SAR Geocoding: Data and Systems

Transcription

1 Gunter Schreier (Ed.) SAR Geocoding: Data and Systems Tschnisthe Hach-d^s Darmstadt lehrstubi f 0 r Pho'ogrammetria unci Ka rt ogrcphis In v.-nr. ^ ^ WICHMANN

2 Contents Foreword (G. Schreier) 1 1 The ERS-1 Mission and Ground Segment Processing (M. Fea, J.-P. Guignard) Introduction The ERS-1 Mission The ERS-1 Ground Segment ERS-1 SAR Fast Delivery Image: UI SAR FD Algorithm... f Main Product Characteristics SAR FD Product Confidence Measures SAR FD Product Dissemination Intended Use FD Distribution of SAR Data The German Processing and Archiving Facility for ERS-1 (J. Gredel) Introduction Facility Overview SAR Data Product Overview The SAR Data Processing Facility The Multisensor SAR Processor The Geocoding System The Product Generation System The Management and Communication Systems The Data Management System The Facility Management System Communication System SAR Data Acquisition and Image Formation (R. Bamler, B. Schattler) Introduction General Remarks on Imaging Systems Basic SAR Imaging Principle Summary and Organization of this Chapter SAR Point Scatterer Response Approximations Echo Signal 58

3 VI SAR GEOCODING - DATA AND SYSTEMS INDEX Radar Equation Raw Data Matrix SAR Point Scatterer Response Sensor Attitude and Doppler Centroid Object Function and Zero Doppler Coordinates SAR Data Acquisition Model SAR Image Formation End-to-End SAR System Model System Impulse Response and Transfer Function Influence of PRF Sampling Shaping of the Point Spread Function Imaging of Distributed Scenes Speckle and Speckle Reduction Noise Image Quality Measures Influence of Orbit Curvature and Earth Rotation Effect of Earth Rotation, Yaw-Steering Range History ERS-1 SAR Processing Example Raw Data Range Compression Doppler Centroid Estimation Range Migration Correction Azimuth Compression Azimuth Resampling and Slant-to-Ground Projection Calibration Image Quality Appendices Method of Stationary Phase Correlation Properties of Chirp Functions Geometrical Properties of SAR Images (G. Schreier) Introduction to Radargrammetry Basics of SAR Imaging The Geometry of a SAR Image Ill 4.4 Geometrical Effects in Processed SAR Imagery Foreshortening Layover Shadow Range Displacement Special Geometric Effects Geometric Doppler Effects Range Delay Effects Geometric Effects in Geocoded SAR Images The Reference Grid of Geocoded SAR Images Image Rotation Ellipsoid Elevation! Terrain Distortion Radiometric Considerations 5 The D-PAF ERS-1 SAR Geocodi (G. Schreier, D. Kosmann, A. R( 5.1 The Development of GEOS 5.2 The Baseline Concept of Gl 5.3 The Hardware Components 5.4 The GEOS Modules 5.5 GEOS Interfaces The SAR Processor The Spacecraft Ort The Digital Elevatii The Order and Arc The Geocoded Proi GEOS Control Inte The User menu Inl 5.6 GEOS Operations 6 Standard Geocoded Ellipsoid Coi (A. Roth, A. Craubner, T. Hugel 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Geometric Model SAR Pixel Allocatii Product Generation Quality of Ellipsoic 7 Precise Terrain Corrected Geocoi (E. Meier, U. Frei, D. Nuesch). 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Geometry of SAR Images Geometry in Range Geometry in Azimi 7.3 Algorithm for Geocoding wi Rectification Procec Improving Through 7.4 Generation of Value Added Layover and Shado Local Geometric V

4 INDEX vn Image Rotation Ellipsoid Elevations Terrain Distortion Effects Radiometric Considerations The D-PAF ERS-1 SAR Geocoding System GEOS (G. Schreier, D. Kosmann, A. Roth) The Development of GEOS The Baseline Concept of GEOS The Hardware Components of GEOS The GEOS Modules GEOS Interfaces The SAR Processor Input Data The Spacecraft Orbit Input Data The Digital Elevation Model Input Data The Order and Archive Interface The Geocoded Products GEOS Control Interfaces The User menu Interface GEOS Operations Standard Geocoded Ellipsoid Corrected Images (A. Roth, A. Craubner, T. Hiigel) Introduction Geometric Model SAR Pixel Allocation Product Generation Quality of Ellipsoid Corrected Products Precise Terrain Corrected Geocoded Images (E. Meier, U. Frei, D. Niiesch) Introduction Geometry of SAR Images Geometry in Range Direction Geometry in Azimuth Direction Algorithm for Geocoding with Terrain Correction Rectification Procedure Improving Throughput by Block Processing of SAR Data Generation of Value Added Products Layover and Shadow Maps Local Geometric Values

5 vm SAR GEOCODING - DATA AND SYSTEMS INDEX 8 Product Quality Enhancement and Quality Evaluation (J. Raggam, D. Strobl, W. Hummelbrunner) Introduction SAR Mapping Aspects SAR Imaging Geometry and Relief-Induced Distortions SAR Mapping Equations Geocoding Procedure Set-up of Imaging Model Time Polynomial Set-up Range Polynomial Set-up Ground-to-Slant Range Polynomial Set-up Doppler Polynomial Set-up Orbit Polynomial Set-up Additional Parameters Cartographic / Scene Framing Imaging Model Parameter Adjustment Consistency Check Select Adjustment Parameters Select Tiepoints Parameter Adjustment Quality Control Quality Control Using Residuals Quality Parameter Generation GEOS Quality Control Scenarios Automatic Tiepointing in SAR Images (W. Linder, H.-F. Meuser) Introduction Automatic Tiepointing Simulation Analysis of the Simulated Image Correlation Previous Filtering GCP Selection, Correlation Parameters Cartographic Reference Systems (U. Frei, K.Chr. Graf, E. Meier) Introduction Geodetic Aspects The Figure of the Earth Reference Systems for Maps Datums Datum Transformations Map Projections Introduction Map Proje< Map Projei Map Projei 10.4 Technical Handling Map Project Coordinate 11 Image Processing and (W. Knopfle, G. Schreier, Introduction The Image Processing UPSTAIRS UPSTAIRS Data Base Application The DEM Data Base The GCP Data Base The Map Data Base Future Directions in 12 The CEOS Standard Form: (J. Murphy, G. Schreier, J 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Background History of Origins of Developmt tion 12.3 Introduction to the Superstruct Superstruct File Classe; Additional SAR File 12.4 Future Plans of the 12.5 CEOS Format Implemental D-PAF The CEOS SAR Geoco

6 INDEX IX Map Projections for Surveying Map Projection for Navigation Map Projections for ERS-1 SAR Geocoding Technical Handling of Cartographic and Geodetic Parameters Map Projection Data Base (MDB) Coordinate Transformations Image Processing and Geographic Data Bases for SAR Geocoding (W. Knopfle, G. Schreier, H. Schumacher) Introduction The Image Processing System UPSTAIRS UPSTAIRS Programming Interface UPSTAIRS Data Base Data Base Access Model Application Development The DEM Data Base The GCP Data Base The Map Data Base Future Directions in Topographic Reference Data The CEOS Standard Formats for Geocoded SAR Products (J. Murphy, G. Schreier, J. Engel) Introduction Background History of CEOS Origins of the Standard Format Family Development of the CEOS SAR Format Recommendation Introduction to the Standard Format Family Superstructure Overview Superstructure Records File Classes and Data Grouping Additional Logical Volumes, SAR File Classes and Record Types Future Plans of the CEOS-WGD Format Subgroup CEOS Format Implementation of Geocoded SAR Products at D-PAF The CEOS SAR Digital Format SAR Geocoded Photoproduct Implementation 267

7 X SAR GEOCODING - DATA AND SYSTEMS INDEX 13 Airborne and Spaceborne SAR Application Studies (T. Bayer, B. Miischen, R. Oberstadler, R. Winter) Introduction Correction of Terrain Effects on Geocoded SAR Images Introduction Relief Effects and Parameters Backscatter Effects and Parameters Classification of Agricultural Areas with Multifrequency, Multipolarized Airborne SAR Data Introduction Visual Interpretation Digital Analysis Geometric and Thematic Processing of Spaceborne SAR Data Introduction The Test Site The SAR Data Creating a DEM with ARC/INFO Preparation of the DEM for the Geocoding Geocoding with GEOS Computer Supported Classification with EBIS Visual Interpretation Future Perspective Postprocessing of Relief Induced Radiometric Distorted Spaceborne SAR Imagery (F. Holecz, E. Meier, D. Niiesch) Introduction Imaging Parameters and Backscattering Mechanisms Data Sets Filtering Image Model Non-Speckle Specific Filters Speckle Specific Filters Assessment of Filtering Process Geometric Transformations SAR Image Geometry Rectification Procedure and its Inverse Functionality Selection of Resampling Method and Pixel Spacing for Geocoded Image Product Value Added Products in Reference Geometry Value Added Products in Slant Range Geometry Radiometric Corrections Backscattering Models Radiometric Corrections in the Cartographic Reference System Radiometi sentation Assessme 14.5 Texture Analysis The Te> Second Eigenfilter Classifii 14.6 Conclusions and 15 Cartographic Information and Textural Analysis (M 15.1 Introduction 15.2 The Potential of 15.3 Image Restoration Edge Smooi 15.4 Edge/line Extraction Edge/Line Noise Prelimina Thinning 15.5 Texture Analysis Spatial Variation Enhancen nents Generat Impact 15.7 Geocoding Effects 15.8 Approaches to for Land Cover 15.9 Conclusions Acknowledgement 16 Geocoding in the UK ( Introduction 16.2 Background 16.3 SAR Processors SD Scici Matra Systems

8 INDEX XI Radiometric Corrections in the Slant Range Representation Assessment and Comparison of the Two Approaches Texture Analysis The Textural Approach and Texture in SAR Images Second Order Statistics and Power Spectrum Method Eigenfilter Method Classification Conclusions and Outlook 348 : ' 351 i 15 Cartographic Information Extraction from SAR Images Using Filtering and Textural Analysis (M. Buchroithner) Introduction The Potential of the ERS-1 SAR for Topographic Mapping Image Restoration Edge Detection Smoothing Performance Edge/Line Extraction Edge/Line Detection Operation Noise Reduction Preliminary Edge Thinning Thinning and Closing of Edge Boundaries Texture Analysis Spatial Variation of Land Cover Enhancement of the Different Spatial Texture Components Using the Variance Operator Generation of Texture Images Impact of Spatial Variation of Land Cover Classes Geocoding Effects to the Spatial Structure of SAR Scenes Approaches to Automated and Visual Analysis of SAR Imagery I for Land Cover Information Extraction Conclusions 367 Acknowledgement t I 16 Geocoding in the UK (I. Dowman, J. Laycock, J. Whalley) Introduction Background SAR Processors in the UK, SD Scicon at EODC and Workstation System Matra Marconi Space System Systems Engineering and Assessment Ltd 374

9 XII SAR GEOCODING - DATA AND SYSTEMS 16.4 The GEC Marconi, EOS, UCL Geocoding System (The DRA Geocoder) System Overview The Map to Image Transformation The Supergrid Structure The DEM Management Component Tie Pointing Resampling Ancillary Products Error Analysis and Validation The Hardware Platform and User Interface Performance 16.6 Future Developments 16.7 Conclusions... Acknowledgement I-PAF Approach to Geocoding (C. Tarantino, F. Pasquali) Introduction to GEO 17.2 Operational Modes and Input Data Hardware and Software Configuration 17.4 The SAR Geocoding Process Geoscientific Applications at CNES (D. Massonnet) 8.1 Introduction Authors-Affiliation Basics of Interferometry Theoretical Formulation Conditions of Feasibility 402 Interferometric Product 405 Planned Uses of the Interferometric Product 409 Example of Results 411 Conclusion 414 Acronyms and Abbreviations Index "This conclusion be collected as quickly be collected in a understanding of global change. In other words, pie of the Planet M Gore, "Earth in The ubiquitous threat to disciplines to be concei sensing is one method, regional, continental and The major need for the the intrinsic knowledge on two questions: How correct is the measurement? Where exactly is the During the early days of something was visible, dedicated to the radiome the composition of the 1 for all authors-affiliations