Page Compression 291 Estimating Space Savings 293 Monitoring Data Compression 295 Data Compression Considerations 295 CPU Considerations Cache Coherency 297 Affinity Mask Max Degree of Parallelism (MAXDOP) 300 Affinity I/O Mask 301 Memory Considerations and Enhancements 302 Tuning SQL Server Memory bit Versions of SQL Server Data Locality 306 Max Server Memory 307 Index Creation Memory Option 307 Minimum Memory per Query 308 Resource Governor 309 The Basic Elements of Resource Governor 309 Using Resource Governor from SQL Server 2012 Management Studio 313 Monitoring Resource Governor 314 Summary CHAPTER 12: MONITORING YOUR SQL SERVER 317 The Goal of Monitoring 318 Determining Your Monitoring Objectives 318 Establishing a Baseline 318 Comparing Current Metrics to the Baseline 319 Choosing the Appropriate Monitoring Tools 319 Performance Monitor 321 CPU Resource Counters 322 x *-<*

9 Disk Activity 324 Memory Usage 330 Performance Monitoring Tools 333 Monitoring Events 335 The Default Trace 337 system_health Session 338 SQL Trace 338 Event Notifications 352 SQL Server Extended Events 355 Monitoring with Dynamic Management Views and Functions 376 What's Going on Inside SQL Server? 377 Viewing the Locking Information 380 Viewing Blocking Information 380 Index Usage in a Database 381 Indexes Not Used in a Database 382 View Queries Waiting for Memory Grants 383 Connected User Information 384 Filegroup Free Space 384 Query Plan and Query Text for Currently Running Queries 385 Memory Usage 385 Buffer Pool Memory Usage 385 Monitoring Logs 386 Monitoring the SQL Server Error Log 386 Monitoring the Windows Event Logs 387 Management Data Warehouse 387 System Data Collection Sets 388 Viewing Data Collected by the System Data Collection Sets 388 Creating Your Own Data Collection Set 390 Examining the Data You Collected 392 SQL Server Standard Reports 393 System Center Management Pack 395 SQL Server Best Practice Analyzer 396 System Center Advisor 396 Summary 397 CHAPTER 13: PERFORMANCE TUNING T SQL 399 Physical Query Processing Part One: Compilation and Recompilation 399 Compilation 400 Recompilation 401 Tools and Commands for Recompilation Scenarios 408 xwl

10 Parser and Algebrizer 410 Optimization 412 Physical Query Processing Part Two: Execution 417 Database I/O Information 418 Working with the Query Plan 419 Estimated Execution Plan 420 Actual Execution Plan 424 Index Access Methods 427 Fragmentation 438 Statistics 439 Join Algorithms 440 Data Modification Query Plan 443 Query Processing Enhancements on Partitioned Tables and Indexes 444 Gathering Query Plans for Analysis with SQL Trace 446 Summary 447 CHAPTER 14: INDEXING YOUR DATABASE 449 Noteworthy Index-Related Features in SQL Server 449 What's New for Indexes in SQL Server Index Features from SQL Server 2008R2, SQL Server 2008, and SQL Server Partitioned Tables and Indexes 455 Understanding Indexes 455 Creating Indexes 458 Why Use Both Partitioned Tables and Indexes? 459 Creating Partitioned Tables 460 Index Maintenance 461 Monitoring Index Fragmentation 462 Cleaning Up Indexes 462 Improving Query Performance with Indexes 464 Database Tuning Advisor 468 Too Many Indexes? 469 Summary 471 CHAPTER 15: REPLICATION 473 Replication Overview 473 Replication Components 474 Replication Types 476 Replication Enhancements in SQL Server Replication Models 478 Single Publisher, One or More Subscribers 478

11 Multiple Publishers, Single Subscriber 480 Multiple Publishers Also Subscribing 481 Updating Subscriber 482 Peer-to-Peer 483 Implementing Replication 484 Setting Up Snapshot Replication 484 Setting Up Distribution 484 Implementing Snapshot Replication 487 Implementing Transactional and Merge Replication 497 Peer-to-Peer Replication 498 Setting Up Peer-to-Peer Replication 498 Configuring Peer-to-Peer Replication 499 Scripting Replication 502 Monitoring Replication 502 Replication Monitor 502 Performance Monitor 505 Replication DMVs 505 sp_replcounters 506 Summary 507 CHAPTER 16: CLUSTERING SQL SERVER Clustering and Your Organization 510 What Clustering Can Do 510 What Clustering Cannot Do 511 Choosing SQL Server 2012 Clustering for the Right Reasons 512 Alternatives to Clustering 512 Clustering: The Big Picture 514 How Clustering Works 515 Clustering Options 518 Upgrading SQL Server Clustering 520 Don't Upgrade 520 Upgrading Your SQL Server 2012 Cluster In Place 520 Rebuilding Your Cluster 521 Back-Out Plan 523 Which Upgrade Option Is Best? 523 Getting Prepared for Clustering 523 Preparing the Infrastructure 523 Preparing the Hardware 524 Clustering Windows Server Before Installing Windows 2011 Clustering 527 Installing Windows Server 2008 Failover Clustering 528 Preparing Windows Server 2008 for Clustering 531 xxvlli

12 Clustering Microsoft Distributed Transaction Coordinator 532 Clustering SQL Server Step by Step to Cluster SQL Server 534 Installing the Service Pack and Cumulative Updates 540 Test, Test, and Test Again 540 Managing and Monitoring the Cluster 542 Troubleshooting Cluster Problems 543 How to Approach Windows Failover Clustering Troubleshooting 544 Doing It Right the First Time 544 Gathering Information 544 Resolving Problems 545 Working with Microsoft 545 Summary 546 CHAPTER 17: BACKUP AND RECOVERY 547 Types of Failure Hardware Failure 548 Data Modification Failure 548 Software Failure Local Disasters 550 Making Plans 551 Backup/Recovery Plan 551 Disaster Recovery Planning 554 Creating the Disaster Recovery Plan 556 Maintaining the Plan 558 Overview of Backup and Restore 559 How Backup Works 559 Copying Databases 562 Backup Compression 570 Comparing Recovery Models 571 Choosing a Model 573 Switching Recovery Models 574 Backing Up History Tables 575 Permissions Required for Backup and Restore 576 Backing Up System Databases 577 Full-Text Backup 578 Verifying the Backup Images 578 How Restore Works 579 Preparing for Recovery 581 Recoverability Requirements 581 Data Usage Patterns 582 **»»

13 Maintenance Time Window 583 Other High-Availability Solutions 584 Developing and Executing a Backup Plan 585 Using SQL Server Management Studio 585 Database Maintenance Plans 589 Using Transact-SQL Backup Commands 591 Managing Backups 593 Backup and Restore Performance 594 Performing Recovery Restore Process SQL Server Management Studio Restore 599 T-SQL Restore Command 602 Restoring System Databases 602 Archiving Data 604 SQL Server Table Partitioning 604 Partitioned View 605 Summary 606 CHAPTER 18: SQL SERVER 2012 LOG SHIPPING 607 Log Shipping Deployment Scenarios 608 Log Shipping to Create a Warm Standby Server 608 Log Shipping as a Disaster Recovery Solution 609 Log Shipping as a Report Database Solution 610 Log-Shipping Architecture 611 Primary Server 611 Secondary Server 611 Monitor Server 612 Log Shipping Process 612 System Requirements 613 Network 613 Identical Capacity Servers 613 Storage 614 Software 614 Deploying Log Shipping 614 Initial Configuration 614 Deploying with Management Studio 616 Deploying with T-SQL Commands 624 Monitoring and Troubleshooting 624 Monitoring with Management Studio 625 Monitoring with Stored Procedures 626 Troubleshooting Approach 626 :xx

14 Managing Changing Roles 627 Synchronizing Dependencies 627 Switching Roles from the Primary to Secondary Servers 630 Switching Between Primary and Secondary Servers 632 Redirecting Clients to Connect to the Secondary Server 632 Database Backup Plan 633 Integrating Log Shipping with Other High-Availability Solutions 634 SQL Server 2012 Data Mirroring 634 Windows Failover Clustering 635 SQL Server 2012 Replication 635 Removing Log Shipping 636 Removing Log Shipping with Management Studio 636 Removing Log Shipping with T-SQL Commands 636 Log-Shipping Performance 637 Upgrading to SQL Server 2012 Log Shipping 638 Minimum Downtime Approach 638 With Downtime Approach 638 Deploy Log Shipping Approach 639 Summary 639 CHAPTER 19: DATABASE MIRRORING 641 Overview of Database Mirroring 641 Operating Modes of Database Mirroring 643 Database Mirroring In Action 645 Preparing the Endpoints 646 Preparing the Database for Mirroring 652 Initial Synchronization Between Principal and Mirror 653 Establishing the Mirroring Session 653 High-Safety Operating Mode Without Automatic Failover 655 High-Safety Operating Mode with Automatic Failover 655 High-Performance Operating Mode 657 Database Mirroring and SQL Server 2012 Editions 658 Database Mirroring Catalog Views 658 sys.database_mirroring 658 sys.database mirroring_witnesses 660 sys.database_mirroring_endpoints 660 Database Mirroring Role Change 661 Automatic Failover 661 Manual Failover 664 Forced Failover 666 Database Availability Scenarios 667 Principal Is Lost 667 XX«

15 Mirror is Lost 668 Witness Is Lost 669 Mirror and Witness Are Lost 669 Monitoring Database Mirroring 670 Monitoring Using System Monitor 670 Monitoring Using Database Mirroring Monitor 672 Setting Thresholds on Counters and Sending Alerts 676 Troubleshooting Database Mirroring 678 Troubleshooting Setup Errors 678 Troubleshooting Runtime Errors 679 Automatic Page Repair 680 Preparing the Mirror Server for Failover 681 Hardware, Software, and Server Configuration 681 Database Availability During Planned Downtime 682 SQL Job Configuration on the Mirror 684 Database TRUSTWORTHY Bit on the Mirror 684 Client Redirection to the Mirror 684 Mirroring Multiple Databases 685 Database Mirroring and Other High-Availability Solutions 686 Database Mirroring versus Clustering 687 Database Mirroring versus Transactional Replication 687 Database Mirroring versus Log Shipping 687 Database Mirroring Versus Availability Groups 688 Mirroring Event Listener Setup 688 Database Snapshots 692 Summary 693 CHAPTER 20: INTEGRATION SERVICES ADMINISTRATION AND PERFORMANCE TUNING 695 A Tour of Integration Services Integration Services Uses The Main Parts of Integration Services 697 Project Management and Change Control 699 Administration of the Integration Services Service 699 An Overview of the Integration Services Service 700 Configuration 700 Event Logs 704 Monitoring Activity 705 Administration of Integration Services Packages in Package Deployment Model 706 Using Management Studio for Package Management 706 Deployment 709 :xxii

16 Administration of Integration Services Packages in Project Deployment Model 712 Configuring the SSIS Catalog 712 Deploying Packages 714 Configuring Packages 716 Execution and Scheduling 719 Running Packages in SQL Server Data Tools 720 Running Packages with the SQL Server Import and Export Wizard 720 Running Packages with DTExec 720 Running Packages with DTExecUl (Package Deployment Model) 721 Running Packages with the Execute Package Tool (Project Deployment Model) 722 Scheduling Execution with SQL Server Agent 723 Running Packages with T-SQL 725 Applying Security to Integration Services 725 An Overview of Integration Services Security 725 Securing Packages in Package Deployment Model 726 Summary 728 CHAPTER 21: ANALYSIS SERVICES ADMINISTRATION AND PERFORMANCE TUNING 729 Tour of Analysis Services 730 MOLAP Components 731 Tabular Model Components 732 Analysis Services Architectural Components 732 Administering Analysis Services Server 733 Server Properties 734 Required Services 735 Analysis Services Scripting Language 736 Administering Analysis Services Databases 737 Deploying Analysis Services Databases 737 Processing Analysis Services Objects 741 Backing Up and Restoring Analysis Services Databases 745 Synchronizing Analysis Services Databases 748 Analysis Services Performance Monitoring and Tuning 749 Monitoring Analysis Services Events 749 Creating Traces for Replay 750 Using Flight Recorder for After-the-Fact Analysis 751 Management of Analysis Services MOLAP Model Storage 752 Storage Modes 752 %%*,*'»

17 Partition Configuration 753 Designing Aggregations in the MOLAP Model 755 Applying Security to Analysis Services in the MOLAP Model 758 Server Role 758 Database Role 758 Database Role Permissions 750 Applying Security to Analysis Services in the Tabular Model 762 Summary 763 CHAPTER 22: SQL SERVER REPORTING SERVICES ADMINISTRATION 765 SQL Server Reporting Services Configuration Manager 765 The Service Account 768 The Web Service URL 769 Reporting Services Databases 771 The Report Manager URL 773 Settings 774 Execution Account 775 Encryption Keys 776 Scale-out Deployment 777 Report Server Properties 778 General Properties Page 779 Execution Properties Page 780 History Properties Page 781 Logging Properties Page 781 Security Properties Page 782 Advanced Properties Page 783 The Report Execution Log 784 Report Builder 786 Report Manager 795 Managing Report Manager 796 Managing Reports 803 Summary 814 CHAPTER 23: SQL SERVER 2012 SHAREPOINT 2010 INTEGRATION 815 Components of Integration 815 PowerPivot 816 Reporting Services 818 Power View 819 Service Application Architecture 820 Data Refresh 820 xxlv

18 Using Data Connections in Excel 820 PerformancePoint Data Refresh 826 Visio Services Data Refresh 827 PowerPivot Data Refresh 829 Summary 836 CHAPTER 24: SQL AZURE ADMINISTRATION AND CONFIGURATION 837 Introduction to SQL Azure 837 SQL Azure Architecture 838 Client Layer 838 Services Layer 838 Platform Layer 839 Infrastructure Layer 839 Configuring SQL Azure 839 Server and Database Provisioning 840 Throttling and Load Balancing 844 Configuring SQL Azure Firewalls 845 Connecting to SQL Azure 847 Administering SQL Azure 848 Creating Logins and Users 848 Assigning Access Rights 850 Working with SQL Azure 850 Backups with SQL Azure 852 Object Explorer for SQL Azure 852 What's Missing in SQL Azure 854 Summary 855 CHAPTER 25: ALWAYSON AVAILABILITY GROUPS 857 Architecture 858 Availability Group Replicas and Roles 858 Availability Modes 859 Types of Failover Supported 859 Allowing Read-Only Access to Secondary Replicas 860 Availability Group Example 862 Configure a New Availability Group 862 Configure an Existing Availability Group 870 Availability Group Failover Operation 872 Suspend an Availability Database 873 Resume an Availability Database 874 Client Application Connections 874

19 Active Secondary for Secondary Read-Only 875 Read-Only Access Behavior 876 Secondary Replica Client Connectivity 876 Performance 878 Backup on the Secondary Replica 879 Evaluate Backup Replicas Metadata 880 AlwaysOn Group Dashboard 881 Monitoring and Troubleshooting 883 Summary 884 INDEX 885